1

SYLLABUS

HISTORICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Module I

Introduction to historical research – meaning and definition – nature and scope –

subject matter – use of history – need for interdisciplinary research

Module II

Sources for the study of history – primary and secondary sources – archeology –
epigraphy and numismatics – Archival sources, state and private documents –
personal memoirs, journals and letter, oral and virtual sources

Module III

Field study – Ethnography – questionnaire, interviews, schedules, tables, qualitative

data and quantitative data

Module IV

Nature of historical knowledge – objectivity and the writing of history – historical

causation –historical criticism: Internal and external

Module V

Conceptualizing Research Methodology – research design – Paradigm shifts in

historical research – research problem

Module VI

Exposition – format – language and style – footnote and bibliography

Reading list –

1. Aydelotte, W.A., Quantification in History, MacMillan: New York, 1971

2. Ballard, Martin, ed., New Movements in the Study and Teaching of History, OUP:
London, 1970
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3. Barrowclough, G., Main Trends in History, Routledge: New York, 1979

4. Bloch, Marc, The Historians Craft, Vintage Books, New York, 1979
5. Childe, Gordon, What Happened in History
6. De Cretan, Michel, The Writing of History, Columbia University Press: New York,
1992
7. Elton, G.R., The Practice of History, London, 1962
8. Gardiner, Juliet, What is History Today? London, 1988
9. Gibaldi, Joseph. M.L.A. Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, First East West
Press: New Delhi, 1996
10. Kuhn, Thomas. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd ed. Chicago University
Press: Chicago & London, 1996
11. Ludden, David. Ed. Reading Subaltern Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning
and the Globalisation of South Asia, Delhi, 2003
12. Nevins, Allen. Gateway of History, D. Appleton century company: New York, 1938
13. Sarkar, Sumit. Writing social History, OUP: Delhi, 1993
14. Somekh, Bridget and Cathy Lewins, eds., research Methods in Social Sciences, Delhi,
2005
15. White, Haydon, Metahistory, Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1974
16. Avinery, Shlomo. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, Cambridge:
England, 1974
17. Anderson, Perry, In the Tracks of Historical Materialism, Verso Press: London, 1986
18. Burke, Peter. A New Kind of History from the Writings of Lucien Fabre, Harper
Torch Books: New York, 1973
19. Brian Brigitte, Julia Buxton et. Al. Ed. The contemporary History
20. Braudel, Fernand. On History, Chicago University Press: Chicago, 1982
21. Carr, E.H. What is History? New York, 1987
22. Cochen, g. A. Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence, Princeton University Press:
New Jersey, 1978
23. Collingwood, R.G. Idea of History, OUP: 1974
24. Dalzell, Charles, F. The future of History, Vanderbilt University Press: Nashville,
1977
25. Dews, Peter. Logic of disintegration: Post-Structuralism through and the Claims of
Critical Theory, Verso Press: London, 1986
26. Dray, W. H. Philosophy of History, Prentice Hall :Englewood Cliff, 1964
 3

27. Floud, R. ed. An Introduction to Quantative Methods for Historians, Princeton

University Press: Princeton, 1973
28. Foucault, Michel. The Archaeology of Knowledge, Pantheon Books: New York, 1972
29. Remes, Gustaff. History: Its Purpose and Method
30. Gardiner, Patrick. Theories of History, Meridous Books: New York, 1966
31. Friedlander, Saul. Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the “Final
solution”, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1992
32. Gilbert, Felix. Ed. Historical Study Today, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge,
1976
33. Leff, Gordon. History and social theory, Anchor Books: New York, 1971
34. Said, Edward W. Orientalism, Vintage Books: New York, 1978
35. Stern, Fritz. Ed. Varieties of History, Vintage Books: New York, 1976
36. Stone, Laurence. The Past and the Present: Essays on History, Blackwell Co: London,
1983
37. Stoinavich, Train. French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm, Cornell
University Press: Ithaca, 1976
38. Topoldksi, J. Methodology of History, D. Reidel: Boston, 1976
39. Venugopalan, T.R. History and Theory, Trissur, 1997
40. Wedgewood, C.V. The Sense of the Past: Thirteen Studies in the Theory and Practice
of History, Collier Books: New York, 1960
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EARLY INDIA I

Module I

Ideas of the Early Indian Past

History of the changing interpretations of early Indian History

Understanding Literary and Archaeological Sources

Reading early Indian texts in historical perspective: classification, language, genre

and context - Interpreting archaeological sources: materials and methods - Reading
epigraphs: text, date and content - Interpreting numismatic evidence

Module II

From Pre-History to Proto-History

Hunter-Gatherers of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Ages – Transition to Food

Production: Neolithic and Chalcolithic communities of different regions – The life of
early farmers

The Harappan Civilization (c. 2600 – 1900 BCE)

Changing Perspectives and recent discoveries–Early, Mature and Late Harappan

phases – General features of Mature Harappan phase – Decline of urban life

Module III

Cultural Transitions: Pastoralism and Agriculture in the Indo-Gangetic Basin

(c. 2000-600 BCE)

The culture reflected in the Rig Veda: tribes and wars – pastoralism - Varna in the Rig
Veda – the household – sacrifices to the gods

The historical milieu of Later Vedic texts – emergence of monarchy – the varna
hierarchy – religion, ritual and philosophy – beliefs and practices reflected in the
Atharva Veda
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Archaeological Profile of the Indian sub-continent (c. 2000-500 BCE)

Neolithic-Chalcolithic and Chalcolithic cultures of different regions of the sub-

continent

Module IV

Cities, Kings and Renunciants in North India, c. 600 – 300 BCE

Agrarian expansion – from village to town – Emergence of city life – archaeological

and literary profiles of early historical cities – Trade, crafts, guilds and money –
the new social elites: the Political formation of the 16 mahajanapadas – Varna and
caste – family and household - gahapati and setthi – The renunciatory traditions of the
Ajivikas, the Buddhists and the Jains

Module V

The Mauryan Empire (c. 324 – 187 BCE)

Nature and structure of the Mauryan Empire – Interactions with southern India and
Sri Lanka - Political ideas and institutions – Ashoka and Buddhism – Ashoka’s
Dhamma – Architecture, sculpture and power – The decline of the Mauryan Empire

Books for Study and Reference

Allchin, Bridget, and Raymond Allchin, The Archaeology of Early Historic South
Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1995

Almond, Philip C. The British Discovery of Buddhism. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1988

Barry, Theodore de, Sources of Indian Tradition (New Delhi: Motilal Benarsidass)

Basham, A. L., The Wonder That Was India. Calcutta: Rupa & Co.

Chakrabarti, Dilip K. ed., Indus Civilization Sites in India: New Discoveries. Marg,
Vol. 55, No. 3. Mumbai; Marg Publications, 2004

Chakrabarti, Dilip K. The Archaeology of Ancient Indian Cities. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press, 1995
 6

Chakrabarti, Dilip K., A History of Indian Archaeology, from the Beginning to 1947.
New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1988

Chakrabarti, Dilip K., The External Trade of the Indus civilization. New Delhi:
Munshiram Manoharlal, 1990

Chakrabarti, Dilip K., The Oxford Companion to Indian Archaeology. New Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 2006

Chakravarti, Ranabir ed., Trade in Early India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
2001

Chakravarti, Uma, Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism. Delhi: Oxford University

Press, 1987

Cohn, Bernad S., Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, New
Delhi: Oxford University Press,

Inden, Ronald, Imagining India, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990

Jha, D. N., Ancient India in Historical Outline. New Delhi: Manohar, 2004

Kailasapathy, K. Tamil Heroic Poetry. Chennai: Kumaran Book House, 2002

Keith, A. B., A History of Sanskrit Literature.

Kejariwal, O. P., The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India’s Past
1784- 1838, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988

Lahiri, Nayanjot ed., The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilization. New Delhi:
Permanent Black, 2000

Lahiri, Nayanjot, Finding Forgotten Cities: How the Indus Civilisation was
Discovered. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2005

Lahiri, Nayanjot, The Archaeology of Indian Trade Routes (up to 200 B.C.). Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 1992

Mahadevan, Iravatam The Indus Script: Concordance and Tables. New Delhi:
Archaeological Survey of India, 1979
 7

Malik, S. C., Indian Civilization: The Formative Period - A Study of Archaeology as

Anthropology. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1968

Marshall, P. J., The British Discovery of Hinduism in the Eighteenth Century,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970

Pollock, Sheldon, The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture
and Power in Pre-Modern India. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2007

Possehl, Gregory L. ed., Ancient Cities of the Indus. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing
House, 1979

Ratnagar, Shereen, Enquiries into the Political Organisation of the Harappans. Pune:
Ravish, 1991

Ratnagar, Shereen, Encounters: The Westerly Trade of the Harappans. Delhi: Oxford
University Press

Ratnagar, Shereen, Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley.

New Delhi: Tulika, 2001

Ray, Himanshu Prabha, Colonial Archaeology in South Asia: The Legacy of Sir
Mortimer Wheeler. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007

Roy, Kumkum ed., Women in Early Indian Societies. New Delhi: Manohar, 1999

Roy, Kumkum, The Emergence of Monarchy in North India. Delhi: Oxford

University Press, 1994

Sharma, R. S. Sudras in Ancient India. Delhi: Motilal Benarsidass, 1980

Sharma, R. S., Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India. Delhi:
Motilal Benarsidass, 1996

Sharma, R. S., Looking for the Aryans, Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1995

Sharma, R. S., Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India. Delhi:
Macmillan, 1983

Singh, Upinder, The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the
Beginnings of Archaeology. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004
 8

Singh, Upinder, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India, Delhi:

Pearson/Longman, 2008

Staal, Fritz, Agni, 2 Vols. (Delhi: Motilal Benarsidass (Indian Reprint)

Thapar, Romila ed., Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History, Bombay; Popular
Prakashan, 1995

Thapar, Romila et. al., Communalism and the Writing of Indian History, Delhi:
Peoples Book House

Thapar, Romila, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. Delhi: Oxford University
Press, 1987

Thapar, Romila, From Lineage to State: Social Formations in the Mid-first

Millennium B.C. in the Ganga Valley. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990

Thapar, Romila, Interpreting Early India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993

Thapar, Romila, The Mauryas Revisited. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co., 1984

Thapar, Romila, The Past and Prejudice, Delhi: National book Trust, 1975

Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300,
New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002

Trautman, Thomas R. ed., The Aryan Debate. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005

Varier, M. R. Raghava, Saindhava Lipipathanam Ituvare (Mal.), Calicut:

Mathrbhumi, 2011

Warder, A. K., History of Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Benarsidass

Warder, A. K., Indian Kavya Literature, Vol. 1. Delhi: Motilal Benarsidass, 1972
 9

HISTORY OF KERALA - I

Module-I

Geographical Setting - Geography in relation to History- Geographical setting - Mountains

and Hills - Western Ghats –Arabian Sea. Role of passes in linking cultures - Natural products
and export trade - Flora and Fauna –Role of Geography in Kerala History

Module-II

Sources and Historiography – Archaeology, Epigraphy and Numismatics as sources of

history, Hero stones- Rock Art of Edakkal and Tovari -Tamil Brahmi inscriptions, Coin
hoards, Roman and Punch-Marked Coins, Literary works as historical sources –Greco-
Roman Writings, Tamil and Sanskrit texts - Historicity of Tamil Anthologies

Historiography- Pre-modern Histories – Myths, legends as strategies of legitimization,

Beginnings of Modern history – Colonial Historiography- Manuals and Gazetteers,
Nationalist and Marxist interpretations Archaeological Excavations and Reports- Pattanam

Module-III

Pre History - Beginning of Prehistoric Studies in the Region- Stone Ages

Module IV

The Iron Age Societies - Megaliths- Typology and material culture - Knowledge and
Technology.

Early Historic Society - Historicity of Tamil Anthologies - Eco Systems – Tinais - Forms of
Exchange and Transmarine contacts - Structure of Chiefdom polity-Cultural Milieu -
Dissolution of the Social Formation of Clans and Chieftains

Great Transformation- Brahmin Migration and Settlements - Early temples - Changed land
relations
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Readings:

1. Rajan Gurukkal and Raghava Varier (ed.) Cultural history of Kerala, Vol. I,
Gazetteers’ Department, Trivandrum; 1999.
2. Rajan Gurukkal and Raghava Varier, Kerala Charitram, Vol. I, Mal. Vallathol
Vidyapeedam, Sukapuram, 2011 (Reprint).
3. Cheriyan, P.J (ed.), Perspectives on Kerala History, Gazetteers Department,
Trivandrum 1999.
4. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Studies in Kerala History,
5. Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Thiranjadutta Krithikal, Mal. Kerala University
Publications, Trivandrum (Reprint)
6. Ganesh K.N. Keralathinte Innalekal, Mal. Department of Cultural Publications,
Trivandrum; 1997.
7. Rajan Gurukkal, Social Formations of Early South India, Oxford University Press,
2010.
8. K. P. Padmanabha Menon, History of Kerala Written in the form of notes on
Visscher’s Letters from Malabar, 4 Vols., Asian Educational Services, New Delhi;
2013 (Reprint).
9. T. K. Joseph ed., Kerala Society Papers, State Editor Kerala Gazetteers, Government
of Kerala, Trivandrum; 1997 (Reprint)
10. Kesavan Veluthat, Brahmin Settlements in Kerala, Sandhya Publications, Calicut;
1978. (Reprint by Cosmos, Thrissur)
11. MGS Narayanan and others, Kerala through the Ages, (Reprint).
12. Rajan Gurukkal, Kerala Temple and Early Medieval Agrarian System, Vallathol
Vidyapeedam, Sukapuram; 1992.
13. Narayanan, M.G.S, Aspects of Aryanisation.
14. Archeological Reports of Pattanam, KCHR, Trivandrum
15. Kailasapathy, K. Tamil Heroic Poetry, Kumaran Book House, Chennai: 2002.
 11

HISTORIOGRAPHY

Module I

Nature of historical knowledge – Pre-conditions of historiography – Ancient traditions -

Greek, Roman - Indian and Chinese

Module II

Medieval tradition – Christian historiography – Augustine – Arab historiography – Ibn

Khaldun

Module III

Enlightenment – Gibbon – Montesquieu – Voltaire – critique of enlightenment – Modern

tradition – Vico – Herder – Romanticism – Ranke – Historical Materialism – Hegel –
Positivism – Croce – Spengler and Toynbee

Module IV

French Historical studies – New social History – Max Weber – Post Modern
historiography – Lacan – Foucault – Derrida – New Historicism – Stephen Greenblatt

Module V

Colonial and Post colonial history – ideologies and practices of imperialism – colonial
encounters and the forging of new knowledge and national identities – the rise of industrial
research – science as social knowledge

