Unit I AI Reflection, AI Ethics and AI

Project Cycle

MEANING OF THE WORD

Artificial Intelligence is formed by combining the two words artificial and
intelligence.
a. Artificial – Artificial refers to something created or produced by humans
rather than existing naturally
b. Intelligence – The ability to acquire and use knowledge and skills is referred to
as intelligence.

HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence was Formally founded in 1956 When the term “Artificial
Intelligence” was coined at A conference at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New
Hampshire. The phrase “artificial Intelligence” was created By John mccarthy,
who Also hosted the first AI Conference.

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WHAT IS MACHINE LEARNING
 Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows
computers to learn and develop without being explicitly programmed.
Machine learning is concerned with the creation of computer programs
that can access data and learn for themselves.
 Machine Learning can be used to address difficult problems like detecting
credit card fraud, enabling self-driving automobiles, and detecting and
recognizing faces.
TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING

SUPERVISED LEARNING (ML)

 Supervised learning is a type of machine learning method in which we
provide sample labeled data to the machine learning system in order to
train it, and on that basis, it predicts the output.
 The system creates a model using labeled data to understand the datasets
and learn about each data, once the training and processing are done
then we test the model by providing sample data to check whether it is
predicting the exact output or not.
 The goal of supervised learning is to map input data with the output data.
The supervised learning is based on supervision, and it is the same as
when a student learns things in the supervision of the teacher. The
example of supervised learning is spam filtering.

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UNSUPERVISED LEARNING (ML)
 Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns
without any supervision.
 The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not
been labeled, classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on
that data without any supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to
restructure the input data into new features or a group of objects with
similar patterns.
 In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The
machine tries to find useful insights from the huge amount of data.

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REINFORCEMENT LEARNING (ML)
 Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a
learning agent gets a reward for each right action and gets a penalty for
each wrong action. The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks
and improves its performance. In reinforcement learning, the agent
interacts with the environment and explores it. The goal of an agent is to
get the most reward points, and hence, it improves its performance.
 The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is
an example of Reinforcement learning.
 Three major components make up reinforcement learning: the agent, the
environment, and the actions. The agent is the learner or decision-maker,
the environment includes everything that the agent interacts with, and
the actions are what the agent does.
WHAT IS NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
 Natural language processing (NLP) is an area of artificial intelligence (AI)
that focuses on assisting computers in understanding how humans write
and communicate. This is a difficult task because of the large amount of
unstructured data involved.
WHAT IS EXPERT SYSTEM
 An expert system is computer software that can handle complex issues
and make decisions in the same way as a human expert can.
WHAT IS COMPUTER VISION IN AI
 Computer vision is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows
computers and systems to extract useful information from digital photos,
videos, and other visual inputs, as well as to conduct actions or make
recommendations based on that data.
WHAT IS SPEECH RECOGNITION IN AI
 Voice messages can now be converted to text using this Speech
technology. It’s also capable of recognizing a person based on their voiced
commands.
WHAT IS PLANNING IN AI
 In Artificial Intelligence, planning refers to the decision-making duties
carried out by robots or computer programs in order to attain a given goal.

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WHAT IS ROBOTICS
 Robotics is the production of robots that can do activities without the
need of human interaction, whereas AI is the process of systems imitating
the human mind to make judgments and ‘learn.’

APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AI Application in E-Commerce
 Personalized Shopping – Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to develop
recommendation engines that help you engage with your customers more
effectively. These suggestions are based on their previous browsing
behavior, preferences, and interests.
 AI-powered Assistants – Virtual shopping assistants and chatbots aid in
the enhancement of the online buying experience.
 Fraud Prevention – Two of the most serious difficulties that E-Commerce
businesses face are credit card fraud and fraudulent reviews.
Artificial Intelligence in Automobiles
 Self-driving automobiles are built using artificial intelligence. To drive the
vehicle, AI can be combined with the camera, radar, cloud services, GPS,
and control signals.
Artificial Intelligence in Social Media
Many of the social media sites use a AI technology in Social Media
 Facebook – Artificial Intelligence uses the technique known as Deep Text.
Deep Text automatically translates the post from one language to another
language.
 Twitter – Twitter uses AI for fraud detection, propaganda removal, and to
remove hateful content.
Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture
 With the help of AI the farmer can identify defects and nutrient
deficiencies in the soil with the help of machine learning applications
Artificial Intelligence in Robotics
 Another industry where artificial intelligence applications are widely used
in robotics. AI-powered robots use real-time updates to detect
obstructions in their path and instantaneously arrange their route.

