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Teaser Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision NOTES

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25 views3 pages

Teaser Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision NOTES

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miku.g18nov
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pattern Recognition and

Computer Vision NOTES

UNIT - 1

Induction algorithms
Induction algorithms are a class of algorithms used in machine learning to create
models based on observed data. They work by generalizing from specific
examples to broader rules or patterns. Here are some key points about induction
algorithms:

Induction Process The process involves taking a set of training examples and
deriving a general rule that can be applied to new, unseen instances. This is
often done through methods like decision trees, where the algorithm learns to
classify data based on features.

Types of Induction Algorithms There are various types of induction


algorithms, including:

Decision Trees These algorithms create a model that predicts the value of
a target variable based on several input variables. They split the data into
subsets based on the value of input features.

Rule-Based Systems These systems use a set of "if-then" rules to make


predictions or decisions based on input data.

Neural Networks These are inspired by the human brain and consist of
interconnected nodes (neurons) that process data in layers.

Learning from Data Induction algorithms learn from data by identifying


patterns and relationships within the training set. The quality of the induction
depends on the amount and quality of the training data.

Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision NOTES 1


Applications Induction algorithms are widely used in various fields, including
finance for credit scoring, healthcare for disease diagnosis, and marketing for
customer segmentation.

Challenges One of the main challenges with induction algorithms is


overfitting, where the model becomes too complex and captures noise in the
training data rather than the underlying pattern. Techniques like cross-
validation and pruning are often used to mitigate this issue.

Induction algorithms are fundamental to the field of machine learning and are
essential for building predictive models that can generalize well to new data.

Other Induction Methods


Other induction methods encompass various techniques used for classification
and pattern recognition beyond traditional algorithms. Here are some key points
regarding these methods:

Non-parametric Estimation There are two overarching approaches for


pattern classification:

One approach estimates densities and uses them for classification,


exemplified by methods like Parzen windows and probabilistic neural
networks.

The other approach directly chooses categories, as seen in k-nearest-


neighbor methods and relaxation networks.

Nearest-Neighbor Methods These methods are foundational in classification,


where the category of a test pattern is determined based on the categories of
its nearest neighbors in the training data. The error rate of the nearest-
neighbor method is bounded by twice the Bayes error rate in the limit of
infinite training data.

Relaxation Methods These create "basins of attraction" around training


prototypes, allowing for easy identification of category labels for test patterns
that lie within these basins.

Dimensionality Reduction Techniques like Fisher's linear discriminant are


used to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space, aiming to find a
subspace where categories are best separated.

Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision NOTES 2


Rule-Based Methods These methods utilize general relationships among
entities to build classifiers based on rules. They are integral to expert systems
in artificial intelligence, although their use in pattern recognition has been
modest.

Grammatical Inference This involves learning grammars from data, which


can be used for classification tasks. It is a more specialized approach that can
be tailored based on the type of grammar being inferred.

In summary, other induction methods include a variety of techniques that leverage


different principles, such as non-parametric estimation, nearest-neighbor
classification, relaxation methods, dimensionality reduction, rule-based systems,
and grammatical inference, to enhance classification performance.

Rule Induction
Rule induction is a method used in machine learning to create classifiers based on
rules that describe relationships among entities. Here are some key points about
rule induction:

Rule-Based Methods These methods are integral to expert systems in


artificial intelligence. They focus on a broad class of if-then rules for
representing and learning relationships. For example, a simple rule could be:

IF Swims(x) AND HasScales(x) THEN Fish(x), which indicates that if an


object x has the properties of swimming and having scales, then it is
classified as a fish.

Learning Rules The process of learning rules can involve various algorithms.
For instance, decision trees can be trained using methods like CART, ID3, or
C4.5, and then simplified to extract rules. The learning process often involves
identifying the best simple rule that describes the largest number of training
examples and iterating to refine these rules.

Sequential Covering This approach involves learning a single rule, deleting


the examples it explains, and iterating this process. This leads to a disjunctive
set of rules that cover the training data. The designer must specify predicates
and functions based on prior knowledge of the problem domain.

Types of Rules There are two main types of if-then rules:

Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision NOTES 3

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