Module VI

Subaltern, Dalit studies – Environmental history, Local History and Oral history

Reading list –

1. Alun Munslow, Deconstructing History, Routledge: 1997

2. Joyce Appleby et.al, Telling the Truth about History, W.W. Norton &Co., 1994

3. Keith Jenkins, Rethinking History, Routledge: 1991

 12

4. Keith Jenkins, Refiguring History, Routledge: 2003

5. C. Behan McCullough, The Logic of History, Routledge: 2004

6. C. Behan McCullough, The Truth of History, Routledge: 1998

7. Eric Hobsbaum, On History, Weidenfeld Nicolson: 1997

8. Arthur Marwick, The New Nature of History, Palgrave: 2001

9. Stephen Caunce, Oral History, Longman: 1994

10. Mary Fulbrook, Historical Theory, Routledge: 2002

11. Alun Munslow, A History of History, Routledge: 2012

12. Peter Burke, New Perspectives on Historical Writing, Polity Press: 1997

13. John Tosh, Historians on History, Pearson Education: 2000

14. Stephen Berger, et.ai., Writing History: Theory and Practice, Bloomsburg Academia,
New York: 2006

15. Peter Burke, History and Social Theory, Cornell University Press: 1996

16. John Tosh, The Pursuit of History, Longman: 1984

17. Mary Fallbrook, Historical Theory, Routledge: 2008

18. Beverley Suthgate, History: What and Why, Routledge: 1998

19. M.C. Lemon, Philosophy of History, Routledge: 2006

20. Peter Barry, Beginning Theory, Viva Books: New Delhi, 2009

21. Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History, A Primer of Historical Method , Alfred A

Knopf: New York, 1969)

22. Arnold, D. A Time for Science: Past and Present in the Reconstruction of Hindu
Science (1860-1920), OUP: New Delhi,1997
23. Bose, D.M., S.N. Sen and B.V. Subbarayappa (eds), A Concise History of Science in
India, Indian National Science Academy: New Delhi, 1971
 13

24. Chattopadhyaya, D. Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism, People’s

Publishing House: New Delhi, 1959
25. Chaturvedi, Vinayak ed., Mapping Subaltern Studies and the Post Colonial, London
& New York, 2000
26. Nevin, Joseph, Allan. Gateway of History, D. Appleton Century Company: New
York, 1938
27. Ludden, David. ed. Reading Subaltern Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning
and the Globalization of South East Asia: Delhi, 2003
28. Sarkar, Sumit. Writing Social History, OUP: Delhi, 1998
29. White, Hayden. Metahistory, Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1974
30. Guha, Ranajith. Subaltern Studies (XII Volumes) Reader, 1986 – 1995, OUP: New
Delhi, 1977
31. Kuhn, Thomas, S. The Structure of Scientific Revolution, Chicago: Chicago
University Press, 1962
32. Mathias, P. ed. Science and Society 1600-1900, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1972
33. Forbes, Geraldine H. Positivism in Bengal: A Case Study in the Transmission and
Assimilation of an Ideology, Asiatic Society: Calcutta, 1975
34. Frank Andre Gunder, Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, Vistaar
Publications: New Delhi, 1998
35. Goonatilake, S. Aborted Discovery: Science and Creativity in the third World, Zed
Books: London, 1999
36. Grove, Richard. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and
the Origins of Environmentalism (1600-1860), OUP: New Delhi, 1995
37. Hasan, Mushirul, Gupta Narayani eds. India’s Colonial Encounter: Essays in Memory
of Eric Stokes, Manohar Publishers: New Delhi, 2004
38. Krishna, Daya. Prolegomena to any Future Historiography of Cultures and
Civilizations, PHISPC: New Delhi, 1997
39. Lyotard, Jean-Francois, The Post Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge,
Manchester University Press: Manchester, 1984
40. Merchant, Carolyn. The Death of Nature: women, Ecology and the Scientific
Revolution, Harper and Row: New York, 1980
41. Nandy, A. The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of self under Colonialism, OUP:
New Delhi, 1983
 14

42. Needham, Joseph. The Grand titration: Science and society in East and West, George
Allen and Unwin: London, 1969
43. Philip, Kavita. Civilizing Natures: Race Resources and Modernity in Colonial South
India, Rutgers University Press, 2003
44. Raina, Dhruv, Images and Contexts: the Historiography of Science and Modernity,
OUP: New Delhi, 2003
45. Rouse, Joseph. Knowledge and Power: toward a Political Philosophy of Science,
Cornell University Press: Ithaca and London, 1987
46. Thomas, Issac, T.M. and B. Ekbal, Science for social Revolution, Kerala Sastra
Sahitya Parishad: Thiruvananthapuram, 1987
47. Zachariah, Mathew and R. Sooryamoorthy, Science for Social Revolution, Kerala
Sastra Sahitya Parishad : Thiruvananthapuram, 1994
48. Worster, D. The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern environmental History,
Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1988
49. Singh, Kanwar Dinesh. Feminism and Post Feminism, Sarup & sons: New Delhi,
2004
50. For Subaltern Studies read all works by: (Eric Stokes, David Arnold, Dipesh
Chakrabothy, Partha Chatterjee, Ranajit Guha, Sudipta Kaviraj, Gyanendra Pandey,
Gyan Prakash, Edward Said, Sumit Sarkar (later dissented), Ajay Skaria, Gayatri
Chakravorthy Spivak, Sarojini Sahoo)
 15

EARLY INDIA II

Module I

Reading the Sources – Archaeology of urban centres, stupas, viharas and early temples;
Inscriptions - Patronage records from different regions in Brahmi, Kharoshti, and Tamil
Brahmi; Numismatics – silver and gold coins; Literary texts - Sanskrit, Buddhist-Hybrid
Sanskrit, and Prakrit; Tamil anthologies

Module II

Political Formations in the Indian sub-continent – Post-Muaryan polities in northern India

and the north-west: The Shungas, Indo-Greeks, Shakas, Kushanas and Kshatrapas; - The
Satavahanas in the Deccan; Chiefdoms and kingdoms of South India – the Cheras, Cholas,
and Pandyas

Module III

Villages and Cities – network of trans-oceanic and trans-continental trade routes in the sub-
continent – Indo-Roman trade with peninsular India – trade with China and South-east Asia -
Traders, guilds and craftsmen - Society in early historic south India

Module IV

Transformation of Buddhism and Jainism – The Mahayana – Rituals and cultic practices –
Shaivism – Vaishnavism – Tantra

Module V

Towards Feudal polity in the late Gupta and post-Gupta periods - The growing alienation of
state power – Decline of the cities in the Gangetic valley – Growth of self-sufficient villages
– The great monastery of Nalanda – Hsuan Tsang – Harsa and the festival of Prayag – Bana’s
picture of India

References:

Begley, Vimala and Richard Daniel de Puma, Rome and India: The Ancient Sea
Trade. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992
Chattopadhyaya, B. D., Aspects of Rural Settlements and Rural Society in Early
Medieval India. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co., 1990
 16

Devahuti, D., The Unknown Hsuan-Tsang. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001
Gethin, Rupert, Foundations of Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998
Gurukkal, Rajan, Social Formations of Early South India. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press
Jha, D. N. ed., The Feudal Order: State, Society and Ideology in Early Medieval
India. New Delhi: Manohar, 2000
Kailasapathy, K. Tamil Heroic Poetry. Chennai: Kumaran Book House, 2002
Liu, Xinriu, Ancient India and Ancient China: Trade and Religious Exchanges. Delhi:
Oxford University, 1988
Nandi, R. N., Rural Settlements in Early Medieval India. Calcutta: K P Bagchi & Co
Narayanan, M.G.S., Reinterpretations in South Indian History. Trivandrum: College
Book House/
Olivelle, Patrick ed., Between the Empires: Society in India, 300 BCE to 400 CE.
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006
Ramanujan, A. K., Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten
Long Poems of Classical Tamil. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006
Ray, Himanshu Prabha, Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Satavahanas.
Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986
Sastri, KAN, A History of South India. Madras: Oxford University Press, 1975
Sharma, R. S., Sudras in Ancient India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1980
Sharma, R. S., Urban Decay in India (c. 300 – c. 1000). New Delhi: Munshiram
Manoharlal, 1987
Shastri, Ajay Mitra ed., The Age of the Satavahanas, 2 Vols. New Delhi: Aryan
Books International, 1999
Singh, Upinder, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India, Delhi: Pearson /
Longman, 2008
Subrahmanian, N., Sangam Polity
Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300,
New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2002
 17

HISTORY OF KERALA - II

Module-I

Sources and Historiography: Mukshaka Vamsa Kavya, Keralotpatti and Manipravalam

literature, Granthavaris - Mathilakam Records, Kozhikodan Granthavari, Perumpadu
Granthavari, Church, Temple and family Granthavaris, Portuguese and Dutch Sources

TAS Volumes, Rama Varma Research Bulletin, Kerala Society Papers, Native State
Historiographies – Nationalist Historiography – Marxian Historiography

Module-II

Age of the Perumals- Historiography- Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai and M.G.S. Narayanan -
Significance of the Rule of Ceras of Mahodayapuram- State Formation in Kerala- Nature of
State- Empire or Kingdom- Monarchy with strong centre or Brahmin Oligarchy- Debate over
Hundred Years War -Composition and Role of Hundred Organisations- Nadus - Kaccams-
Muzhikkalam Kaccam- Different views of Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai and M.G.S. Narayanan.

Module- III

Economy and Society under the Kulasekharas- Agrarian Expansion-Land control as

Devasvam and Brahmasvam- Position of Temple- Change in the nature of Trade- Urban
Process: Nagaram, Trade Guilds- Anchuvannam and Manigramam-Their nature and
significance

Janmisampradayam, Marummakkattayam and Sambandham relations- Emergence of Art

forms - Theatre, Language and Literature and philosophy-Sankaracharya. Astronomy and
Mathematics.

Module –IV

Growth of Svarupams-Political structure-Kurvazhcha-Emergence of Perumpadappu,

Nediyiruppu, Trippapur Svarupams - Attempts at Political Consolidation by Calicut,
Kochi and Travancore rulers - Role of Arab Muslims - Calicut as a trade centre-
Mamamkam- Revati Pattathanam - Naval Admirals of Zamorin- Kunjali Marakkars
 18

Module V

Advent of Western Mercantile Companies-Portuguese- Dutch and French-Changing role of

Trade- Angadi - Religious Policy of the Portuguese -Latinisation of Kerala Church- Synod of
Diamper and its decisions-Consolidation of Dutch Power in Cochin and Malabar -Impact of
Portuguese and Dutch Contact-Introduction of Printing- Hortus Malabaricus- Mysorean
intervention and its impact-Establishment of the British Power in Malabar.

Module VI

Reading the Sources: Tarissapally Copper Plate/Perumpadappu Granthavari / Kozhikodan

Granthavari

Readings:

1. Cheriyan, P.J. (ed.), Perspectives on Kerala History, Gazetteers Department,

Trivandrum 1999.
2. Rajan Gurukkal and Raghava Varier, Kerala Charitram, Vol. II, Mal. Vallathol
Vidyapeedam, Sukapuram, 2012 .
3. Kesavan Veluthat, Brahmin Settlements in Kerala, Sanndhya Publications, Calicut;
1978.
4. Kesavan Veluthat, The Early Medieval in South India, Oxford University Press
5. Ganesh K.N., Keralathinte Innalekal, Mal. Department of Cultural Publications,
Trivandrum; 1997.
6. Ganesh K.N.,Kerala Samooha Padanangal, Prasakthi, Pathanamtitta; 2002.
7. Namboothiri, N.M., Sammoothiri Charitrathile Kanaappurangal, Mal. Vallathol
Vidyapeedam, Sukapuram.
8. Narayanan, M.G.S, Calicut, The City of Truth Revisited, University of Calicut,
Calicut; 2006.
9. Narayanan, M.G.S, Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala.
10. Narayanan, M.G.S, Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy
Political and Social Conditions of Kerala under the Cera Perumals of Makotai,
Cosmos, Trissur; 2013.
11. Meera Abraham, Two Medieval Trade Guilds of South India, Manohar, Delhi 1988.
 19

12. Raghava Varier,M.R, Village Communities in Pre-Colonial Kerala, AES, New Delhi;
1994.
13. A Galletti, The Dutch in Malabar, Madras Government Press, 1911
14. Ponnen, T I, A Survey of the Rise of Dutch Power in Malabar 1603-1678,
Trichnopoly Press, 1943.
15. Raja, P K S, Medieval Kerala, Annamalai University, Chidambaram: 1953.
16. Krishna Ayyar K.V., Zamorins of Calicut, Calicut University (Reprint)
17. M.T. Narayanan, Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar, Northern Book
Centre, New Delhi; 2003.
18. Raghava Varier, M.R, Keraleeyata: Charitra Manangal, Mal. Vallathol
Vidyapeedam, Sukapuram.
19. Raghava Varier, M.R, Madhyakala Keralam, Charitram, Samooham, Mal. Chinta
Publications.
20. Velayudhan Panikkassery, Keralatinthe Rajavamsangal, Mal. DC Books, Kottayam
2012.
21. N M Namboodiri, P.K. Sivadas, Keralacharithrathinte Naduvazhikal, Mal. DC
Books, Kottayam 2011.
22. V. V. Haridas, Zamoothirikalathe Kozhikodu Kathayum Charitravum, Mal. Sign
Books, Trivandrum; 2009.
23. Pius Malekkandathil, Portuguese Cochin and the Maritime Trade of India 1500-1663,
Delhi, Manohar; 2001.
24. Pius Malekkandathil, The Mughals, The Portuguese and the India Ocean: Changing
Imageries of Maritime India, Primus Books, New Delhi; 2012.
25. K.M. Panikkar, History of Kerala, Annamalai University
26. K.M. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco da Gama Epoch
of Asian History ,1953
27. T R Venugopal, Sambathum Adhikaravum, Mal., Cosmos, Trissur
28. R Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, T R Vengopal (ed.), State and Society in
Pre-Modern South India, Cosmos, Trissur; 2002
29. MGS Narayanan, Aspects of Aryanisation
30. Raghava Varier, M.R (ed.), Keralolptti Granthavari (The Kolattunad Traditions),
Calicut University History Series, Calicut University, Calicut; 1984.
31. Keasavan Veluthat, Sahiyavum Charitravum Dharanayude Sadhyatakal, Mal.
Mathrubhumi Publications, Calicut
 20

32. Raghava Varier, M.R and Achyuthan Unni, Sandhesha Kavyam –Ouru
Padanam,Vallathol Vidya Pitham, Sukapuram
33. A P Ibrahim Kunju, Rise of Travancore: Marthanda Varma and His Times
34. Geroge Geevarghese J, Crest of Peacock, Non-European Roots of Mathematics, East -
West Press, New Delhi; 1995.
35. Geroge Geevarghese J, A Passage to Infinity Medieval Indian Mathematics from
Kerala and its impact, Sage, New Delhi; 2009.
36. K S Mathew, Portuguese Trade with India in the 16th century, Manohar, New Delhi;
1983.
37. K S Mathew, History of the Portuguese Navigation in India 1497-1600, New Delhi;
1988.
38. M O Koshy, The Dutch Power in Kerala 1729- 1758, Mittal Publications, New Delhi;
1989.
39. K P Padmanabha Menon, Kochi Rajya Charitram, Mal. Mathrubhumi, Kozhikode;
1996.
40. O K Nambiar, Kunjalis: The Admirals of Calicut
41. M R Raghava Varrier, Kesavan Veluthat, Tharisappalli Pattayam (History), Sahithya
Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd., Kottayam; 2013.
 21

MEDIEVAL INDIA - I

Module I

Sources - Inscriptions – Stone and Copper - Literature-Tamil, Kannada, Telugu - Quasi-

Historical Works - Archaeology, and Numismatics.