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 THREE DOMAINS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
There are three types of domains in Artificial Intelligence.
1.Data Science (Data for AI)
2.Natural Language Processing (NLP)
3.Computer Vision (CV)
1. DATA SCIENCE (DATA FOR AI)
 The process of converting a raw dataset into valuable knowledge
is known as Data Science. Nowadays Data Science is an
important part of an Industry. Data science is an AI domain
concerned with data systems and processes, in which the system
collects a large amount of data, maintains sets of data, and
extracts meaning from them.
AI GAMES RELATED TO DATA SCIENCE
 Rock, Paper, Scissors AI Game (Based on Data Science)
 Rock, Paper, Scissors is an easy game to play. Each player chooses
one of the three things (typically by creating the appropriate
hand shape on three counts!) and the following rules are used to
determine who won that round:
• Paper wraps (beats) Rock
• Scissors cut (beat) Paper
• Rock blunts (beats) Scissors
 The purpose of the game is to guess your opponent’s choice and
select the proper object to defeat them.
 Game link (Play in the computer)
https://rps-ai-game.herokuapp.com
2. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING (NLP)
 Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial
intelligence. Natural language processing has the ability to

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 understand the text and spoken words in the same manner that
humans can.
AI GAMES RELATED TO NLP
 Akinator with alexa AI Game (Based on Natural Language
Processing)
 Akinator is a free Amazon Echo app that uses a series of
questions to figure out which character you’re thinking of.
 You can ask the app to guess the identity of a real or imaginary
individual.
 Game link (Play in mobile phone)
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?
id=com.digidust.elokence.akinator.freemium&hl=en_IN&gl=US
3. COMPUTER VISION
 Computer vision allows computers and systems to extract useful
information from digital photos, videos, and other visual inputs.
The goal of Computer Vision is to take necessary action after
identifying an object or person in a digital image.
AI GAMES RELATED TO COMPUTER VISION
Emoji Scavenger Hunt (Based on Computer Vision)
 Emoji Scavenger Hunt is a project that uses neural networks and
your phone’s camera to detect real-world counterparts of the
emoticons we use on a daily basis.
 Game link
Website link – https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/

REAL WORLD APPLICATION

 Google Maps and Ride – hailing application
Google Maps is a web-based service that provides accurate data on
geographic regions and locations all over the world. Google has
added new features of google ride which compare ride services and

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 their pricing with alternative modes of transportation, such as
public transit or walking, in the Google Maps app.
 Face detection (Virtual Filter, Face ID unlocking)
Biometrics are used in a facial recognition system to map facial
traits from a photograph or video. To identify a match, it compares
the information to a database of known faces. Facial recognition
can aid in the verification of a person’s identification, but it also
raises concerns about privacy.
 Text editors on autocorrect and autocomplete
 Autocorrect: This feature corrects any spelling
mistakes made
while typing.
 Autocomplete: If a term has already been used, this
function provides suggestions for automatically
finishing it. If you type ‘msword’ once, it will try to
complete the sentence by displaying msword on the
next line if you type ‘ms’.

AI Ethics
Difference between Morals and Ethics:

AI Ethics:
Ethical principles need to be applied by the
organisations developing and implementing AI Systems
regarding the volume and types of data need to be
collected from the users in order to provide optimal
customised services. The privacy and secrecy of the
users needs to be maintained.

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 Principles in AI Ethics:

 Human Rights: The users of AI Systems should not

loose personal and financial independence. The must not
face any discrimination.

