PYTHON PROJECT

on
PEPPERFRY
A Study on Predictive Analysis of Diabetes in Pima
Indian Women Using Python

Post Graduate Diploma in Management

(PGDM-IB)
Batch -2024-26

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Ms. Shilpi Yadav Name Roll No.
Assistant Professor Anurag Kandari 08

Jagannath International Management School

MOR, Pocket-105, Kalkaji, New Delhi-110019

(Approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and

Accredited by NBA SAQS and NAAC)
 CONTENTS
S No. Topic Page No
1 Introduction – Organization
2 Introduction – Python
3 Methodology
4 Analysis
5 Conclusion
6 Learning Outcomes
7 Bibliography
8 Appendices-1 Dataset /Any Other Document
 About The Data Set

This dataset comes from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Its
main purpose is to predict whether a patient has diabetes based on various medical test results.
The data includes only female patients who are at least 21 years old and of Pima Indian heritage.
The dataset contains several independent variables, which are medical measurements, and one
dependent variable called Outcome. The Outcome variable shows whether the patient has diabetes
(1 for Yes, 0 for No).

Here’s a brief description of the columns:

 Pregnancies: Number of times the patient has been pregnant.

 Glucose: Blood glucose levels.
 BloodPressure: Blood pressure readings.
 SkinThickness: Thickness of the skin in millimeters.
 Insulin: Insulin level in the blood.
 BMI: Body Mass Index (a measure of body fat based on weight and height).
 DiabetesPedigreeFunction: Likelihood of diabetes based on family history.
 Age: Age of the patient in years.
 Outcome: Final diagnosis (1 = Diabetic, 0 = Non-Diabetic).
This dataset is stored in a CSV file and is useful for understanding the factors that
contribute to diabetes and building predictive models.
INTRODUCTION

1. PYTHON
Python is a widely used general-purpose, high level programming language. It
was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and further developed by the Python
Software Foundation. It was designed with an emphasis on code readability, and
its syntax allows programmers to express their concepts in fewer lines of code.

Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and integrate
systems more efficiently.

There are two major Python versions: Python 2 and Python 3. Both are quite
different.

Reason for increasing popularity

1. Emphasis on code readability, shorter codes, ease of writing
2. Programmers can express logical concepts in fewer lines of code in
comparison to languages such as C++ or Java.
3. Python supports multiple programming paradigms, like object-oriented,
imperative and functional programming or procedural.
4. There exists inbuilt functions for almost all of the frequently used concepts.
5. Philosophy is “Simplicity is the best”.

Language Features
 Interpreted
 There are no separate compilation and execution steps like C and C++.
 Directly run the program from the source code.
 Internally, Python converts the source code into an intermediate form called
bytecodes which is then translated into native language of specific
computer to run it.
 No need to worry about linking and loading with libraries, etc.
 Platform Independent
 Python programs can be developed and executed on multiple operating
system platforms.
 Python can be used on Linux, Windows, Macintosh, Solaris and many more.

 Free and Open Source; Redistributable

 High-level Language
 In Python, no need to take care about low-level details such as managing
the memory used by the program.
 Simple
 Closer to English language ; Easy to Learn
 More emphasis on the solution to the problem rather than the syntax
 Embeddable
  Python can be used within C/C++ program to give scripting capabilities for
the program’s users.
 Robust:
 Exceptional handling features
 Memory management techniques in built
 Rich Library Support
 The Python Standard Library is very vast.
 Known as the “batteries included” philosophy of Python. It can help do
various things involving regular expressions, documentation generation,
unit testing, threading, databases, web browsers, CGI, email, XML, HTML,
WAV files, cryptography, GUI and many more.
 Besides the standard library, there are various other high-quality libraries
such as the Python Imaging Library which is an amazingly simple image
manipulation library.

2. ANACONDA
Anaconda is the installation program used by Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux
and some other distributions.

During installation, a target computer’s hardware is identified and configured and

the appropriate file systems for the system’s architecture are created. Finally,
anaconda allows the user to install the operating system software on the target
computer. Anaconda can also upgrade existing installations of earlier versions of
the same distribution. After the installation is complete, you can reboot into your
installed system and continue doing customization using the initial setup program.
Anaconda is a fairly sophisticated installer. It supports installation from local and
remote sources such as CDs and DVDs, images stored on a hard drive, NFS, HTTP,
and FTP. Installation can be scripted with kickstart to provide a fully unattended
installation that can be duplicated on scores of machines. It can also
be run over VNC on headless machines. A variety of advanced storage
devices including LVM, RAID, iSCSI, and multipath are supported from the
partitioning program. Anaconda provides advanced debugging features such as
remote logging, access to the python interactive debugger, and remote saving of
exception dumps.
 What is NumPy?
NumPy stands for Numerical Python. NumPy is a Python library used for working
with arrays. It also has functions for working in domain of linear algebra, fourier
transform, and matrices.