Historiography - Representations of Early Medieval India – Debates on the Transition from

Ancient to Medieval - Nature of State in Early Medieval Period – Feudal and Segmentary
Models - Integrative and Patrimonial Approaches

Module II

Political Process and Structure of Polity in Early Medieval North India - Age of Three
Empires- The Struggle for Domination in North India – Palas, Prathihras and the
Rashtrakutas – Political Ideas and Organisation

Age of Conflict – The Ghaznavids and the Rajput States – Trukish Conquest of Ganga Basin
and the Causes of the Defeat of the Rajputs

Module III

Economy and Society - Social Stratification and the proliferation of castes- Caste and Class,
Caste and Profession, Untouchability – Status of Women, Property and Inheritance Laws –
Religious Movements and Practices – Economic and Social Basis of Tantricism -Agrarian
Expansion and the Proliferation of Land-Grants – Regional Variations - Trade and Commerce
– Urban Centres and Urban Decay

Module IV

Political, Economic and Social Process in South India – Pallava – Chola – Pandyas - Debates
on Chola State Formation –Administrative Organization, Military Administration - Agrarian
Expansion – Landholders, Cultivators and Slaves – Social Change - Edangai and Valangai-
Growth of Temples and Religious Movements – Trade, Commerce, Trade Guilds and
Urbanization – Literature and Philosophy
 22

Books for Study

1. Burton Stein, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India,(1980)

2. Brajadulal Chatopadyaya, The Making of Early Medieval India,(1994)
3. Kesavan Veluthat, The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India
4. Majumdar , R.C, Ancient India
5. Majumdar , R.C, History and Culture of Indian People, Vol.V.
6. Nilakanta Sastri, KA., A History South India,
7. Nilakanta Sastri, KA., Sources of Indian History with Special Reference to South
India
8. Nilakanta Sastri, KA, The Illustrated History of South India, OUP
9. Banerji, A.C, Rajput Studies (1944)
10. Herman Kulke, et al, A History of India ,(1986)
11. James Todd, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan
12. Satish Chandra, History of Medieval India, Orient Longman, Hydrabad; 2007
13. Nilakanta Sastri, K.A, The Pandya Kingdom: From the Earliest Time to Sixteenth
century,(1929)
14. Sharma, R.S, Early Medieval Indian Society,
15. Sharma, R.S, Indian Feudalism
16. Sharma, R.S, Social Change in the Early Medieval India. A.D 500-1200
17. Sharma, R. S, Urban Decay in India
18. Sircar, D C., Landlordism and Tenancy in Ancient India as revealed by Epigraphical
Records. (1969)
19. Thakur, V K., Historiography of Indian Feudalism, (1989)
20. Altekar, A.S, The Rashtrakutas and Their Time,(1934)
21. Anila Varghese, et al., South India under Vijayanagara: Art and Archaeology, OUP,
2011
22. Burrow,T, ‘Ancient and Modern Language’ in A.L, Basham,(ed.) Cultural History of
India
23. Kenneth Hall , Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Cholas, (1980)
24. Nobora Karashima, History and Society in South India-Chola to Vijayanagara, OUP,
2001.
25. Prema Kasturi, et. al., South Indian Heritage-An Introduction , East West Book,
Madras,
 23

26. Srivatsava ,A.L, Medieval Indian Culture

27. Swaminathan, S, The Early Cholas- History, Art and Culture, Sharada Publishing,
New Delhi, 1994.
28. Radhika Seshan, Medieval India: Problems and Possibilities, Rawat Publications,
Pune; 2006
29. R Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, T R Vengopalan (ed.), State and Society in
Pre- Modern South India, Cosmos, Trissur; 2002
30. R Champakalakshmi, Trade, Ideology and Urbanisation South India 300BC to AD
1300, OIP, Delhi 1999.
31. Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, Medieval Indian Essays in Intellectual Thought and Culture,
Vol. I, Manohar, New Delhi; 2003.
32. Singh, Upinder. ed., Rethinking Early Medieval India A Reader, OUP, New Delhi;
2012.
33. Nandi, R N., State Formation and Agrarian Growth and Social Change in Feudal
South India c AD 600-1200, Manohar, New Delhi; 2000.
34. Jha, D. N. ed. Feudal Order
 24

MEDIEVAL INDIA - II

Module I

Sources- Inscriptions–Monuments and Sculptures–Numismatics, and Archaeology

Literary Sources- Persian-Arabic- Court Chronicles and Histories - Biographies and

Autobiographies- Travellers Accounts- European Factory Records, Selections from Peshwa
Daftar, Rajastani Khayats, Pargana-ri-vigat,- Bhakti & Sufi Literatures

Module II

Nature of State: Islamic State, Theocracy and Military- Theory of Kingship-Turko-Mughal,

Central Asian-West Asia and Persian- Polity under Sultanate and Mughals - Administration -
Central and Provincial- Military Organization -Fiscal Policies under Sultanate and Mughals-
Land Assessments and Agrarian Policy

The Deccan Policies of Sultanate and Mughals - Collapse of Empire, Theories of decline-
Emergence of Regional States

Module III

Society under Islamic States- Formation of Islamic Society under Sultanate and Mughals -
Social Structure- Nobility, Ulema and Other Classes, Religious Policy of the Sultanate and
the Mughals- Position of Women and Non-Muslims

Medieval Indian Economy- Nature of Agrarian Structures under Sultanate and Mughals-
Trade and Commerce, Industry- Maritime Trade- Artisans and Merchant Groups, Currency
and Coinage-Firms and Banking -Interpreting 18th Century India- Agrarian and Frontier
Uprisings

Module V

Culture and Religion - Cultural Integration- Art and Architecture- Painting- Education and
Literature: Religious and Secular, Bhakti Movement and Sufism- Neo-Sufism- Cultural
Relation with Central Asia and its impact.
 25

Module VI

Medieval Deccan - Vijayanagara Empire: Nature of State and Polity – Administrative

System- Trade and Commerce - Social and Cultural life

Rise of Maratha – Sivaji - The Peshwas- Administrative System- Ashtapradan -Maratha

Polity

Books For Study

1. Muhammed Habib – Political Theory of the Delhi Sultanate, Aligarh

2. Sathish Chandra - Essays on Medieval Indian History
3. Irfan Habib – Medieval India Vol.1
4. Harbans Mukhiya – Perspectives in Medieval Indian History
5. Muhammed Habib & K.A Nizam – Comprehensive History of India
6. Sir Wolsley Haig – The Cambridge History of India Vol. III,
7. Ibn Hassan – The Central Structure of Mughal Empire
8. R.C Majumdar – The Delhi Sultanate, 1980
9. I. H. Qureshi – Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi Lahore
10. Sanjay Subrahmanyam & Shah Alam - The Mughal State
11. Sanjay Subrahmanyam et.al (ed.)- Institution and Economic Change in South Asia
12. Richard M Eaton – India’s Islamic Tradition 711 – 1750
13. Herman Kulke – The State in India 1000- 1700
14. Sharma S.R – Studies in Medieval Indian History
15. Sathish Chandra – Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court
16. Tripathi R.P – Rise and Fall of Mughal Empire
17. J.N Sarkar – The Fall of Mughal Empire, 4 Vols.
18. S. Narul Hassan – Religion, State and Society in Medieval India
19. Yusuf Ali – Medieval India ; Social and Economic Condition,
20. J.N Sarkar – Mughal Administration
21. Qureshi. I.H - The Administration of Sultanate of Delhi
22. Muzaffar Alam - The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India
23. Wright H.N – Coinage and Metrology of the Sultanate of Delhi
24. A.L. Srivastava – Medieval Indian Culture
25. R.P. Tripathi – Some Aspects of Muslim Administration
 26

26. J.N. Sarkar - Aurangazeb

27. J.N. Sarkar- The Military History of India
28. J.N. Sarkar- The Mughal Administration
29. Saran P – Provincial Governments of the Mughals, 1941
30. Saran P- Studies In Medieval Indian History, 1952
31. Harbans Mukhiya – Historians And Historiography under Akbar
32. Yusuf Hussain - Glimpses of Medieval Indian History
33. Athal Ali – The Mughal Nobility under Aurangazeb
34. Mohibul Hassan – Historians of Medieval India
35. Elliot and Dowson – History of India as Told by Its own Historians, Vol.I-VIII
36. Lal K.S - The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India
37. Abul Fazl – Aini-Akbari, 3 vols, Vol. I Trs by Blochman, Vol.II Trs. By H.S
Jarrat, Vol. III Trs by Jarrat and Sarkar
38. Abul Fazl – Akbar Nama 3 Vols. EnglishTrs by Henry Beviridge, Culcutta, 1948
39. Amir Khusru – Khazain –al-Futuh,Trs by Muhammed Habib
40. Babur Nama – Trs. By A.S Baveridge
41. Badaoni – Muntakhab-ut-tawarikh, Trs by George S. A Ranking
42. A Nizami – On History and Historians of Medieval India
43. Ziyauddin Barauni – Fatawa-i-Jahangiri, Trs by Afsar Begum & Mohammed
Habib
44. Ibin Battutta - Khitab-ul -Rahla Trs. by Agha Mahdi Hussain
45. U.N Day – The Govt. of the Sultanate,
46. Banerjee, AC- The State and Society In Modern India (1206-1526)
47. Banerjee, AC- A New History of Medieval India
48. Blockmann Henry – Ain-i-Akhbari (English Trs) 1927
49. Nurul Hassan – Thoughts of Agrarian Reaction in Mughal India
50. Irfan Habib – The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556-1707
51. Irfan Habib The Economic History of Medieval India – A Survey
52. Irfan Habib Essays in Indian History, Towards A Marxist Perspective
53. Moraeland. W.H – The Agrarian System of Moslem India, London 1929
54. Moraeland. W.H India at the Death of Akbar, 19
55. Moraeland. W.H From Akbar to Aurangazeb, 1923
56. N. Karashima – South Indian History and Society : Studies from Inscriptions
57. N. Karashima (ed.) – Kingship in Indian History
 27

58. Burton Stein - Vijayanagara

59. Burton Stein -Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India
60. Nilakanta Sastri K A - A History of South India
61. Aiyankar, S K -Source of Vijayanagra History
62. Heras - Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagar
63. Heras - Beginning of Vijayanagara History
64. Mahalingam T.V- Administration and Social Life under Vijayanagar Empire.
65. Mahalingam T.V- Economic Life under Vijayanagar Empire.
66. Robert Sewell- The Forgotten Empire
67. Waring E S-The History of the Maratha,
68. Sinha, H N. - Rise of the Peswas.
69. Sharma, SR -Shivaji
70. Sharma, SR -The Administrative System of the Maratha.
71. Sarkar, J N- Shivaji and His Time
72. Ranade- Rise of the Maratha Power
 28

COLONIAL PROCESSES AND INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

Module I

Colonial State and its ideology- Economic Critique of Colonialism - Colonial State’s attitude
to Indian Society – Changes in the mode of Government- Legislative process and reforms up
to the Government of India Act 1935

Module II

Colonial Economy: The rural agrarian social structure – Land revenue settlements -
Commercialization of agriculture – Peasants and landless labour – the changing economy and
society of the tribal world - Trade and Industry- Banking –indigenous, and modern –
Emergence of modern industries – cotton; jute; and steel. Rise of the new economic classes

Module III

Cultural Changes and Social and Religious Reform Movements - Rise of modern education
and press – Socio-religious revivalist / reform movements – Women: changing position and
attitudes. – Sanskritization; caste movements; Depressed Classes.

Module IV

Historiography of Indian nationalism – Debates on the Revolt of 1857 –The Indian National
Congress –Muslim League and other Political Parties–Communal Politics and Debates on
Communalism Gandhian ideology Strategies and movements; Quit India Movement-
Partition and Transfer of Power –Partition Debate.

Reading List

1. Bipan Chandra, Communalism in Modern India (2nd edn.) (Delhi, Vikas, 1987).
2. ………………., Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India (Delhi, Orient
Longman, 1981).
3. Brass, Paul, The Politics of India since Independence (Delhi, Foundation Books,
1994).
4. ………….., Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India (Delhi, PPH, 1966).
 29

5. Brown, Judith, Gandhi and Civil Disobedience : The Mahatma in Indian Politics
1928 – 34 (Cambridge, 1977).
6. ……………., Gandhi’s Rise to Power, Indian Politics 1915-22 (Cambridge
University Press, 1972).
7. Desai, A.R, Social Background of Indian Nationalism (Mumbai, Popular Prakashan,
1986).
8. …………, Peasant Struggles in India (Delhi, OUP, 1979).
9. Gandhi, Mohandas.K, Autobiography or the story of my experiments with Truth
(London,1966; Ahmedabad, Navjivan, 1981).
10. Guha, Ranajit, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India (Delhi,
OUP, 1983).
11. Guha, Ranajit and Gayatri.C. Spivak (eds.) – Selected Subaltern Studies (Delhi, OUP,
1988)
12. Hasan, Mushirul (ed.), India’s Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization (Delhi,
OUP, 1998).
13. Jalal, Ayesha, Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, The Muslim League and the Demand for
Pakistan (Delhi, Orient Longman, 1985).
14. Jones, Kenneth, Social and Religious Reform Movement in Modern India (New
Cambridge History, 1989).
15. Joshi.P.C (ed.), Rammohan Roy and the Process of Modernisation in India (Delhi,
Vikas, 1975).
16. Krishnamurti, J.(ed.), Women in Colonial India: Essays on Survival. Work and the
State (OUP, 1989).
17. McLane, John.R, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress (Princeton University
Press, 1977).
18. Nanda.B.R, Mahatma Gandhi (Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1968).
19. Naoraji, Dadabhai, Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (London 1901, Delhi
Commonwealth, 1988).
20. Nehru, Jawaharlal, An Autobiography (London, 1936).
21. Partha Chatterjee, A Possible India: Essays in Political Criticism, (Oxford, USA,
1998).
22. Sarkar, Sumit, Modern India, 1885- 1947 (Delhi Macmillan, 1985).
23. Siddiqi, Asiya, (ed.), Trade and Finance in Colonial India 1750 – 1860, (Delhi, OUP,
1995).
 30

24. Stokes, Eric, Peasants and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant
Rebellion in Colonial India, (Delhi, Vikas, 1978).
25. Zelliot, Eleanor, From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement
(Delhi, Manohar, 1992).
 31

ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA

Module I: Making of the Indian Nation State

Partition Politics – Integration of Princely States – Linguistic Reorganization of the States -

Conceptualizing the Nation - Secularism - Evolution of Indian Constitution – Preamble -
Basic features - Institutions of Government and their working

