Audrey Nguyen Uebersax WHAP Block G 13 October 2011 Study Guide Chapters 10 & 11 1) The importance of Inner and

Central Asia as a region of interchange during the Tang period was that the Silk Road ran through both, and allowed for the cultures to mix a bit. Buddhism was brought to China this way, as well as other little cultural influences, such as textile patterns. 2) The effects of the fracturing of power in Central Asia and China were that different regions were controlled by different peoples, as opposed to the Chinese always controlling everything. 3) East Asia developed between the fall of the Tang and 1200 in that three new states emerged in the aftermath of the Tang and competed to inherit its legacy. The Liao Empire, pastoral nomadic people, the Tanggut state of the Minyak people, and the Chinese-speaking Song Empire. During the reigns of these three East Asian states, there was a development in the spread of Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism, the Southern Song Empire came close to an industrial revolution at their advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. They introduced fractions, used in lunar cycles, the seafaring compass, the junk, they increased iron production for military body armor, bridges and buildings, experimented with gunpowder resulting in advanced military tactics, used the moveable type to make printing cheaper, and developed intricate city systems involving new techniques in waste management, water supply, and firefighting, and developed the Tang idea of credit into "flying money". 4) Shared philosophies, technologies, and commercial contacts justify the thinking of East Asia as a unified cultural region in the post-Tang era because they had just fallen apart from being together in the Tang era, where they had all shared the same culture under the Tang influence. 5) The most important shared characteristic of Mesoamerican cultures in the classic period were that they had shared religious beliefs and practices, as these greatly influenced the way that their lives ran. 6) The role warfare played in the postclassic period of Mesoamerica was that it brought down civilizations, as well as expanded the Incan civilization, by using it as a threat to wayward leaders.

7) Mesoamerica influenced the cultural centers in North America by affecting their food supplies because some of the plants grown there, such as maize, beans, and squash, made it into North America. 8) The Amerindian peoples of the Andean area adapted to their environment and produced socially complex and politically advanced societies by learning how to preserve food to eat later, how to farm at different altitudes to avoid their crops being frosted over, and by forming clans to organize how the work was shared and what was did by who. KEY TERMS
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Li Shimin was one of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (in 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire in Central Asia. The li family took over after the Sui, and took on the name Tang. He was important because he helped to rebuild China after the Sui dynasty. The Tang empire was the empire that unified China and part of Central Asia. It was founded in 618 and ended in 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Changan. The Tang Empire was important because it was part of Chinas Golden Age. The Song Empire was the empire in central and southern China that reigned from 960 to 1126 AD. While the Liao people controlled Northern China. Later, the Song empire moved to Southern China, where itreigned from 1127 to 1379 AD while Northern China was controlled by the Jin. The Song empire was distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and math. This was important because it was the other half of Chinas Golden Age. Neo- Confucianism is a term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the twentieth century. This is important to history because it affected the moral code of and how the governments were run. Zen is the Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based of highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. Zen was important because it combined Buddhist and Confucianist views. Shamanism is the practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. It was a characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. This term was important because it was a

belief of Korea, but was slightly diminished after the rise of Buddhism and Confucianism in Korea. Koryo was the Korean Kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1257. This was important because after the fall of the Tang and Silla, the Koryo Kingdom kept Korea united for the following three centuries. Fujiwar is the aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the ninth and twelfth centuries. They are important because they were the downfall of the legally centralized government the Japanese had created. The Kamakkura Shogunate were the first of Japans decentralized military governments. They were important because they had the samurais under their influence. Sriuijaya was state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries AD. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, control of the lucrative trade routes between india and china, and skilled showmanship and diplomacy in holding together a desparate realm of inland coastal territories. This term was important because it dominated the all sea route for trade. Teotihuacan was a powerful city state in central Mexico (100BC to 750BC). Its population was about 150000 out its peak in 600. It was important because it was one of Mesoamericas most important classic civilizations. Chinampas are raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. These were important because they allowed the Olmecs to farm all year round. The Maya were a Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy and development of the calendar. The Maya were important for their calendar, which coincidently is supposed to end in 2012 The Toltecs were a powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (9001175AD). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. The Toltecs were important because they are who the Aztecs claim were their ancestors. Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150000 on the eve of Spanish

conquest. It affects history because later, Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. The Anasazi were an important culture of what is now the southwest United States (700-1300AD). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas. They were important because they left the most to study out of all the southwestern desert cultures in what is now the United States. Moche was a civilization of the north coast of Peru (200-700AD). They were an important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. They were important because they built a workable empire over the north coastal region of Peru. The Wari were and Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as a colony of Tiwanaku. They were important because they were one of two powerful civilizations in the Andean Highlands after 500AD. Tiwanaku was the name of the capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolicia (375-1000AD). This was important because they were a highly developed society in Andean. The Inca were the largest and most powerful Andean empire. They controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cozco. They were important because they were the greatest Andean empire, and one of the three great classic civilizations in Mesoamerica.