 Bias: Bias is said to be the partiality or preference for

one over others. AI bias may often come from the
collected data which may affect the results. For
example, AI should represent all sections of the society
and must not exclude anyone.
 Privacy: AI Systems should not disclose individual and
private data. It should not breach one’s safety and
security.
 Inclusion: AI must discriminate against a particular
group of population, causing them any kind of
disadvantage.

Ethical scenarios faced while building AI solutions

Scenario 1: If a driverless car finds someone crossing
the road, takes a turn to avoid hitting the person and
instead smashed the car in a wall / tree nearby causing
serious injury to the passengers, is it a fault in the
development on moral ground.

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Scenario 2: If any Automated or Driverless Car hits
someone standing in the middle of a road, who needs to
be held responsible; whom should be penalised.

AI bias
The biased mentality of the developers may result in the
presence of bias in the AI System. Bias might not be
negative always but it may reflect the social norms and
common facts.

Examples of AI Bias:
 All the virtual assistants have a female voice.
 If searching is done for Salons on Google, the
resultant list mostly contains female salons.
 Searching for images of Nurse gives the pictures of
female nurses mostly.
AI Access
Since AI Systems are emerging technology and
expensive, all cannot get access to AI and get
benefitted. AI may create unemployment if not
implemented carefully and with compassion.
Access of AI to kids must be limited for their effective
cognitive development. Smart Assistants can be used for
fun, but problem-solving software like ChatGPT should
not be used for solving math and science related
problems.

AI Project Cycle
Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to solve problems
using AI and drawing inferences about them.
Importance of the AI project cycle:
• Understandability: Understand the process and its
each step better
• Modularity: Break down process into small parts for
ease of development.

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• Efficiency: Make better, faster and more effective AI
solution in less effort

Fig: AI Project Cycle

Stage 1: Problem Scoping

Selection of a problem to solve with the help of AI is said
to be Problem Scoping.
Step 1: Selection of theme.
Step 2: Find root cause of the problem.
Step 3: Select GOAL of the AI project.
Step 4: Identify 4 critical parameters using 4Ws
Problem Canvas to solve.
Step 5: Problem Statement template can be used to
frame the 4Ws to define the problem and summarize the
key elements.

Who – Stakeholders of the Problem – Person or people

facing the problem.
What –
I I. Identify the nature of the problem

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II II. Assess whether it is actually a problem to the
stakeholders
III III. Evidence in support of the problem

Where – Finding the following details about the

problem:
Location, Context, Situation, Frequency
Why – Finding root cause of the problem.

Stage 2: Data Acquisition

Data are the piece of facts and information collected for
reference or analysis.
Data must be accurate, reliable and traceable.
Data acquisition refers to collection of correct data from
reliable source.
AI system must be trained with Training Data Set. Based
on Historical / Training data, the AI system can predict
next level of data set which is called Testing Data.
Data can be acquired in the various formats –
Coordinates, texts, photos, videos etc. Data feature
refers to the type of data i.e., attributes / fields.

Data acquisition methods:

Web Observatio
Surveys Sensors Cameras APIs
Scraping ns

Only public data should be acquired that is available in

open-source websites or government portals. General
Data Protection Right (GDPR) must not be violated as it’s
punishable offense. Example of such website:
data.gov.in, india.gov.in, etc.

Stage 3: Data Exploration

Visual representation of data helps in analyzing data in
the following ways:
 Quickly comprehend the trends, relationships, and
patterns within data
 Define strategy and choose model
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  Communicate information to others
Different types of graphs can be used: Line graph, Bar
Graph, Pie chart etc.
Stage 4: Data Modelling
For developing project in AI the model or algorithm can
be chosen to predict output based on the set of inputs in
any one of the following manners:
➢ Designing own model
➢ Choose a pre-existing model

A. Rule-based AI Approach:

Relationships or patterns in data are predefined and

algorithm follows the rule or instructions mentioned and
perform the tasks accordingly. The data along with rules
are fed to the machine during training and then the
machine become able to predict answers for the same.