Module II: Political Trajectories

Nehruvian Era-The regime of Indira Gandhi and Internal Emergency- JP Movement- Rise of
the Janata Party - Coalition Politics –- Growth of Hindu Politics and NDA – UPA-
Government

Module III: Issues and Challenges

Bhopal Gas Tragedy-Technology Missions - Relations with Sri Lanka – IPKF -

Developments in North East and Punjab, Mandal Commission, Challenges of Communalism
- Ayodhya issue – Maoist Challenges – Issues of Terrorism and Corruption

Module IV: Development Strategies

Idea of Planning - Five year Plans - Liberalization and Economic reforms since 1991-
Democratic Decentralization - Panchayati Raj Institutions - Foreign Policy: Panchasheel -
Non Alignment - Relations with the Neighbours – Continuity and changes

Readings:

1. Bipan Chandra et.al., India Since Independence, Penguin, New Delhi; 2007.
2. Bipan Chandra, Essays on Contemporary India, New Delhi; 1999.
3. Durga Das Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India, Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi.
4. Rajeev Bhargava, Secularism and Its Critiques, Oxford University Press, New Delhi;
2001.
5. Paul R Brass, The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press,
2004.
 32

6. Ramachandra Guha, India after Gandhi The History of the World’s largest
Democracy, Picador, Delhi; 2008.
7. Rajesh Kumar, India after Independence, New Delhi; 2009.
8. B.N Pande, Indira Gandhi, Publications Division, New Delhi.
9. George Mathew, Panchayathi Raj, From Legislature to Movement, Concept
Publishing Company, 1994.
10. Upendra Bakshi and Bhikku Parekh, (ed.), Crisis and Change in Contemporary India,
New Delhi; 1995.
11. Partha Chatterjee, A Possible India, OUP, New Delhi; 1997.
12. Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its Fragments Colonial and Post Colonial
Histories, Princeton University Press, 1993.
13. Partha Chatterjee, State and Politics in India, OUP,1998.
14. Partha Chatterjee (ed.) Wages of Freedom Fifty Years of the Indian Nation State,
OUP, Delhi;1998
15. S. Gopal, Nehru: A Biography, Volumes II and III, Oxford University Press, Bombay;
1976.
16. A. Appadurai, India: Studies in Social and Political Development 1947-1996,Asia
Publishing House, Bombay; 1986.
17. Zoya Hasan (ed.), Politics and the States in India Readings in Indian Government and
Politics, Vol. 3, Sage, New Delhi; 2000.
18. Yogendra Singh, Social Change in India: Crisis and Resilience, Har-Anand
Publications,1993.
19. Shashi Tharoor, India from Midnight to the Millennium, New Delhi; 1997.
20. Francine R Frankel, India’s Political Economy, 1947-1997, Delhi; 1978.
21. Robert Hargraves et. al., India Government and Politics in a Developing Nation,
Oxford University Press, Delhi; 2009.
22. M. V. Pylee, Constitutional Government in India, Asia Publishing House, Bombay;
1977.
23. Mridula Mukherjee, Peasants in India’s Non violent Revolution, Practice and Theory,
New Delhi; 2004.
24. Utsa Patnaik, The long Transition, Essays on Political Economy, Three Essay
Collective, New Delhi;1999.
25. Mushrul Hassan, Legacy of a Divided Nation India’s Muslims from Independence to
Ayodhya, Westview Press, 1997.
 33

26. Christophe Jafferlot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Penguin New Delhi;
1996.
27. Christophe Jafferlot (ed.), Hindu Nationalism A Reader.
28. Aijaz Ahamed, On Communalism and Globalization Offensive of the Far Right, Three
Essay Collective, New Delhi.
29. Bates, Crispin and Subho Basu, The Politics of Modern India since Independence,
Routledge/Edinburgh South Asian Studies Series, 2011.
30. Bidyut Chakrabarty, Indian Politics and Society since Independence: Events,
Processes and Ideology, Routledge, 2008.
31. Christopher Jaffrelot, Religion, Caste and Politics in India, Primus, New Delhi;
2010.
32. Nalini Kant Jha, India’s Foreign Policy in a Changing World, South Asia Publishers,
New Delhi; 2000.
33. Nalini Kant Jha, India’s Foreign Policy: Emerging Challenges, Pentagon, New Delhi;
2012.
34. Uma Kapila, Indian Economy: Performance and Policies, Academic Foundation,
New Delhi: 2009 (Revised edition).
35. Uma Kapila (ed.), India’s Economic Reforms, Academic Foundation, New Delhi;
1998.
 34

HISTORY OF KERLA -III

Module I

Colonial interventions-Land revenue policy of the British-Early resistance movements - its

nature-Velu Tampi-Paliyath Achan- Pazhassi Raja-Tribal movements-Kurichiya Revolt-
Nineteenth Century Mappila uprisings

Module-II

Colonial ideology- English Education- Evangelical activism- Community wise reform

movements- Leaders- Sree Narayana Guru- Chattampi Swamikal-Ayyankali-Vakkaom
Abdulkhader Moulavi- Mannathu Padmanabhan-V.T.Bhattthiripad- Brahmananda Sivayogi-
Vaghbhatananda- Sahodaran Ayyappan. Role of Caste Organisations- SNDP, NSS,
Yogakshema Sabha, Sadhujanaparipalanayogam, PRDS Activities of Christian Missionary
Groups-The Temple Entry Movements

Module III

Emergence of Political Consciousness- Age of Memorials- Abstention Movement-

Travancore State Congress- Cochirajya Prajamandalam. National Movement in Malabar-
Congress Activities -Khilafat agitation-Revolt of 1921-its nature- Congress Socialist Party-
Peasant and Working Class Movements-Kayyur Karivellur and Punnapra Vayalar.

Module IV

Struggle for a unified Kerala-Aikya Kerala Movement-Different stages-Formation of

Travancore Cochin-State Reorganisation on Linguistic basis-Formation of Kerala State-First
Communist Ministry-Historic legislations

Readings:

1. Cheriyan, P.J (ed.), Perspectives on Kerala History, Gazetteers Department,

Trivandrum 1999.
2. Ravindran, T K, Institutions and Movements in Kerala History, Trivandrum: 1978.
3. Kunjikrishnan, V V, Tenancy Legislation in Malabar 1880-1970, Northern Book
Centre, New Delhi: 1993.
 35

4. Kurup, K K N, Nationalism and Social Change: The Role of Malayalam Literature,

Kerala Sahitya Academy, Thrissur: 1998.
5. Kurup, K K N, William Logan A Study in the Agrarian Relations of Malabar,
Sandhya Publications, Calicut: 1981.
6. Kurup, K K N, Aspects of Kerala History and Culture, College Book House,
Trivandrum: 1977.
7. Lemercicer, Genevieve, Religion and Ideologies in Kerala, Institute for the Study of
Developing Areas, Trivandrum: 1994.
8. Jeffrey, Robin, The Decline of Nayar Dominance Society and Politics in Travancore,
1847-1908, Sussex University Press, Sussex: 1976.
9. Panikkar. K.N, Against Lord and State -Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar
1836-1921, OUP, Delhi: 1992.
10. Conrad Wood, The Mopalah Rebellion and its Genesis, People’s Publishing House,
New Delhi; 1987.
11. Dilip Menon, Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India Malabar1900-1948,
Cambridge University Press, 1994.
12. Varughese George, Socialist Movement in Travancore-Cochin, Mathrubhumi,
Kozhikode; 2009.
13. C K Haridas, Nationalist Movements in Cochin 1900-1947 The Dynamics of Political
Change, South Zone Books, Ernakulam; 2012.
14. Daniel, Struggle for responsible Government in Travancore
15. E.M.S. Nambudiripad, A Short History of Peasant Movement in Kerala
16. Ganesh K,N, Culture and Modernity, Historical Explanations, University of Calicut
Publication
17. Ganesh K.N, Kerala Samooha Padanangal
18. Gangadharan.M., Malabar Rebellion
19. Ibrahim kunju A.P, Rise of Travancore, Marthanda Varme and his Times
20. Kurup K.K.N, Kayyur Riot
21. Kurup, K,K,N, Pazhassi Samarangal
22. Kurup.K.K.N, A History of Agrarian Struggles in Modern Kerala,
23. Kurup.K.K.N, Modern Kerala
24. Kusuman K.K., Abstention Movement in Kerala
25. Menon.P.K.K. History of Freedom Struggle in Kerala,2 Vols.
26. Raiman S, (ed.), History of Freedom Struggle in Kerala, Vol.III.
 36

27. Punnen T.I. Dutch Hegemony in Malabar and its collapse

28. Ramachandran Nair, S, Social and Cultural History of Colonial Kerala
29. Ramachandran Nair, S, Social and Economic History of Colonial Kerala
30. Ravindran T.K, Asan and Social Revolution in Kerala
31. Sreedhara Menon, A, A History of Freedom Movement in Kerala
32. Damodaran K. And Narayanapillai, C , Keralathile Swathantrya Samaram
 37

TWENTIETH CENTURY WORLD

Module I

Modern history and contemporary history - Dawn of 20th century -World War I and its
Impact – Bolshevik Revolution and its aftermath - League of Nations- World economic crisis
- Emergence of Fascism and Nazism – Repercussions of World War II.

Module II

Decolonization and the end of Imperialism-Emergence of new nation states- Triumph of

Nationalism in Asia, Africa and South America Non Alignment- Third World Countries-
Regional Diplomacy, politics and alliances

Module III

Emergence of USA and USSR as world powers- Historiography of Cold War- Cold War-
Origin, Evolution and Implications- Armaments and Problems of disarmament - Problems in
South East and West Asia – Fall of the Soviet Block and the Emergence of a Uni-polar World

Module IV

U.N.O and the world- Human rights and Human rights institutions – Ecological Movements-
International Trade Agreements- European Union - Globalisation - Economic, political and
cultural impact-Neo-colonization

Reading List

1. Carr E.H, The Twenty year crisis 1919-1939, Macmillan, 1946.

2. Crinnion. V, The Great War, Macmillan, 1980.
3. Eric J. Hobbsbawn, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991,
London, 1995.
4. Beasley W.E, Japanese Imperialism 1894-1945, Oxford, 1987.
5. Hening R, Versailles and After, 1919-33, Methuen, 1984.
6. Taylor, A.J.P, The First World War, Penguin, 1963.
7. Bayne - Jardine C, The Second World War and its aftermath, Longman, 1987.
8. Heater D, The Cold War, Oxford, 1970.
 38

9. Higgins H, The Cold War, Heinmann, 1984

10. Philips D.M, Hitler and the Rise of Nazis, Arnold, 1968.
11. Mansfield .P. A History of Middle East, Penguin, 1992
12. Perkins SJ, The Arab - Israeli conflict, Macmillan, 1982.
13. Marrison. D, The Rice of Modern China, Longman, 1988.
14. Hill C.P, A History of United States, Arnold, 1974.
15. Norwan Lowe, Mastering Modern World History, Macmillan, 1997.
16. Colin Mason, A Short History of Asia, Macmillan, 2005
17. Depak.K.Gupta, Understanding Terrorism, and Political Violence, Rutledge, 2009
18. Joshua.S. Goldstein and John C. Pevehouse, International Relations, Darling
Kindersely India Pvt Ltd, 2009.
19. Gunder Frank, Andre, Capitalism and Underdevelopment, London, 1971
20. George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950-
1975, McGraw Hill, 2001.
21. Lorenz Luthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, Princeton,
2008.
22. Melvin Lefler, For the Soul of Mankind, The United States, The Soviet Union and the
Cold War, Bonus Publishers, 2007.
39
 40

ELECTIVE

HISTORY OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN MEDIEVAL INDIA

Module I

Historiography of Medieval Indian Art and Architecture

Colonial Writings on medieval Indian Art and Architecture - Asiatic Society of Bengal and
its collections of material objects – Trigonometrical Survey of India and Colin Mackenzie -
British antiquarianism in India - Archaeological explorations and excavations –
Transformation of objects into Indian Art - British custody of Indian art - Museumisation of
objects - British attitudes to the art and heritage of India: James Fergusson and E. B. Havell

Nationalist Interpretations of medieval Indian Art

Nationalist attitudes to medieval Indian art – Writings of Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy –

Indian artists and art historians – The Bengal school

Modern Study of medieval Indian Art History

Historical and cultural background – Religion, philosophy and aesthetics of Indian art –
Critique of dynastic or religious appellations to stages of Indian art - Chronology and style –
Nature of patronage

Module II

Evolution of the Hindu Temple: Structure and Style

Architectural Evolution of the Temple - Early rock-cut temples – Northern India, the Deccan
and Southern India

The evolution of the structural temples - Different regions and different styles – Indian Silpa
texts and classification of temple styles: Nagara, Vesara and Dravida
 41

Locating the Brahmanical / Hindu Temple in medieval Indian history – Growth of the
Puranic religion and cults – Temple as a socio-economic and political focal point

Module III

The Art and Architecture of the Medieval Temple

Unit A: Structure and Style of the Temples of Northern India

1) The Paramara Temples

The temples of Udaipur

2) The Chandella Art

The group of temples of Khajuraho – Modern discovery and preservation – European

imageries and descriptions of the erotic art of the Hindus – Form and style – The erotic
sculptures

3) The Temples of Orissa

Soma and Eastern Ganga art: The temples of Bhuvaneswar, Puri and Konark

4) Art of the Palas and Senas

Buddhist and Hindu sculptures – Hindu temples

5) Temples of Western India: Rajasthan and Gujarat

The art of the Solankis - The Jain temple-complex of Mount Abu in Rajasthan – The Surya
temple of Modhera in Gujarat

6) The Manuscript Illustrations of Western India

The Jain manuscript tradition of painted illustrations: Jain Kalpasutras and
Kalakacharyakathas

Unit B: Structure and Style of the Temples in the Western Deccan

1) Temples of the Early Western Chalukyas

The rock-cut and structural styles of the early Western Chalukyas : Aihole, Badami and
Pattadakkal
 42

2) Later Western Chalukyas

Jain temple at Lakkundi – Muktesvara temple at Chaudadampur - Mallikarjuna temple at

Karuvatti – Somesvara temple at Gadag

3) The Hoysala Temples

The architectural and sculptural styles of the temples of Belur and Halebid

Unit C: Structure and Style of the Temples of South India

1) The Art of the Pallavas

The early rock-cut caves and the later Pallava styles: Mahabalipuram – Kancipuram –
Tituchirapali

2) The Chola Art

The Chola State and the temple – Brihadesvara temple at Tanjavur – angaikondacholapuram
– Chola Bronzes – Growth of iconography

3) The Art of the Pandyas

Pandyan gopurams at Chidambaram

4) Vijayanagara Art

Links with the Chola and Pandya styles of construction and sculpture – Islamic influences in
the architecture of palaces

Temples of Hampi – Gopurams of Kanchipuram - Mandapams of the various temples –

Paintings during the period – Bronze sculptures - Influence of Vijayanagara styles on later
Hindu temple architecture

5) The Art of the Nayakas

Links with the Vijayanagara traditions – Nayaka Temples of Madurai and Tanjavur
 43

6) The Temple Styles of Kerala

Evolution from the rock-cut tradition – Structural temples in Kerala – Vadakkunnatha

Temple at Trichur – Temple of Thiruvanchikkulam – Mattanchery Palace – Padnabhaswamy
Temple at Thiruvanthapuram - Sculptural and mural traditions of Kerala

Module IV

Indo-Islamic Art and Architecture

1) The Sultanate Period

The architecture of the Mosque – Mausoleum - Forts and Fortresses - Qutb Minar –
Architectural elements from West Asia: arches, minarets etc. - Urban planning – Provincial
or regional styles of Deccan, Gujarat, Malwa and Bengal

The illuminated manuscripts from the Provinces

2) The Mughal Period

The evolution of Mughal architecture – Different stages – Early Mughal style – Later Mughal
architecture – Mughal stylistic features – Mosques, mausoleums, palaces, forts etc.

