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PROBABILITY

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7 views4 pages

PROBABILITY

Uploaded by

katiassteven00
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABILITY

[Document subtitle]

JANUARY 1, 2023
STEVEN
[Company address]
PROBABILITY
Probability is a numerical measure of like hood or quantitative measure of
uncertainties, Probability is the measure of ones belief in the occurrence of a
future event.
Experiment
Experiment is the process that results into one of two or more distinct outcomes
Example
1: Tossing a one hundred shillings Tanzanian coin
The possible results are head (H) or tail (T)
Sample space
Sample space is the set of all possible outcome of an experiment. Denoted by S
Example
1: Tossing a one hundred shillings Tanzanian coin
Sample Space (S) = {H, T}
2: Tossing a die.
Sample space (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
An event
An event is a set of interest from the sample space. An event is the subset of
sample space, it is denoted by E
Example
1: The event of getting a head when two Hundred coin is tossed.
Event (E) = {H}
2: Tossing a die. What is the event of getting odd numbers?
Event (E) = {1, 3, 5}
Probability of event
Is the ratio of number of success outcome of the event to that of the sample
space?
It is given as
n( E )
P( E )=
n( S )

Basic Rules of Probability


Rule of range
• If A is an event, it is probability takes any value from 0 to 1
• Simply we write as
• Then, if P (A) = 0 the event will not occur
P (A) =1 is called sure event
There are three nature of events as:
1. Impossible event – in this case the event cannot occur as n(E)=0 hence its
P(E)=0
2. Certainty event or sure event- in this case the occurrence of an event is equal
to 100%. Thus n(s)= n(E) hence P(E)=1
3. Uncertainty event or unsure event- In this case the occurrence of an event is
less than 100% as n(s)>n(E) implies P(E)<1
Rule of complement
Let P (A) be the probability of an event A to occur and the probability of the
event A not to occur, then

P( A )+ P( Ā )=1

There are two types of events which takes place in normal life. These are
1. Mutually exclusive
2. Dependent event
Mutually exclusive events
• If the two events occurred together. Then probability of union is given by
P( A∪B )=P( A )+P( B)−P ( A∩B )

• If the two events cannot occur together (Mutually exclusive event). Then
probability of union is given by
P( A∪B )=P( A )+P( B)

Independent events
• If A and B are independent, then the chance of A to occur does not affect the
chance of B to occur and vice versa.
• The two events A and B will be said to be in depended if P (A ∩ B) = P (A) P (B)
• Is called multiplicative rule for independent events Independent events A and
B also satisfy the following condition
P (A/B) = P (A)
P (B/A) = P (B)
Dependent Events
• Dependent events are those events that the occurrence of one causes any
impact on occurrence of another.

• The two events A and B will be said to be depended if P( A∩B )=P( A/B)P (B )
• Dependent events is called multiplicative rule
Conditional Probability
• If A and B are two events in a sample space S. Conditional probability of event
A given B occurred is written as
P (A∩ B) is the joint probability of A and B.
P (B/A) is the probability that B will occur given that A has occurred

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