Example:
Step 1: Train system with training data fed into the
system.
[Dataset containing 1000 images of onions and
carrots with labels]
Step 2: Feed a testing data [Say one image of onion]
Step 3: Compare training data with testing data as per
rules
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 [Compare image of onion with all others]
Step 4: Identify the correct output [Determine its onion]

Advantage:
The algorithms are simple and easy to implement.
Number of data required is limited. Hence training
machine is easy.

Limitation:
This learning is static. The machine once trained, does
not take into consideration any changes made in the
original training dataset. That is, if you try testing the
machine on a dataset which is different from the rules
and data you fed it at the training stage, the machine
will fail and will not learn from its mistake. Once trained,
the model cannot improvise itself based on feedbacks.
B. Learning-based AI Approach:

In Learning based AI model, the machine gets trained on

the data fed to it and then can design a model, adaptive
to the change in data. Implementation through:
Classification of images, used in Computer Vision.

Advantage:
It is a dynamic model. If the model is trained with a type
of data and the machine designs the algorithm around
it, the model would adjust itself according to the
changes in the data to handle the exceptions.

Disadvantage:
Huge amount quality of data is required for training the
machine. Large storage and efficient algorithm is
required. It is expensive and time taking to implement.

Example:
Step 1: Random data is fed into the system.
[10,000 images of people in a city]

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Step 2: Machine analyses data. [to identify sick and
healthy people]
Step 3: System tries to extract similar features.
Algorithm needs to derive relationship in data. [Identify
facial expressions and emotions]
Step 4: Cluster same data together.
[Form group with identical facial expressions]
Step 5: Output is the broad trends observed in the data
set. [Identify whether a given picture belong to a sick or
healthy person]

Supervised Learning
In a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed
to the machine is labelled. A label is some information
which can be used as a tag for data.

i. Regression:

Algorithm generates a mapping function from the given

data, represented by a line. It helps to predict or

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forecast future data. Regression works with continuous
data.
e.g. – Prediction of marks in the next exam based on
historical data.

ii. Classification:

Algorithm classifies the data according to the labels and

sorted as per labelling is done. It works on discrete data
sets.
e.g. – Classify image of men and women where
numerous images of men and women in different
structures and formats are fed as training data.

Unsupervised Learning
An unsupervised learning model works on unlabelled
dataset. Data fed to the machine is random. The
unsupervised learning models are used to identify
relationships, patterns, and trends out of the training
data. It helps the user in understanding what the data is
about and what are the major features identified by the
machine in it.
Example
A random data of 1000 dog images are fed into the
system and some pattern can be found out of it, like
colour, size of dogs etc.
i. Clustering:
This unsupervised learning algorithm can cluster the
unknown data according to the patterns or trends
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identified out of it. Cluster works in random, unlabelled,
and discrete data sets. The patterns observed might be
the ones which are known to the developer or it might
even come up with some unique patterns out of it.

ii. Dimensionality Reduction:

Human beings are able to visualise upto 3-Dimensions
only. But according to lot of theories and algorithms,
there are various entities which exist beyond 3-
Dimensions. Dimensionality reduction algorithm is used
to reduce dimensions and still make sense out of data.

The information gets distorted with reducing

dimensions. At least 50% of the information is lost after
reducing one dimension.

Reinforcement Learning:
Reinforcement learning is a machine learning technique
that trains software to make decisions to achieve the
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most optimal results. It mimics the trial-and-error
learning process that humans use to achieve their goals.
This uses a reward-and-punishment paradigm as they
process data.

Stage 5: Evaluation
After completing all the steps of AI Project Cycle, the
model needs to be evaluated to ensure correctness of
results generated from new data.
Once a model has been made and trained, it needs to go
through proper testing so that one can calculate the
efficiency and performance of the model. Hence, the
model is tested with the help of Testing Data (acquired
during Data Acquisition stage) and the efficiency of the
model is calculated based on the parameters mentioned
below:

If there is any variance between Training data set and

Test data set, the model needs to be improved by
means of iteration.
Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) is a metric used
to find out the accuracy of a model.

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