Urban planning and the Bazar architecture

Mughal Paintings under Akbar and the later rulers – Patronage of paintings – workshops-
Persian and European influences – Islamic calligraphy – Regional styles of painting

Themes of the miniatures – Religious, secular, and portraiture

Late Mughal period in architecture and painting

Readings:

Patha Mitter, Much Maligned Monsters: History of Indian European Reactions to Indian Art.
Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992

Partha Mitter, Indian Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001

Thakurta, Tapati-Guha, Objects, Monuments, Histories. New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004
 44

Thakurta, Tapati-Guha, The Making of New Indian Art: Artists, Aesthetics and Nationalism in
Bengal 1850-1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992

Champakalalakshmi, R., The Hindu Temple. New Delhi: Roli Books

Gurukkal, Rajan, The Kerala Temple. Sukapuram: Vallathol Vidyapitham

Meister, M. W. and Dhaky, M.A. eds., Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture. Delhi,

Sarkar, H. Architectural Survey of Temples of Kerala. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of

India

Tömöry, Edith, A History of Fine Arts in India and the West. Chennai: Orient Longman, 2004

Donaldson, Thomas, Konarka: Monumental Legacy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
2003

Mitra, Debala, Konarak. New Delhi: ASI, 1992

Desai, Devangana, Khajuraho: Monumental Legacy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
2000

Deva, Krishna, Khajuraho. New Delhi: ASI, 1987

Michell, George, Pattadakal: Monumental Legacy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
2002

Nagaswamy, R., Mahabalipuram: Monumental Legacy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
2008

Sivaramamurti, C., The Chola Temples. New Delhi: ASI, 2004

Devakunjari, D., Hampi. New Delhi: ASI, 1983

Verghese, Anila, Hampi: Monumental Legacy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010

Michell, George, Architecture and Art of Southern India: The New Cambridge History of
India, Vol. 1:6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995

Sarkar, H. Architectural Survey of Temples of Kerala. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of

India
 45

Soundara Rajan A., Temples of South India. New Delhi: National Book Trust

Menon, Vijayakumar, Bharatiya Kaladarsanam. Trichur: Kerala Sahitya Akademy, 2011

Sasibhushan, M.G., Keraliya Kaladarsanam. Trivandrum: Kerala State Institute of

Languages, 2011

Kramrisch et. al., The Arts and Crafts of Travancore. Trivandrum: Dept. of Cultural
Publications, 1999 (Reprint)

Pande, B.M, Qutb Minar and Its Monuments. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006

Chakraverty, Anjan, Indian Miniature Painting. New Delhi: Roli Books, 2008

Koch, Ebba, Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology. Oxford University Press, 2001

Asher, Catherine B., Architecture of Mughal India: The New Cambridge History of India,
Vol. 1.4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995

Michell, George and Zebrowski, Mark, Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates. New
Cambridge history of India, Vol. 1.7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999

Beach, Milo Cleaveland, Mughal and Rajput Painting. New Cambridge History of India,
Vol.1.3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992
 46

INDIA: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY

Module I

Beginning of Archaeology - from Antiquarianism to Archaeology - Progress of

Archaeology in the West

Module II

History of Archaeology in India -Antiquarian prelude – from antiquarianism to

archaeology – Col. Colin Mackenzie and the Trigononometrical Survey of India

Alexander Cunningham and the first Archaeological Survey – Formation of the

Archaeological Survey of India - Institutional history– Surveys, explorations, and
excavations in different regions – Museums in India - Cunningham – James Burgess –
John Marshall – Mortimer Wheeler

Post-Independent days – A. Ghosh - Bridget and Raymond Allchins – S. R. Rao ––

H. D. Sankalia – Paddayya –

Module III

Archaeology in Kerala – Explorations and excavations – Archaeological Museums in

Kerala –

Module IV

Beginning of Epigraphy in India – The Asiatic Society of Bengal and interest in the
pre-modern scripts of India – Col. Colin Mackenzie and the Mackenzie collection of
manuscripts and epigraphs

James Princep and the pioneering attempts - Archaeological Survey of India and the
Epigraphy Branch – British epigraphists – Administrative background of epigraphists
– Indian epigraphists - Epigraphy in Kerala
 47

Module V

Pre-Modern Indian Scripts and History of Decipherment - Harappan script – Brahmi

–– Tamil Brahmi –Asokan Inscriptions –– Vattezhuthu – Kolezhethu – Tamil Grantha
– decipherment and interpretation of inscriptions - paleaography

Survey of Indian Inscriptions - Harappan – Mauryan – Post-Mauryan: Sunga, Kusana,

Satavahana - Tamil Brahmi – Gupta and Post-Gupta - Land Grants – Northern, central
Indian, Deccan and south Indian; Vatteluttu inscriptions from Kerala

References

Allchin, Bridget and Allchin, Raymond, Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and
Early Archaeology of South Asia. New Delhi: Viking,
1997

Burnell A C, Elements of South Indian Palaeography

Chakrabarti, Dilip K A History of Indian Archaeology: From the Beginning

to 1947 (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1988)

Chakrabarti, Dilip K Oxford Companion to Indian Archaeology (New Delhi:

Oxford University Press)

Chakrabarti, Dilip K Theoretical Perspectives in Indian Archaeology (New

Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1989)

Clark, Graham Sir Mortimer and Indian Archaeology (New Delhi:

ASI)

David Diringer, The Alphabet

G. Buhler, Indian Palaeography

Ghosh, A Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology (New Delhi:

Munshiram Manoharlal, 1990)

Gopinatha, Rao, T.A. et. al. eds., Travancore Archaeological Series

Greene, Kevin Archaeology: An Introduction

 48

Jaleel K A, Lipikalum Manava samskaravum

Jim Grant, Sam Gorin and Neil Fleming The Archaeology Course Book: An
Introduction to Themes, Sites, Methods and Skills

Mahalingam, T. V., South Indian Palaeography

Parameswaran Pillai, V R, Silalikhitavijnaniyam

Rajan, K. Archaeology: Principles and Methods (Tanjavur, 2002)

Rajbali Pandey, Indian Palaeography. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint)

Rajgor, Dilip, Palaeolinguistic Profile of Brahmi Script. Delhi:

Pratibha Prakashan, 2000

Raman, K. V. Principles and Methods in Archaeology (Madras, 1976)

Ravivarma, L. A., Prachinakeralalipikal

Ray, H. P. Colonial Archaeology in South Asia: The Legacy of

Mortimer Wheeler (New Delhi: OUP, 2008)

Ray, H.P, and Sinapoli, Carla M. ed. Archaeology as History in Early South Asia
(New Delhi: ICHR & Aryan Books International, 2004)

Renfrew, Colin and Bahn, Paul ed., Archaeology: The Key Concepts (London:
Routledge, 2005)

Roy, Sourindranath The Story of Indian Archaeology, 1784-1947 (New

Delhi: ASI, 1961)

Sam, N, Keralathile Prachina Lipi Mathrikakal

Sankhalia, H.D Indian Archaeology Today (Bombay: Asia Publishing

House, 1962)

Santon, Kate Archaeology: Unearthing the Mysteries of the Past

(Bath: Parragon Books, 2010)
 49

Sing, Upinder The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists

and the Beginnings of Archaeology (Delhi: Permanent
Black, 2004)

Sircar, D.C, Select Asokan Inscriptions

Sircar, D.C. Indian Epigraphical Glossary

Sircar, D.C., Indian Epigraphy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1965

Varier, Raghava M. R. ed. Kerala Archaeological Series

Varier, Raghava M. R. ed. Saindhavalipipathanangal ituvare. Calicut:

Mathrubhumi, 2011
 50

HISTORY OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA

Module I

Pre and Proto Historic Period

(a) Prehistoric Rock Art – Paintings, engravings and sculpture: Rock Art of Bimbetaka,
Engravings and terracotta from Maski, Pikhlihal. Rock art in Kerala – Marayur, Edakal,
Tovari, Ankode and Tenmala.

(b) Proto - Historic Period: Harappan Art and Architecture: Urbanization and town planning,
public buildings, domestic architecture, terracotta, bronze statues and seals.

(c) Megalithic Structures: urns, sarcophagi, dolmenoid cist, slab cists, shallow pit burials,
umbrella stones, hood-stones and capstones, rock cut chambers, Menhirs and alignments.

Module II

Buddhist Art, Architecture and Sculpture

Stambhas, Stupas/ Chaithyas and Viharas

(a) Ashokan Pillars of Delhi, Meerut, LauryaNandangrah, Rampurva,Sarnath, Lomas Rishi

Cave, Mauryan Sculpture

(b) Stupas and Chaityas- Bharhut, Sanchi, Amaravati, Gandhara and Mathura Art, Karle,
Bhaja, Kanheri

Module III

Hindu and Jain Art, Architecture and Sculpture

Rock cut temples – cut in and cut out, structural temples

(a) Gupta period: Cave No. 17 Sanchi, Desavathara temple at Deograh, Bhitargoan temple,
Ahichhatra temple, Sculptures and metal works
(b) Vakataka period: Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta – paintings, architecture and sculptural panels
(c) Chalukyan period: Aihole, Pattadakal, Badami, Ellora – architecture, sculpture and
paintings
(d) Jain paintings at Sittanavasal, Jain Vestiges in Travancore
 51

Module IV

South Indian Art, Architecture and Sculpture

Pallava period: styles of Mahendravarman I, Narasimhavarman I Mamalla,

Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha and Nandivarman Pallavamalla. – Rathas, mandapas,
sculptural panels and temples of Mamallapuram, Kailasanatha temple and the Vaikuntha
Perumal temple at Kanchipuram and the paintings at Panamalai and Kanchipuram

Reading List

1. Edith Tomory, A History of Fine Arts in India and the West, Orient Longman, Madras
19891
2. Percy Brown, Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu, Vol I , Bombay
3. A Coomaraswamy, An Introduction to Indian Art, Adayar, 1956
4. James Furgusson, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, Vol I& II, Munshiram
Manoharlal, Delhi,1967
5. Federick M Asher (ed.), Art of India Prehistory to Present, Encyclopaedia Britannica
2003
6. Calabur Sivaramamurti, Art of India, Harry N Abrams Inc., New York 1977
7. Rowland, B., Art and Architecture of India

8. Meister, M. and Dhaky, M. A., Encyclopaedia of Indian Architecture (3- Volumes)

9. Chandra, Pramod (ed.), Studies in Temple Architecture

10. R.K.Sharma & K K Tripathi (ed.), Recent Perspectives on Prehistoric art in India and
allied subjects, Aryan Books, New Delhi, 1996
1. Kalyan Kumar Chakravarthy, Robert G Bednarik, Indian Rock Art and its global
context, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi 1997
2. S.Settar, Ravi Korisettar (ed.) Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Vol I Development of
Indian Rock Art since Independence, ICHR, Manohar, 2002
3. Gururaja Rao B.K, The Megalithic Culture of South India
4. Wheeler, Mortimer, Indus Valley Civilization

5. Shreen Ratnagar, Harappa Civilization in the Greater Indus valley, Tulika

6. D P Aggrawal, The Indus Civilization An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Aryan Books
New Delhi, 2007
7. Rajan Gurukkal and Raghava Varrier, Cultural History of Kerala, Vol I, 1999
 52

8. Elizabeth Rosen Stone, The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda, Motilal Banarasi Das,
New Delhi, 1994
9. B N Mishra, Nalanda, Vol II,B R Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1998
10. Rowland, B., Art and Architecture of India

11. Michell, George, Monuments of India

12. S. Huntington and John C. Huntington, The Art of India : Buddhist, Hindu Jain,
Whether Hill, 1988
13. Rosenfield, J. M., Dynastic Art of Kushanas

14. Ray, N. R., Maurya and Sunga Art

15. Marshall, J., Monuments of Sanchi

16. Longhurst, A. H., Buddhist Antiquities of Nagarjunikonda (A.S.I. Memoirs no. - 54)

17. Ramachandran, T. N., Amaravati Stupa

18. Knox, Robert, Amaravati- Buddhist Sculptures from the Great Stupa

19. Burgess, J., Buddhist Stupa of Amaravati and Jaggayapeta

20. Pant, Sushila, Origin and Development of Stupa
21. Sharma, R. C. and Ghoshal, Pranati, Buddhism and Gandhara Art
22. Nihar Ranjan Ray, Mauryan and Sunga Art
11. Calabur Sivaramamurti, Art of India, Harry N Abrams Inc., New York 1977
12. Rowland, B., Art and Architecture of India

13. Meister, M. and Dhaky, M. A., Encyclopedia of Indian Architecture (3- Volumes)

14. Chandra, Pramod (ed.), Studies in Temple Architecture

15. Shah, U. P., Studies in Jain Art

16. A Gosh (ed.), Ajanta Murals, ASI, New Delhi, 1987
17. Agrawala, P. K., Gupta Temple Architecture

18. Kramrisch, Stella, Hindu Temple (Volume I and II)

19. Gopinatha Rao T A, ‘Buddhist and Jain Vestiges in Travancore’ Travancore

Archaeological Series, Vol II

23. R.K.Sharma , K K Tripathi (ed.), Recent Perspectives on Prehistoric Art in India and
Allied Subjects, Aryan Books, New Delhi, 1996
 53

24. Kalyan Kumar Chakravarthy, Robert G Bednarik, Indian Rock Art and its global
context, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi 1997
25. Gururaja Rao B.K, The Megalithic Culture of South India
26. Wheeler, Mortimer, Indus Valley Civilization

27. Shreen Ratnagar, Harappa Civilization in the Greater Indus valley, Tulika
 54

HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN EARLY INDIA

Module I
Historiography and Source
Joseph Needham and the History of Science, Indian Writings – P.C.Ray, Meghnad Shah
Archeological Source- Literary Source, Vedic literature, Vedangas and Sutra literature
Scientific literature in Sanskrit and other treatises. Buddhist and Jain Sources- Persian and
Arabic Source.

Module II

Technology and Prehistoric Societies

Beginning of agriculture and its impact on the growth of science and technology - The
Harappan Civilization – Engineering Technology - Town Planning – Other technologies as
gleaned from Harappan relics.