NumPy was created in 2005 by Travis Oliphant. It is an open source project and
you can use it freely.

Why Use NumPy?

In Python we have lists that serve the purpose of arrays, but they are slow to
process. NumPy aims to provide an array object that is up to 50x faster than
traditional Python lists.

The array object in NumPy is called nd array, it provides a lot of supporting

functions that make working with nd array very easy. Arrays are very frequently
used in data science, where speed and resources are very important.

Pandas is an open-source library in Python that is made mainly for working with
relational or labelled data both easily and intuitively. It provides various data
structures and operations for manipulating numerical data and time series. This
library is built on top of the NumPy library of Python. Pandas is fast and it has high
performance & productivity for users.

History of Pandas Library

Pandas were initially developed by Wes McKinney in 2008 while he was working at
AQR Capital Management. He convinced the AQR to allow him to open source the
Pandas. Another AQR employee, Chang She, joined as the second major
contributor to the library in 2012. Over time many versions of pandas have been
released. The latest version of the pandas is 1.5.3, released on Jan 18, 2023

Why Use Pandas?

 Fast and efficient for manipulating and analyzing data.
 Data from different file objects can be easily loaded.
 Flexible reshaping and pivoting of data sets
 Provides time-series functionality.

What can you do using Pandas?

Pandas are generally used for data science but have you wondered why? This is
because pandas are used in conjunction with other libraries that are used for data
 science. It is built on the top of the NumPy library which means that a lot of
structures of NumPy are used or replicated in Pandas. The data produced by
Pandas are often used as input for plotting functions of Matplotlib, statistical
analysis in SciPy, and machine learning algorithms in Scikit-learn. Here is a list of
things that we can do using Pandas.

Matplotlib graphs your data on Figures (e.g., windows, Jupyter widgets, etc.), each
of which can contain one or more Axes, an area where points can be specified in
terms of x-y coordinates (or theta-r in a polar plot, x-y-z in a 3D plot, etc.). The
simplest way of creating a Figure with an Axes is using pyplot.subplots. We can
then use Axes.plot to draw some data on the Axes:

Note that to get this Figure to display, you may have to call plt.show(), depending
on your backend. For more details of Figures and backends, see creating, viewing
& saving Matplotlib Figures.

Seaborn is a Python data visualization library based on matplotlib. It provides a

high-level interface for drawing attractive and informative statistical graphics.

For a brief introduction to the ideas behind the library, you can read the
introductory notes or the paper. Visit the installation page to see how you can
download the package and get started with it. You can browse the example gallery
to see some of the things that you can do with seaborn, and then check out the
tutorials or API reference to find out how.

Scikit-Learn is a popular Python library used for machine learning. It provides tools to
build models that can learn from data and make predictions. With Scikit-Learn, you can do tasks
like:
 Classifying data (e.g., predicting if a person has diabetes or not).
 Clustering data (e.g., grouping similar items together).
 Regression (e.g., predicting a number like house prices).
It also helps with preprocessing data (cleaning or preparing it) and evaluating how well your
model performs.
Plotly

Plotly is a Python library for creating interactive and beautiful visualizations. It allows you to
make:
 Line charts, bar charts, and scatter plots.
 3D graphs and maps.
 Dashboards for presenting data interactively.
What makes Plotly special is that the graphs are interactive, so users can zoom in, hover over
points, or explore data more easily.

Cufflinks

Cufflinks is a library that works with Plotly and Pandas (a library for working with data). It helps
you quickly create interactive Plotly charts directly from your data in Pandas.
For example:
 If you have a DataFrame (a table of data), you can make a chart in just one line of code.
 It makes plotting faster and easier when you're working with a lot of data.
In short, Cufflinks acts as a bridge between Pandas and Plotly to simplify creating interactive
visualizations.
The analysis of medical data for predicting diseases like diabetes has gained significant
importance in recent years. The dataset used in this study originates from the National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. It contains medical diagnostic
information about female patients of Pima Indian heritage, making it a specialized dataset
for diabetes prediction.

