SERVER INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUKTURA E SERVEREVE

Osman Osmani

Prishtinë
SERVER INFRASTRUCTURE
1. The definition of IT infrastructure, Cloud computing and infrastructure model
2. Availability Concepts
3. Performance Concepts
4. Security Concepts
5. Datacenters
6. Networking
7. Storage
8. Compute
9. Operating Systems
10. Infrastructure deployment options
11. Automation
12. Documenting the infrastructure, Maintaining the infrastructure
BOOK
IT INFRASTRUCTURE
ARCHITECTURE
Infrastructure Building Blocks
and Concepts
 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

 IT infrastructures become more complicated

 New types of applications:
 Big data
 The Internet of Thing
 Mobility
 Cloud computing

 Most current infrastructure landscapes are complex

 The result of a history of application implementation projects
 Specialized hardware and infrastructure components
INTRODUCTION

 Agile adaptations require infrastructure:

 Solid
 Scalable
 Modular
 Architecture is crucial to control the infrastructure when it is designed, in use, and
when it is changed.
THE DEFINITION OF IT INFRASTRUCTURE
 In literature, many definitions of IT infrastructure are described
 Examples:
 (IT) components that are the foundation of an IT service; typically physical components
(computer and networking hardware and facilities), but also various software and network
components. Wikipedia
 All of the hardware, software, networks, facilities, etc., that are required to develop, test,
deliver, monitor, control, or support IT services. The term IT Infrastructure includes all of the
Information Technology but not the associated people, processes and documentation. ITILv3
 IT infrastructure refers to the composite hardware, software, network resources and services
required for the existence, operation and management of an enterprise IT environment. IT
infrastructure allows an organization to deliver IT solutions and services to its employees,
partners and/or customers and is usually internal to an organization and deployed within
owned facilities. Techopedia
 IT infrastructure is the system of hardware, software, facilities and service components that
support the delivery of business systems and IT-enabled processes. Gartner
 IT infrastructure refers to the combined components needed for the operation and management
of enterprise IT services and IT environments. IBM
THE DEFINITION OF IT INFRASTRUCTURE

 What infrastructure comprises dependents on:

 Who you ask
 What their point of view is

 For most people, infrastructure is invisible and taken for granted

WHAT IS IT ARCHITECTURE?
 Architecture is the philosophy that underlies a system and defines its purpose, intent, and
structure.
 Architecture is needed to govern an infrastructure as it is designed, as it is used, and as it is
changed.
 Three groups:
 Solution architects create IT solutions. They are the technical conscience and authority of a
project, are responsible for architectural decisions in the project, and work closely with the
project manager.
 Domain architects are experts on a particular business or technology topic. They most often
work for infrastructure or software vendors. domain architects often assist solution architects
on projects.
 Enterprise architects continuously align an organization's entire IT landscape with the
business activities of the organization. Enterprise architects typically work closely with the
CIO and business units to align the needs of the business with the current and future IT
landscape.
IT BUILDING BLOCKS
 The definition of infrastructure as used in this course is based on the building
blocks in the model below
PROCESSES / INFORMATION BUILDING BLOCK
 Organizations implement business
processes to fulfil their mission and vision
 Processes are organization specific
 They are the main differentiators between
organizations
 Business processes create and use
information
APPLICATIONS BUILDING BLOCK
The Applications building block includes several types of
applications based on the following characteristics:
 Usage: Applications can be single-user or multi-user. A
single-user application typically runs on end-user devices
such as PCs and laptops. Examples include web browsers,
word processors, and email clients. Examples of multi-user
applications include mail servers, portals, collaboration tools,
and instant messaging servers.
 Source: Applications can be purchased as commercial off-
the-shelf (COTS) products or developed as custom software.
 Architecture: Applications can be designed as standalone
applications or as multi-tier applications. A multi-tier
application consists of a number of layers, such as a
JavaScript application in a browser that communicates with
an on-premises web server, which communicates with an
application server, which communicates with a database.
 Timeliness: Interactive applications respond to user actions,
such as mouse clicks. They typically respond in the range of
100 to 300 ms. Real-time systems, such as Supervisory
Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, are used in
manufacturing, logistics, or other environments where
timeliness is critical. These systems must respond in less
than 10 ms. Batch-based systems that process data for hours
at a time.
APPLICATION PLATFORM BUILDING BLOCK
We can identify the following services as part of
the application platform building block:
 Application servers provide services to
applications. Examples are Java or .Net
application servers and frameworks like IBM
WebSphere, Apache Tomcat, and Red Hat
JBoss.
 Container platforms like Kubernetes, Azure
Container Instances, and Amazon Elastic
Container Service, that run docker containers.
 Connectivity entails Enterprise Service Buses
(ESBs) like Microsoft BizTalk, the TIBCO
Service Bus, IBM MQ, and SAP NetWeaver
PI.
 Databases provide a way to store and retrieve
structured data. Examples are Oracle RDBMS,
IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server,
PostgreSQL, MySQL, Apache CouchDB, and
MongoDB
APPLICATION PLATFORM BUILDING BLOCK

 Front-end servers provide end users with interactions to applications:

 Presenting application screens in web browsers
 Application servers act as containers running the actual application
 Connectivity entails FTP servers, ETL servers, and ESBs
 Databases provide a way to store and retrieve structured data
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING BLOCKS
 Comprises:
 End User Devices
 Operating Systems
 Compute
 Storage
 Networking
 Datacenters
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING BLOCKS

 End User Devices are the devices used by end users to work with applications
 PCs
 Laptops
 Thin clients
 Mobile devices
 Printers
 Operating Systems are collections of programs that manage a computer’s internal
workings:
 Memory
 Processors
 Devices
 File system
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING BLOCKS

 Compute are the physical and virtual computers in the datacenter

 Also known as servers
 Storage are systems that store data
 Hard disks
 Tapes
 Direct Attached Storage (DAS)
 Network Attached Storage (NAS)
 Storage Area Networks (SANs)
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING BLOCKS

 Networking connects all components

 Routers
 Switches
 Firewalls
 WAN
 LAN
 Internet access
 VPNs
 Includes infrastructure services
 DNS
 DHCP
 Time services
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING BLOCKS
 Datacenters are locations that host most IT infrastructure hardware
 Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)
 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
 Computer racks
 Physical security measures
 Infrastructure management are processes
 ITIL
 COBIT
 DevOps
 Tools are used for:
 Monitoring
 Backup
 Logging
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING BLOCKS

 Infrastructure building blocks are not per definition hierarchically related!

 For instance, servers need both networking and storage
 Both are equally important
CLOUD COMPUTING AND INFRASTRUCTURES

 In recent years, we have seen the widespread adoption of cloud computing

 Cloud computing can be seen as one of the most important paradigm shifts in
computing in recent years
 Many organizations now have a cloud-first strategy and are taking steps to move
applications from their own on-premises datacenters to the cloud managed by
cloudproviders
PUBLIC CLOUD PROVIDERS
The three largest public cloud providers are:
 Amazon Web Services (AWS)
 Microsoft Azure
 Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
Together, these three have 66% of the market share and have a large number of
datacenters around the world
CLOUD IS THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE

 The three major cloud providers offer similar infrastructure services, but sometimes
under different names
 Many organizations will be using on-premises infrastructure for many years to
come
 Migrating a complex application landscape to a cloud provider is no simple task
and can take years
 In many cases, there will be a hybrid situation, with part of the infrastructure on-
premises and another part in one or more clouds
 The cloud is just a number of datacenters that are still filled with hardware –
compute, networking and storage
CLOUD DEFINITION
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources(e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction

Cloud computing is not about technology; it is an outsourcing business model. It

enables organizations to cut cost while at the same time focusing on their primary
business
CLOUD CHARACTERISTICS
 On demand self-service – Minimal systems management effort is needed to deploy systems
or applications in a cloud environment. End uses can configure, deploy, start and stop
systems or applications on demand
 Rapid elasticity – A cloud is able to quickly scale-up and scale-down resources. When
temporarily more processing power or storage is needed a cloud can scale-up very quickly
on demand. When demand decreases, cloud resources can rapidly scale down, leading to
elasticity of resources
 Resource pooling – Cloud computing provides applications with resources from a shared
pool. This is typically implemented using virtualization technologies.
 Measured service – The actual resource usage is measured and billed. There are no capital
expenses, only operational expenses. This in contrast with the investments needed to build a
traditional infrastructure.
 Broad network access – Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms.
CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS

 Public cloud is delivered by a cloud service provider, is accessible through the internet, and
available to the general public. Because of their large customer base, public clouds largely
benefit from economies of scale
 Private cloud is operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by
a third-party, and hosted either on premises or external. It extensively uses virtualization and
standardization to bring down systems management cost and staff
 Community cloud is much like a private cloud, but shared with a community of
organizations that have shared concerns (like compliance considerations). It may be owned,
managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party,
or some combination, and it may exist on or off premises
 Hybrid cloud is provided by a combination of a public cloud, and a community cloud
and/or a private cloud. This enables running generic services (like email servers) in the
public cloud while hosting specialized services (like a business specific application) in the
private or community cloud
CLOUD SERVICE MODELS

 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) delivers full applications that can be used by

business users, and need little or no configuration. Examples are Microsoft
Office365, LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, and Salesforce.com
 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) delivers a scalable, high available, open
programming platform that can be used by developers to build bespoke applications
that run on the PaaS platform. Examples are Microsoft Azure Cloud Service and
Google App Engine
 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) delivers (virtual) machines, networking, and
storage. The user needs to install and maintain the operating systems and the layers
above that. Examples are Amazon Elastic Cloud (EC2 and S3) and Microsoft Azure
IaaS
RESPONSIBILITIES
INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IAAS)

 IaaS provides virtual machines, virtualized storage, virtualized networking and the
systems management tools to manage them
 Can be configured using a GUI, a command line interface (CLI), or APIs
 IaaS provides simple, highly standardized building blocks to applications
 Applications running on IaaS should be robust to allow for failing hardware and
should be horizontally scalable to increase performance
 The user is responsible for patching and maintaining the operating systems and
application software
 Not all operating systems and applications can be used in an IaaS cloud; some
software licenses prohibit the use of a fully scalable, virtual environment like IaaS,
where it is impossible to know in advance on which machines software will run