Module III

Astronomy and Mathematics

Developments in the Vedic and Post Vedic period- Jaina Astronomy-Bakshali Manuscript-
Aryabata I, Varahamihra, Bhaskara I, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II- Development in the
Medieval Period-Developments in Kerala.

Interaction of India with Greece, China and Arabia and the transfer of knowledge in the field
of Astronomy, Mathematics, Medicine and other technologies.

Module IV
Medicine
Development of Ayurveda-Medical knowledge in Later Vedic texts and Buddhist Literature-
Ayurveda Samhitas- Bhela, Caraka, Susruta, Drhabala, Vaghbata, Dhanvantiri, Bower
Manuscript- Branches of Ayurveda- Development of Unnani medicine in the Medieval
Period – Development in Kerala- Ashtavaidhyans
 55

Readings :

1. D.M. Boss (ed.), A Concise History of Science in India, INAS, New Delhi.
2. Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (ed.), Studies in the History of Science in India, vol. I
and II. KLM Firma Calcutta
3. Dhru Rana and Irfan Habib (ed.) Situating the History of Science: Dialogue with
Joseph Needham, OUP, New Delhi, 1999.
4. A. Rahman (ed.), Science and Technology in Medieval India: Bibliography of source
Materials in Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian, INSA, New Delhi, 1982.
5. Shereen Ratnagar, Encounters: The Westerly Trade of Harappan Civilization, O.U.P,
New Delhi.
6. Shereen Ratnagar, Understanding Harappa’s Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley,
Tulika, New Delhi, 2001.
7. D.P. Agarwal, The Copper Bronze Age in India, Munsheram Manoharlal, New Delhi.
8. Asko Parpola, Deciphering the Indus Script, Cambridge University Press, New
Delihi,2000.
9. Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, History of Science and technology in Ancient India,
Calcutta, 1996.
10. K.G. Paulose (ed.), Scientific Heritage of India- Mathematics. Govt. Sanskrit
College, 1991.
11. B.N. Seal, The Positive Science of Ancient Hindus, (Report) Motilal Banarasi Das,
New Delhi, 1985.
12. Geroge Geevarghese J, Crest of Peacock, Non-European Roots of Mathematics,
Affiliated East – West Press, New Delhi, 1995.
13. Geroge Geevarghese J, A Passage to Infinity Medieval Indian Mathematics from
Kerala and its impact, Sage, New Delhi, 2009.
14. A. Rahman, History of Indian Science, Technology Culture A.D. 1000-1800, OUP,
New Delhi, 2001.
15. K.G. Paulose (ed.) Scientific Heritage of India- Ayurveda, Govt. Sanskrit College,
1991.
16. A.K.Bag, History of Technology in India, 4 vols, INSA, New Delhi.
17. A.K. Bag, India and Central Asia, Science and Technology, 2 vols, INSA, New Delhi.
18. A. Rahman (ed.), Science and Technology in Indian culture: A Historical Perspective,
NISTADS, New Delhi, 1984.
 56

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA

Module I

Sources -Archaeological-literary-Sanskrit - Jain works-Arabic and Persian literature.

Module II

Astronomy and Mathematics in medieval India - Arabic and Persian mathematics. Accounts
of Albiruni-Delhi sultanate-Mugal period, works by Indian and Non Indians - inter relation
between Indian,Greek, Arab and Chinese. Asrtronomical works of Baskara II, - Contribution
of Raja Jaising II of Jaipur-Astrolab-observatory. Arithamatic, Algebra and Geometry.

Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics -Parameswara, Nilakanda-Somayaji-

Madhava-Parameswara and Sankara Varma - Katapayadi system.

Module III

Chemistry and Metallurgy-Iron smelting-Temples of a puri and Konark-Latro chemistry-

Zinc, Copper and Tin, Glass ware, cooling devices, Gold works, metal works, Cotton
processing, paper manufacturing, Soap manufacturing-Distillation of Liquor-Cosmetics and
perfumary, Attar making- Gunpowder and pyrotechnique- Indigo manufacturing and Dyeing

Module IV

Military Technology-Land Transport and Navigation-weaponary-Inland navigation and

communication-Ocean Navigation- Ship building Industry- mining-‘Kharkanas’ or
workshops.

Module V

Agriculture and Technology - Crops-Saffron, Coconut, rice, wheat, Introduction of new

crops by Portugese and persians-Tobacco-Cashew-Indigo-chillies-pineapple and Grafting
techniques-Irrigation, Tank, Canals, Noria and Persian wheal- Agricultural processing -
milling-Sugar milling-Animalhusbandry - Mugal gardens State and agriculture-Firozsha
Tugluk- Akbar-Shershah- Textile technology and Seri culture.

Module VI
 57

Medicine-Ayurveda in medieval period-static period of Ayurveda - Ayurvedic works-works

on rasa chikitsa and Latro chemistry. Unani Tibb- Development of Unani under Delhi Sultans
and Mugals Hakkim Diya Muhammed and Hakkim Ajmalkhan.

Reading list

1. Chandra, Sathish, medieval India from sultanate to the mugals (part I)

2. Mukhia, Harbans, perspectives on medieval Indian History.
3. Nizami K.A, On History and Historians of medieval India.
4. Jaffer F.M, Some cultural aspects of Muslim Rule in India.
5. Bose DN (ed) A concise history of science in India, Indian National Science
Accadamy, 2009
6. Basham A.L, (ed), The Illustrated cultural History of India, OUP, New Delhi, 2007.
7. Das, S.K, The Jaina school of Astronomy, IHQ, 1934.
8. Datta B and the Sing A.N, History of Hindu Mathematics part 1 & 2, Motilal
Banarasidas, New Delhi, David L, Science and Indian Tradition, oxon 2008.
9. Dharmapal & Majumdar R.C, Advance History of India, Macmillan, New Delhi.
10. Rahman (ed) History of Indian Science, Technology and Culture, AD 1000-1800,
OUP, New Delhi 1999.
11. Irfan Habib, Technology in Medieval India C 650 - 1750, Tulika Books, New Delhi,
2008
12. Rahman (ed), History of Indian Science, Technology and Culture, AD 1000-1800.
OUP, New Delhi 1999.
13. Ray PC, History of Hindu Chemistry, Calcutta, 1912.
14. Ray (ed) History of Chemistry in Ancient and medieval in India, Calcutta, 1956.
15. Irfan Habib, Agrarian system of Mugal India. (1556-1707)
16. Randhawa M.S, A History of Agriculture in India Vo : I&II, ICAR , New Delhi.
17. Mukhopadhyaya GN(2) History of Indian Medicine 3 Volumes, Calcutta University
1923.
18. Kaviraj Nagendra Nathsen Gupta, The Ayurvedic systems of Medicine. vol: I&II,
New Delhi, 1919
19. Kakar D.W, Folklore & Modern Medicine, New Delhi, 1977.
20. Kutumbiah .P ,Ancient Indian Medicine, Orient longman, Hyderabad, 1999.
21. Krishnankutty Varier, Ayurveda Charitram (Mal), Arya Vaidyasala, Kottakkal
22. Sivarama Pandit (ed), Realms of Ayurveda, New Delhi 1979.
 58

23. A Glossary of Ayurvedic, Tibetan and Unani Medicine, New Delhi 1999.
24. Viswanathan Nair N, Tribal Health Medicine in Kerala, DC Books, Kottayam.
25. Majumdar R.C, History and culture of Indian people vol: 6,7, Bharathiya Vidya
Bhavan.
26. Dr. Unnithiri,N V P (ed) Indian Scientific Traditions, Calicut University Sanskrit
series No: 19.
27. Aziz MA, Unani or Arabic medicine, Delhi Institute of History of medicine,1961
28. Browne, EG, Arabian medicine, Cambridge University, press 1962.
29. Datta B and Sing An History of Hindu Mathematics Part I & II Motilal Banarasidas,
New Delhi
30. Dixit MG, History of Indian Glass, Bombay 1969
31. Sigerist HE, A History of Medicine vol III New York, OUP 1961
 59

POPULAR STRUGGLES IN INDIA

Module I

Historiography of Popular Struggles – Peasantry – sources – definition – characteristics -

classification of peasantry - Karl Max - Theodore Shanin – Mao - Sumit Sarkar – Dhanagare
– Guha - Hamsa Alavi - Eric Stokes and others .

Module:II

Impact of colonial interventions - changing Agrarian scene - peasant uprisings between 1760
– 1860 - sanyasi rebellion - chuar uprising - Santhal insurrection - Kols of Chota Nagpur -
Munda Ulgular-- Post 1857 scene - Indigo Revolt - Peasant unrest in Poona,Ahamedabad
1875.-- Agrarian conflict in Malabar.

Module III

Peasantry and the National Movement—Caste, Awareness and the Dalits – Rural Struggles –
The Gandhian Modes of Struggle –- Champaran -- Kheda --- Bardoli --- Eka movement---
Agrarian Relations and Agrarian conflict—Malabar Rebellion of 1921.

Module IV

Peasantry and the Left movements - Kisan sabha—Tebhaga—Telungana—Kayyur—

Morazha- Punnapra Vayalar Insurrections — Peasant women in organized struggles---.
Independence and changes in Land tenurial structure—Naxalbari movement—Environment
movements and Peasant Tribal resistance.

Reading List:
1. A R Desai(Ed.). : Peasant Struggles in India
2. A R Desai : Agrarian struggles in India after Independence.
3.Bipan Chandra : Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India.
4. Bipan Chandra(Ed.): India’s Struggle for Independence
5.Dhanagare D N : Peasant Movements in India.
 60

6.Sumit Sarkar : Modern India.

7.Ranajit Guha(Ed.): Subaltern Studies,Vol.I-VI.
8. Ranajit Guha : A Subaltern studies Reader
9. Ranajit Guha : Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgencies in Colonial India
10.Kapil Kumar : Peasants in Revolt.
11. Sunil Sen : Peasant Movements in India.
12. K K N Kurup :Modern Kerala
13.K K N Kurup :Kayyur Riot
14.K K N Kurup :Peasantry Nationalism and Social Change in Modern India.
15. K K N Kurup :Agrarian atruggles in Kerala.
16.E K G Nambiar (Ed): Agrarian India-Problems and Perspectives.
17.K N Panikkar :Against Lord and State- Religion and PeasantUprisings in Malabar,1836-
1921.
18.Shivakumar : Peasantry and Indian National Movement.
19.Mridula Mukherjee: Peasant’s in India’s Non violent Revolution.
20.Aravind N Das : Agrarian Unrest and Socio-Economic Change
21.P.Radhakrishnan : Peasant Struggles,Land Reforms and Social Change 1836-1982.
22.Antonio Gramsci : Prison Note Books.
23.E.Hobsbaam : Peasants in Revolt.
24.M.Gangadharan : Malabar Rebellion
25. Hitchcock : Malabar Rebellion
26. K.Madhavan Nair : Malabar Kalaapam (Mal.)
27.K.Panur : Keralathile Africa(Mal.)
28.K.Panur :Keralathile America(Mal.)
29. Margeret Frenz: From contact to conquest
30.T.K.Ravindran: Institutions and Movements in Kerala History
31.Ray Ravindra : Naxalite and their Ideology
32.A.K.Gopalan : Ente Jeevitha Katha(Mal.)
33.Ajitha.K :Ormakurippukal(Mal.)
34.Unniraja.C : Maoism Enthu Enthinu(Mal.)
 61

DALIT MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

Module I

Dalit - Dalitology- meaning- definition and scope, dalit as object and subject of study,
historical roots of Dalit-from chandalas to dalit; some interpretations in early literature

Module II

Social Formation – the Brahminical Social order - varna system- untouchability –antiquity
and origin of caste- dominant castes and subordinate castes-social exclusion - dalit way of life
and dalit identity- resilience and retaliation – the dalit assertion – dalitism - dalitism Vs
Brahmanism.

Module III

Dalit human rights - liberty versus security - individual and community security - the State as
violator of Human Rights-the State and ruling class/caste. The Nation and the marginalized.
Repressive State - counter discourse and conflict - charter of dalit human rights. Resilience
and retaliation- the dalit assertion - dalitism-dalitism Vs Brahmanism.

Module IV

Development of dalitism in Kerala - dalit movement – external influences -the Christian

Missionaries and conversion. – role of protestant and Semitic religions – spread of modern
education . The enesis of dalit consciousness- political consciousness - dalit assertion
through electoral politics- current status of dalits and their movement.

Module V

Factors-changes in relation of production and Forces of Production , Changes in material

milieu-genesis of consciousness- caste and communal consciousness and organization –dalit
movement -Exponents of movements

Books for Study

 Aiyppan, A, Personality of Kerala

 Amalan,N, Vaikunta Mahatmyam.
 Appan Vanchiyyor, Pulayalahala, (mal.)1985.
 62

 Anil Bhat, Caste, Class and Politics, Delhi, 1975.