The dataset includes various predictor variables such as glucose levels, insulin, BMI, and
skin thickness, which have been identified as key factors in diagnosing diabetes. Studies
have shown that machine learning techniques can effectively analyze such data to predict
health outcomes.

Scikit-Learn is a widely used library for implementing machine learning algorithms. It

provides robust tools for tasks such as classification, regression, and model evaluation,
making it suitable for analyzing the Pima Indian Diabetes dataset. Its ability to preprocess
data and evaluate model accuracy has been highlighted in numerous studies.
For data visualization, libraries like Plotly and Cufflinks are often used. Plotly allows for
creating interactive and user-friendly visualizations, enabling a deeper understanding of
data trends and relationships. Cufflinks simplifies this process by integrating with Pandas,
allowing for quick plotting of interactive charts directly from data tables. These tools
enhance the ability to visualize and interpret medical data effectively.
This study builds on existing work by leveraging Scikit-Learn for predictive modeling and
Plotly with Cufflinks for visualization. Together, these tools enable a comprehensive
analysis of diabetes prediction using the Pima Indian dataset.
This project uses a structured approach to analyze the Pima Indian Diabetes dataset and predict diabetes
outcomes. The methodology is divided into the following steps:

1. Data Collection
The dataset is sourced from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
It contains key medical measurements, including glucose levels, insulin, BMI, and skin thickness,
along with the outcome variable (diabetic or not).

2. Data Preprocessing
o The data is cleaned to handle any missing or invalid values.
o Features are standardized or normalized to ensure they are on a similar scale, which helps
in improving model accuracy.
o The dataset is split into training and testing sets to evaluate the model's performance.

3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Using Plotly and Cufflinks, interactive visualizations are created to explore the data. This includes
analyzing relationships between variables like glucose levels and the outcome. These
visualizations help identify trends and patterns in the data.

4. Model Building
o Scikit-Learn is used to build a machine learning model for predicting diabetes.
o Algorithms such as Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, or Random Forests are applied to
the dataset.
o The model is trained using the training data.

5. Model Evaluation
o The performance of the model is evaluated using metrics like accuracy, precision, recall,
and F1 score.
o The testing dataset is used to validate the model and ensure it generalizes well to unseen
data.

6. Visualization of Results
o The final results, including model performance and important features, are visualized using
Plotly and Cufflinks.
o Interactive charts help communicate findings effectively.

7. Conclusion
Insights gained from the analysis are summarized, highlighting the significant factors contributing
to diabetes prediction and the effectiveness of the model.
In this project, we analyzed the Pima Indian Diabetes dataset to predict diabetes in female
patients based on medical diagnostic measurements. The use of Python and its powerful
libraries like Scikit-Learn, Plotly, and Cufflinks enabled a systematic and efficient approach to
data analysis and modeling.

Through data preprocessing and exploratory analysis, we identified key factors such as glucose
levels, BMI, and insulin as significant predictors of diabetes. By building and evaluating machine
learning models, we achieved a reliable prediction system for diagnosing diabetes.

The visualizations created using Plotly and Cufflinks provided valuable insights into the
relationships between variables, making the data easier to interpret and understand.
This project highlights the potential of machine learning and data visualization in healthcare,
emphasizing how data-driven approaches can aid in early diagnosis and decision-making.
Future work can explore more advanced algorithms or larger datasets to further improve
prediction accuracy and applicability in real-world scenarios.
 BIBLOGRAPHY
DATASET

https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/whenamancodes/predict-diabities

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Source of the Pima Indian Diabetes dataset.

Pedregosa, F., et al. (2011). "Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python." Journal of

Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825–2830.

Plotly Technologies Inc. (2015). Collaborative Data Science. Retrieved from

https://plotly.com.

Python Software Foundation. (2023). Pandas Documentation. Retrieved from

https://pandas.pydata.org.

Sundararajan, A. (2020). Interactive Visualizations with Plotly and Cufflinks in Python.

Medium Article.

Jason Brownlee. (2016). How to Evaluate Machine Learning Algorithms. Retrieved from
https://machinelearningmastery.com.

Zhang, Y., et al. (2019). "Machine Learning Applications in Healthcare." Health

Informatics Journal, 25(3), 567–582.

Kaggle. (2023). Pima Indian Diabetes Dataset Overview. Retrieved from

https://www.kaggle.com.

McKinney, W. (2010). "Data Structures for Statistical Computing in Python."

Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference, 51–56.

Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J. (2009). The Elements of Statistical Learning:
Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction. Springer.