 Abhimanyu, C, Ayyankali, TVM, 1930.
 Bhaskaran, N.K, Democratic Movements In Travancore,(Unpublished Ph D Thesis),
University of Kerala,1983,
 Bhaskaran, T. SreeNarayana Yugaprabhavam, Varkala, 1977.
 ----------------, The Complete Works of Sree Narayana Guru, Calicut, 1985.
 Canter Visscher, Letters from Malabar- A Narrative of 17 years residence in India,
Madras, 1862.
 Caldwell Robert, The Tinnevelley Shanars, London, 1850.
 Chentarassery,T.H.P, Ayyankali, TVM, 1979,
 -----------------, Kerala Charithrathile Avaganikkapetta Edukal, (mal), TVM, 1970.
 ------------------, Poykayil Kumaraguru Devan, (mal) TVM. 1982.
 ------------------,Elamkulavum Kerala Charithravum, (mal), 1998/
 Cheriyan ,P, Malabar Syriyan and Church Missionary Society 1816-1940
,Kottayam,
 Chummar,T.M, Kavithilakam K.P Karuppan, (mal), Kottayam, 1974.
 Damodaran, K., Kerala Charithram, (mal), TVM, 1991.
 Francis Day, The Land Perumal, Madras,1862.
 Devasahyam ,V, Dalit and Women,Madras,1992.
 Dick Koiman, Conversion and Social Equality in India, LMS in South Travancore in
the 19th century, New Delhi, 1989.
 Dutt,N,K, Origin and Growth of Caste in India, Calcutta, 1986
 Eapen ,E V. Church Missionary Society and Education in Kerala, Kottayam,1985
 Dev Raj Chanana, Slavery in Ancient India, New Delhi, 1960.
 Filip Osela et al, Social Mobility in Kerala, London, 2000.
 Gangadharan ,C K. Sahodaran Ayyappan, Ernakulam, 1984.
 George Alex, The Militant Phase of Pulaya Movement of Southern Travancore, 1884-
1914 Amsterdam.1990.
 Ghurye G S, Caste and Race in India, Bombay, `979.
 Ghanshyam Shah, Dalit Identity and Politics ,Sage, New Delhi, 2001
 Hacker, I. H, A Hundred Years in Travancore, London, 1908.
 Hutton ,J. H, Caste in India, Cambridge,1946
 63

 Jacob , T.G, Reflection on Caste Question- the Dalit Situation in South

India,NESA,2002,
 Krishna Iyer, L A, Kerala and Her People, Palakad, 1961
 Muhammed Mahhen, A. Dalit Movement in Kerala since 1805 (Unpublished Ph D
Thesis), University of Kerala, 2002.
 Prabash, J, Policy of Reservation and Social Mobility of Scheduled Caste in Kerala- A
Study of Thiruvananathapuram District. (Unpublished Ph D Thesis), University of
Kerala, 1999.
 Suresh Kumar, R.K, Socio –economic Base of Political Evolution in Erstwhile
Travancore State-1859-1938 (Unpublished Ph D Thesis), University of Kerala, 1989.
 Swpna Samel, Dalit Movement in South India -1857-1950, Serials , New Delhi,2004
 Udayabanu, K.M, Deevara Community and Social Change in Kerala. (Unpublished
Ph D Thesis),University of Kerala,1990,
 Wilson, H.S., Basal Missions Industrial Enterprises in South Canara and its Impact
between 1834- 1914, UTC, Banglore
 Anupama Rao , Dalit as Political Minority in the Caste question,2010
 Gail Omvedt, Dalit and Democratic Revolution, Sage, New Delhi, 1994.
 James Massey, Dalits in India, Manohar, Delhi, 1995.
 James Massey, Dr. B.R, Ambedkar-A Study in Just Society, Manohar ,2002
 --------------------, Down Trodden-The Struggle of India’s Dalit for Identity, Solidarity
and Liberation, Risk Book Series.
 Raj, M.C, Dalitolgy, Ambedkar Resource Centre, Tumbur,2001
 Sivaprakasam, Dalit and Social Mobilization, Rajat Publiction, New Delhi, 2002.
 Abbe J.A ,Duboi, Description of Character ,Manners and Customs of People of
India and their Institution, Religion and Civil, New Delhi, `1989
 Ambedkar, ‘Caste in India’ in Ghanshyam Shah, Caste and Democratic Politics in
India, 2002.
 Declan Quigley, The Interpretation of Caste, OUP, 1999.
 Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchucus-Caste System and its Implication, OUP, 1980.
 Manoranjan Mohanty,(ed.) Class Caste ,Gender, Sage,2004.
 Pandian, M.S.S, Brahmins and Non-Brahmins-Geneologic of Tamil Political Present,
Permanent Black New Delhi, 2007.
 S.R, Topo, Caste a Social evil, Rajat Publication.
 64

 Sridhar Tripathi , Gandhi, Ambedkar and Indian Dalits, Anmol, NewDelhi, 2007.
 Shakuntala Devi, Caste System in India , jaipur, 1999
 Shanti Swarup Gupta, Varna, Caste and Scheduled Caste, Concept, New Delhi, 1991.
 Ursula Sharma. Caste, Viva Book, 2002.
 Gupta ,U.N, The Human Rights Convention and Indian Law, Atlantic .New Delhi,
 Lal, A.K, Dalit in Action, Concept, New Delhi, 1997,
 National Public Hearing Reports, Vol.II & III, 2000.
 Nayyar Shamsi, Human Rights in New World Order, Anmol , New Delhi,
 Malhotra ,et al, Human Rights –Emerging Issues ,Kilaso Book New Delhi,
 Sivaprakasam, Dalit and Social Mobilization, Rajat Publiction, New Delhi, 2002
 Stephen, M, Human Rights: Concept and Perspectives, Concept Publishing, New
Delhi.2002.
 Swapna Samel, The Rights Dalits, Serials, New Delhi, 2006.
 Thorat, Sukhadeo, Hindu Social Order and Human Rights of Dalits. New Delhi,
2002.
 Alexander, K.C , “The Neo Christiansof Kerala” in J. Michael Mahar (ed.) The
Untouchables in Conteporary India, Rawat , jaipur, 1998.
 James Massey, Dalits in India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1995.
 Sathianathan Clark, et al (eds.) Dalit Theology in Twenty first century, Oxford, 2010.
 65

AGRICULTURE IN PRE-MODERN INDIA

Module I

Sources - Archaeological - literary - Sanskrit literature - Vedas - Puranas -

Samhitas - Arthasastra - Amarakosha - Krishi - Parasara - Accounts of
Foreign travellers - Buddhist and Jain literature - Medieval Indian sources -
Persian and Arabic - Modern writers.

Module II

Agriculture - Geography and Landscape – Crops of Cultivation – Agriculture

and its function in ancient India – Diversification and Expansion of Crops –
State Control Over agriculture - Irrigation – Hydraulic Societies – Village
Economy – Exchange – Commercialization of Agriculture.

Module III

Neolithic Revolution - Agriculture in Pre Vedic period - Origin - features -

expansion - agriculture in Indus Valley - crops - technology - Ecology.

Module III

Vedic Period - Early Vedic period - forms of property and subsistence - class -
control of land - cultivation -crops - irrigation - Later Vedic period - invention
of iron - iron ploughshare - expansion - settlements in Indo-gangetic plain -
impact of iron -technology -nature of collection -agricultural practices -features
- historical interpretation and theories on Vedic agriclture - the progress theory
- Relativist Theory - The Rediscovery Theory - Theory of Universal Institution
- Ecological impact of Vedic agriculture.

Module IV

Agriculture in Post Vedic period - Age of Buddha - Northern Black Polished

Ware - settlements and forest clearance - Unequal distribution of land -
Buddhist and Jain influence - sacred groves and tree worship - rural economy -
 66

land administration under the Mauryas - irrigation and technology - Asoka’s

contribution to horticulture and Arbori culture.

Module V

Classical age and later- land grants under the Guptas - Vakatakas - Chalukyas
and Pallavas - State policy - Advanced iron technology - implements - manures
- irrigation - soil classification - treatment of plant diseases - land revenue-
crops -Harsha’s period.

Module VI

South India - Chera - Chola - Pandyas - land system - economic condition -

irrigation - rent- cropping pattern - technology.

Module VII

Agriculture in Medieval Period

Agrarian economy under Delhi Sultanate - production - technology - irrigation -

wells - canals - Persian wheel - Noria- the rotary grain mill - contribution of
Muhammad-bin-Tuglak and Firoz Shah Tuglak - expansion - development of
Sericulture - size of holdings - condition of peasants, taxation.

Module VIII

The system of agricultural production under the Mugals - Extension - land

system - crops and technology - grafting - horticulture- introduction of new
crops - development of cash crops - irrigation - land revenue and mobility of
peasantry - economic condition of peasants - the State and Rice economy of
Assam - technology of wet rice culture - the gardens of Babar, Akbar, Jahangir
and Shajahan - land and agriculture under Sher Shah.

References:

1. Appadorai, A. - Ecoomic Condition in South India Vol. 2, Madras, 1936.

2. Banerjee N.R. - The Iron Age in India, Delhi, 1965.

3. Burton Stein - Peasant, State and Society in Medieval South India,

 67

OUP, Delhi, 1976.

4. Basham, A.L. - Wonder that was India, New Delhi, 1983.

5. Bernal J.D. - Science in History, Vol. I.

6. Bose, D.M. (ed) - Concise History of Science in India, National

Science Academy, New Delhi, 1989.

7. Chopra, P.N. (ed) - The Gazetteer of India, Vol. 2, History and

Culture, New Delhi, 1973.

8. Dharmakumar - Land and Caste in South India, Agricultural Labour in

the Madras Presidency during 19th Century, Cambridge, 1961.

9. David Ludden (ed) - Agricultural Production and South Indian History,

OUP, Delhi.

10. Gupta, K.M., - The Land System in South India Between 800 AD to

1200 AD, Lahore, 1989.

11. Irfan Habib (ed) - The Growth of Civilization in India and Iran,

Thulika, New Delhi, 2002.

12. Irfan Habib (ed) - Agrarian System of Mugal India (1556-1709),

Bombay, 1963.

13. Jackson, M.G. - The Ecological Village, India Press, Goa, 2005.

14. Kosambi D.D. - The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India,

Historical Outline, London, 1965.

15. Kosambi D.D. - An Introduction to the Study of Indian History,

Bombay, 1993.

16. Majumdar, R.C. - Ancient India, Delhi, 1960.

 68

17. Roy Choudhary, S.P. - Agriculture in Ancient India, New Delhi, 1964.

18. Rnadhava, M.S. - History of Agriculture in India Vol. I and II, ICAR,

New Delhi, 1980.

19. Rehman, A. (ed) - History of Indian Science, Technology and Culture

1000-1800, Vol. III Part I, Delhi.

20. Sharma, R. S. - Ancient India, New Delhi, 1977.

21. Sharma R.S. - Material Culture and Social Formation in Ancient

India, Macmillan, New Delhi, 2002.

22. Sastri, K.A.N. - Advanced History of South India, New Delhi, 1970
 69

REFORM AND RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS IN COLONIAL KERALA

Modul;e-I

British Occupation of Malabar - Introduction of English education- Missionary activities-

LMS-CMS and Basel Mission. Early Revolts- Veluthampi and Paliyath Achan-Pazhassi
Revolts- Kurichiya Revolt.

Module-II

Movements against Social disabilities-Shanar Agitation-Sree Narayana Guru-Chattampi

Swamikal- Ayyankali-Sahodaran Ayyappan- Vakkom Moulavi- V.T.Bhattathiripad-
Brahmananda Swami Sivayogi-Vaghbhtananada- Poykayil Yohannan and others.

Module-III

Role of Caste Organisations- SNDP -NSS-SadhujanaParipalana Sangham-

YogakshemaSabha- Muslim Educational Society- Movements for Temple Entry- Vaikkom
and Guruvayoor Satyagrahas. Temple Entry Proclamation- Developments in Travancore-
Memorials- Abstention Movement-Travancore State Congress- Kochi Rajya Prajamandalam

Module IV

National Movement in Malabar-Congress Khilafat Activities- Rebellion of 1921—debate

over its nature- Congress Socialist Party- Peasant and working class Movements- Communist
Party- Kayyur Karivellur and Punnapra Vayalar- Aikya Kerala movement- Different stages-
Formation of Kerala state.

Readings:

1. Cheriyan, P.J (ed.), Perspectives on Kerala History, Gazetteers Department,

Trivandrum 1999.
2. Ravindran, T K, Institutions and Movements in Kerala History, Trivandrum: 1978.
3. Kurup, K K N, Nationalism and Social Change: The Role of Malayalam Literature,
Kerala Sahitya Academy, Thrissur: 1998.
4. Kurup, K K N, William Logan A Study in the Agrarian Relations of Malabar,
Sandhya Publications, Calicut: 1981.
 70

5. Kurup, K K N, Aspects of Kerala History and Culture, College Book House,

Trivandrum: 1977.
6. Lemercicer, Genevieve, Religion and Ideologies in Kerala, Institute for the Study of
Developing Areas, Trivandrum: 1994.
7. Jeffrey, Robin, The Decline of Nayar Dominance Society and Politics in Travancore,
1847-1908, Sussex University Press, Sussex: 1976.
8. Panikkar. K.N, Against Lord and State -Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar
1836-1921, OUP, Delhi: 1992.
9. Conrad Wood, The Mopalah Rebellion and its Genesis, People’s Publishing House,
New Delhi; 1987.
10. Dilip Menon, Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India Malabar1900-1948,
Cambridge University Press, 1994.
11. Varughese George, Socialist Movement in Travancore-Cochin, Mathrubhumi,
Kozhikode; 2009.
12. C K Haridas, Nationalist Movements in Cochin 1900-1947 The Dynamics of Political
Change, South Zone Books, Ernakulam; 2012.
13. Daniel, Struggle for responsible Government in Travancore
14. E.M.S. Nambudiripad, A Short History of Peasant Movement in Kerala
15. Ganesh K,N, Culture and Modernity, Historical Explanations, University of Calicut
Publication
16. Ganesh K.N, Kerala Samooha Padanangal
17. Gangadharan.M., Malabar Rebellion
18. Ibrahim kunju A.P, Rise of Travancore, Marthanda Varme and his Times
19. Kurup K.K.N, Kayyur Riot
20. Kurup, K,K,N, Pazhassi Samarangal
21. Kurup.K.K.N, A History of Agrarian Struggles in Modern Kerala,
22. Kurup.K.K.N, Modern Kerala
23. Kusuman K.K., Abstention Movement in Kerala
24. Menon.P.K.K. History of Freedom Struggle in Kerala,2 Vols.
25. Raiman S, (ed.), History of Freedom Struggle in Kerala, Vol.III.
26. Punnen T.I. Dutch Hegemony in Malabar and its collapse
27. Ramachandran Nair, S, Social and Cultural History of Colonial Kerala
28. Ramachandran Nair, S, Social and Economic History of Colonial Kerala
29. Ravindran T.K, Asan and Social Revolution in Kerala
 71

30. Sreedhara Menon, A, A History of Freedom Movement in Kerala

31. Damodaran K. And Narayanapillai, C , Keralathile Swathantrya Samaram
 72

MODERN REVOLUTIONS

Module I

American Revolution- English Colonies in America—Political Grievances---economic

factor—Navigation Acts—protection of British industry—Customs Duties—Stamp Acts—
Seven Years War—George III and his Policies—Quartering Act—Boston Tea Party---
Declaration of Rights—Effects of the Revolution---Emergence of New Nation —
Democracy—Freedom—Nationalism.

Module II

The French Revolution -The Ancient Regime-- Economic, Social and Political Issues--.
Ideological Role of Philosophers – Physiocrats –Encyclopaedists---the Revolutionary
Principles and its fulfilment-- Achievements of National Assembly –Jacobins and Girondins--
Reign of Terror- Fall of Robespierre—Thermidorian Reaction--Significance and Impact of
the Revolution.

Module III.

The Russian Revolution- Tsarist Despotism in Russia- Socialism-Communism- Theoretical

Background. Revolutionary Movements- RSDLP –First and Second International-Russia and
First World War – Lenin- Bolsheviks and Mensheviks- February Revolution- April Thesis-
October Revolution- NEP-Formation of Soviet Union-Results of the Revolution.

Module IV.

The Chinese Revolution -Revolutionary Movement in China--Early Uprisings--Sun-Yat-Sen-

Revolution of 1911- Kuomintang-Formation of Chinese Communist Party – Chiang-Kai-
Shek--Long March and Red Army--Mao-Tse Tung- -Peoples Republic of 1949-Making of
New China--Mao and Cultural Revolution.

Books for Reference:

1. G.P.Gooch : History and Historians of 19th Century.

2. Leo Gershoy: French Revolution and Napoleon.
3. Albert Soboul: Understanding French Revolution.
4. George Lefebare: Coming of the French Revolution.
5. Thomas Carlyle: The French Revolution.
 73

6. A.Sorel: Europe and the French Revolution.

7. Rodney Hilton(ed): The Transition from Feudalism to capitalism.
8. Maurice Dobb: Studies in Capitalism.
9. George Lefebare: French Revolution (2 Vols.).
10. E.J.Hobsbawn: Age of Revolutions.
11. E.J.Hobsbawn: Age of Extremes.
12. E.J.Hobsbawn: Industry and Empire.
13. R.R.Palmer: A History of The Modern World.
14. E.H.Carr: The Russian Revolution.1919-22.
15. E.H.Carr: The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin.
16. B.H.Summer: Survey of Russian History.
17. Immanual C.Y.Hsu: The Rise of Modern China.(2 Vols.).
18. I.Berlin: Karl Marx.
19. B.I.Schiwrts: Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao.
20. Dun-Ji-Li: Ageless Chinese.
21. Doyli William: Origins of the French revolution.
22. Vinacke: History of Far East in Modern Times.
23. Joseph R Levenson: Modern China.
24. Lois Mitchison: Chinese Revolution.
25. Jurgen Domes: The Internal Politics of China.1949-72.
26. Edgar Snow: Red China Today.
27. Lyon Sharman: Sun Yat Sen.
28. Jacqus Guillermaz: A History of Chinese Communist Party. 1921-1949.
29. Radhe Shyam Chaurasia: A History of Modern China.
30. G.P.Horvath: Mao Tse Tung.
31. W.H.Chamberlain: The Russian Revolution.2 Vols.
32. Ann Bone: The Bolsheviks and the October Revolution.
33. Leon Trotsky: The History of Russian Revolution.
34. Alfred Cobban: Aspects of French Revolution.
35. Louis R Gottschalk: The Era of French Revolution.
36. Christopher Hibbert: The French Revolution .
37. Andre Maurios: A History of France.
38. John Dunn: Modern Revolutions.
39. Ronald Hingley: Russian Revolution.
 74

40. Nicholas V Riasnovsky: A History of Russia.

41. L.H.Canfield and Harward B Wilder: The making modern America
42. Chitwood and Ousley: From colony to world power
43. Hofstadter: USA since 1861
44. R R.Palmer et.al.: A History of Modern World
45. Burns et.al. : World Civilizations, 3 Vols.
 75

PERSPECTIVES ON HISTORICAL WRITING ON INDIA

Module I

Reading India’s past- colonial perspectives on India’s sense of History - notion of time -
alternative ways of looking at India’s history - Early writings in India - Gatha, Narasamsi,
Akhyana, Akhyayika, Ithihasa, Puranas - traditions of poet families -Reflections of society in
early writings

From Tribe to State-Mahabharata as a reflection of a society in transition - Ramayana as a

text legitimating State and Society - Consolidation of Kingship - heroic historiography –
Harshacharita - Feudal Processes and their exposition in Rajatharangini - propaganda for
centralized monarchy –Colonial perspective of Rajatarangini

Module II

Chronicling medieval India by British Historians - Mountstuart Elphinston, James Tod,

James Grant Duff, H H Wilson - Turko-Persian Historiography –Tabaqat and Tarikh forms
of history writing- Theocratic concept of history –- Ziya ud din Barauni - Mughal
Historiography – Royal Autobiographies- Historical Writings on Akbar - Abdul Qadir
Badauni and Abul Fazl

Module III

‘Discovery of India’s past’- Oriental expositions on India-Asiatic Society of India – Impact

of Oriental constructions of India’s past-Archaeological breakthrough in writing India’s past -
Relations of power and knowledge in colonial writings on India - ‘Great men’ theories-
James Mill and his Periodization of Indian History - Vincent Smith and his pro - Greek bias.

Module IV

Nationalist Historiography -broadening the knowledge bases on India –R.G.Bhandarkar – the

nationalist response to the colonial perception of India’s backwardness- concept of golden
age –glorification of India’s past–R.K.Mookerji, K.P.Jayaswal, R.C.Majumdar– beginnings
of Hindu Muslim divide - Departures- Marxian traditions of historical writing-
 76

D.D.Kosambi, R.S.Sharma, Romila Thapar, Irfan Habib and other - Questioning the
knowledge bases of modernist history – critique of objectivity and elitism- Subaltern Studies
- a move away from elitist history

Readings

1. Pathak, V.S. , Ancient Historians of India, Asia Publishing House.

Bombay; 1966.
2. Pargiter, F.E., Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, London; 1924.
3. Pargiter, F.E., The Puranic Accounts of the Dynasties of the Kali Age, Delhi; 1927.
4. Singh,G.P, ‘The Ithihasa-Purana Tradition and its Impact on Historiography’ In
Ancient Indian Historiography : Sources and Interpretations. RK Printworld, New
Delhi; 2003.
5. Thapar, Romila, ’Perception of the Past’ In Early India: From the Origins to AD
1300, Penguin and Allen Lane, Great Britain; 2002.
6. Thapar, Romila, Ideology and the Interpretation of Early Indian History’, In Cultural
Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History, Oxford, New Delhi; 2000.
7. Thapar, Romila, History and Beyond, Oxford, New Delhi; 2000.
8. Thapar Romila et. al., Communalism and the Writing of Indian History, Peoples
Publishing House, New Delhi; 1969.
9. Thapar, Romila, The past before us: Historical Traditions of Ancient India, Raniket
Permamnent Black, New Delhi; 2013.
10. Thapar, Romila, The Aryan Recasting Constructs, Three Essay Collective; New
Delhi; 2008.
11. Thapar, Romila, The Past and Prejudice, National Book Trust, Delhi; 1975.
12. Chakravarti, Uma, ‘The Development of the Sita Myth: A Case Study of Women in
Myth and Lietrature’ In Everyday Lives, Everyday Histories: Beyond the Kings and
Brahmanas of Ancient India, Tulika, New Delhi; 2006.
13. Cowell, E.B. and F.W. Thomas (Tr.), Harshacharita, Motilal Banarsidass, New
Delhi; 1961.
14. Sharma, R.S. ‘Trends of Social Evolution in the Epics’ In Material Culture and Social
Formations in Ancient India, Macmillan, Madras; 1983.
15. Stein, M. A. (Tr.) Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir, 1-3
(Reprint ed.), Saujanya Books, Srinagar; 2007.
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16. Hardy, Peter, Studies in Indo Muslim Historical Writing, Routledge, London; 1983.
17. Hasan, Mohibbul (ed.), Historians of Medieval India, Meenakshi Prakashan, Meerut;
1968.
18. Mukhia, Harbans, Historians and Historiography during the Reign of Akbar, Vikas
Publishing House, New Delhi; 1976.
19. Siddiqui I H, Indo- Persian Historiography up to the Thirteenth Century, Tulika, New
Delhi; 2010.
20. Sen,S.P. (ed.). Historians and Historiography in Modern India, Institute of Historical
Studies, Calcutta; 1973.
21. Thomas Trautmann, Aryans and British India
22. Kosambi, D.D, An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Popular Prakashan,
Bombay; 1956.
23. Kosambi, D.D, The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline,
Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi; 1989.
24. D.D Kosambi, ‘The Man and His Works’, Essays in Economic and Political Weekly,
July 26, 2008, pp. 35-108.
25. Sharma, Ramesh Chandra, et al., Historiography and Historians since Independence,
M. G. Publishers, Agra; 1991.
26. Sreedharan, E, A Textbook of Historiography, Orient Longman, New Delhi; 2004.
27. Sharma, R.S, Indian Feudalism c. AD 300-1200, Macmillan, Madras; 1990.
28. Sharma, R.S, Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India, Macmillan,
Madras; 1983.
29. Sharma, R.S, Sudras in Ancient India: A Social History of Lower Orders down to c.
AD 600, Motilal Banrsidass, New Delhi; 1980.
30. Sharma, R.S, Urban Decay in India, c.AD 300 to AD 1000, Munshiram Manoharlal,
New Delhi; 1987.
31. Romila Thapar, Harbans Mukhia, Bipan Chandra and Sudhir Chandra,
‘Communalism and the Writing of Indian History’ Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.
5, No. 19 May, 1970, pp. 770-774.
32. Mukhia, Harbans, ‘Communalism and the Writing of Medieval Indian History: A
Reappraisal’, Social Scientist, Vol. 11, No. 8 August, 1983, pp. 58-65.
33. Subaltern Studies Volumes I-XI, OUP and Permanent Black, New Delhi.
34. Ray, Himanshu Prabha, Colonial Archaeology in South Asia Legacy of Sir Mortimer
Wheeler, OUP, New Delhi; 2008.
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35. Sankalia, H.D., Ramayana: Myth or Reality, People’s Publishing House,1973.

36. Philips, C.H., (ed.), Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon, Oxford University
Press, London; 1961.
37. Singh, Upinder, The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the
Beginnings of Archaeology, Permanent Black, Delhi; 2004.
38. Tapati Guha-Thakurta, Monuments, Objects, Histories, Oxford University Press,
Delhi; 2004.
39. H.M. Elliot and John Dowson, The History of India as Told by its Historians: The
Muhammadan Period, 8 vols, London; 1867-77. [Reprint, Delhi, 2001]
40. Peter Hardy, ‘Pre-modern Concept of Time in Indo- Muslim’, in Iqtidar Husain
Siddiqui, Medieval Indian Essays in Intellectual Thought and Culture, Vol. I,
Manohar, New Delhi; 2003.
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ANCIENT SOCIETIES

Module-I

Life in Pre-Historic times – Evolution of Man – Earliest Human races – hunting and
gathering – Tribes-Chieftains –State-The dawn of civilization.

Module-II

Bronze Age Development - Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilization – Life and Society –
Religion and Economy – Literature, Science, Art and Architecture

Module-III

Chinese, Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations – economy – Society – religion –

Philosophy – Science- Literature- art and architecture – industry - trade and state structure.

Module-IV

Iron Age Development – Greek culture – City states – Society and culture – Agrarian
economy – Urbanization and Trade – Athenian democracy – Philosophy and Science –
Learning and Literature – Art and Sculpture. Roman Culture – Roman Republic – Society
and Culture – Patricians and Plebeians – Roman empire – economy – literature – Pax
Roamana- Art and Architecture – Decline and fall of the Roman Empire.

Reading list

1. J.E Swain, History of World Civilization

2. J.M. Roberts, History of the World
3. Tim Megarry, Societies in Pre-history
4. Brinton and Christopher, History of Civilization, Vol-1
5. Marvin Perry and others, Western Civilization
6. Will Durant, Story of Civilization (Vol-I-IV)
7. H.G.Wells, History of the World, Vol.I
8. Eugene Pittard, Races and Culture of the world.
 80

9. Donald A. Mackenzie, Ancient Civilizations

10. Kevin Reilly, Readings in World Civilization
11. J.B.Bury, A History of Greece
12. F.Korovkin, History of the Ancient World
13. Wall Bank and Taylor, Civilization Past and Present, Vol. I
14. J.B.Bury, A History of Rome
15. Richard Overy, Complete History of the world
16. M I Finley and Ian Morris, The Ancient Economy
17. M I Finley, Early Greece: The Bronze and Archaic Age (Ancient Culture and Society)
18. M I Finley, The Ancient Greeks
19. Jacob, Perry et.al. (ed.), Western Civilization Ideas Politics and Society
20. Edward Mac Nall Burns et.al., Western Civilization, 3 Vols
21. Chris Harman, A People’s History of the World
 81

MEDIEVAL SOCIETIES

Module I

Transformation of Roman World: Crisis of the third century, Christianity and the
transformation of the Roman World, Germanic attempts at reorganisation and the rise of the
Latin Christendom - Kingdom of Franks

Module II

Feudal Europe: Feudalism as a political system and Feudalism as a mode of production -

Different theories on the emergence of feudalism- Ganshoff, Henri Pirenne, Perry Anderson,
Marc Bloch and Two Feudal Ages - The Feudal Revolution Thesis, The Plough and The
Stirrup Thesis and Recent Debates. Chief characteristics of Feudal Society - Lordship,
Vassalage, Serfdom and Manorialism.

Module III

Formation of Christian Europe: Consolidation of Papal Power, Church and Feudalism- St.
Thomas Aquinas’ Synthesis of Faith and Reason-Crusades, Great Schism, Heresies and
Decline of the Church

Module IV

Economic Expansion and the later Crisis : Agricultural Revolution, Revival of Trade and
Commerce and The Rise of Urban Centres, Crisis of the fourteenth century Black death,
Peasant Revolts and the Debates on the decline of feudalism- Internal Factor Theories and
External Factor Theories- Theory of Emanuel Le Roy Ladurie and The Bernner Debate

Module IV

Rise of Islam - Socio-political background, Evolution of Islamic State - Nature of the State
under the Umayyids and Abbasids – Revenue Administration with special reference to the
taxation system. Expansion into Iberian Peninsula - Society under the Prophet, the Umayyids
 82

and Abbasids- Economy – Trade and Commerce, (parallel world system)- Contributions in
the field of Science, Technology and Medicine, Evolution of Islamic Art and Architecture

Readings

1. Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism, New Left Books, London;
1974.
2. Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, 2 Vols., Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. London; 1975.
3. Victor Rutenburg, Feudal Society and its Culture, Progress Publishers; Moscow,
1988.
4. Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, Routledge and
Kegan Paul Ltd. London; 1936.
5. Jacob, Perry et.al. (ed.), Western Civilization Ideas Politics and Society, Houghton
Mifflen company, Boston; 1989.
6. Edward Mac Nall Burns et.al., Western Civilization, 3 Vols, Goyal Saab, Delhi; 1999.
7. Chris Harman, A People’s History of the World, Orient Longman, NewDelhi; 2005
8. Meenaxi Phukan, The Rise of Modern West, MacMillan
9. Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted, OUP,1994
10. Joseph R Strayer, Feudalism, D Van Nostrand Company, Princeton; 1965
11. Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, Routledge and
Kegan Paul Ltd. London; 1936.
12. F L Ganshof, Feudalism, Longman, London; 1961
13. Jacques Le Goff, Medieval Civilization, Blackwell Publishing,1990.
14. Henri Pirenne, Medieval Cities their Origin and Revival of Trade, Princeton
University Press, Princeton; 1948.
15. John E Martin, Feudalism to Capitalism Peasant and Landlord in English Agrarian
Development, Macmillan, London; 1986.
16. Paul Sweezy, Maurice Dobb, et. al. (eds.), The Transition from Feudalism to
Capitalism, Verso, London; 1980.
17. Maurice Dobb, Studies in the Development of Capitalism, Routledge and Kegan Paul
Ltd. London; 1978.
18. Philip K Hitti, A Short History of the Near East, D Van Nostrand Company,
Princeton; 1966
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19. Philip K Hitti, History of the Arabs From the Earliest Times to the Present,
Macmillan, London; 1937.
20. Ameer Ali Sayed, A Short History of the Saracens, Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi; 2001.
21. Aziz Al Azmeh, “The Genesis of Islam in the Light of History”, The Medieval
History Journal, Vol.12, No.1, Jan-June, 2009, pp. 1-12.
22. S D Goitein, A Mediterranean Society The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as
Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, University of California
23. Chase F Robinson, New Cambridge History of Islam,6 Vols., Cambridge University
Press, 2010.