Object Oriented

Programming in C++
Nepal College of Information Technology
Course Instructor: Er. Rabina Chaudhary
Introduction of Class:
• Class is user defined data type that is used to specify data
representation and methods for manipulating the data in one
package.
• The data and functions within a class are called members of the class.
• When you define a class, you define blueprint for a data type.
• Class defines what an object of class will contain and what operations
can be performed in it.
• The data members and member functions can be grouped in private,
public or protected section.
Class:
• Syntax for defining a class; • Example:
class class_name class Student
{ {
access specifier: private:
variable_declaration; char name[20];
function_declaration; int roll;
access specifier: int marks;
variable_declaration; public:
function_declaration; void getDetails();
}; void display();
};
Data hiding in C++
• Data hiding is technique used in object oriented programming to hide object
details i.e. data members to limit access to data and prevent them from
unwanted manipulation
• There are three access specifiers:
i. private
ii. public
iii. protected
i. Private access specifier:
• If the class members are declared private, then they can be accesses
by member functions of that class only.
• Data members are made private to prevent direct access from outside
the class.
ii. Public access specifier:
• If the class members are declared public then they can be accessed from
anywhere in the program.
• Member functions are usually public which is used to manipulate the data
present in the class.

iii. Protected access specifier:

It is similar to that of private access modifiers, the difference is that the class
member declared as Protected are inaccessible outside the class but they
can be accessed by any derived class of that class.
Creating the object:
Syntax:
class_name object_name;

Student s1; //this statement creates a variable s1 of type Student

//the variable s1 is object of class Student

Student s1,s2,s3,s4; // defining multiple objects of class Student

Creating the object:
class Student
{
private:
char name[20];
int roll;
int marks;
public:
void getDetails();
void display();
}s1,s2;
Creating the object:
class Student void main()
{
{
private:
char name[20]; Student s1,s2;
int roll; …
int marks; }
public:
void getDetails();
void display();
};
 Creating the object:
Student s1,s2;

getdetails() display()

s1 s2
name roll marks name roll marks
Accessing class members:
• The private members of a class can be accessed only through
members of same class
• The public members of a class can be accessed from outside the class
using object name and dot operator
Syntax for accessing public data member:
object_name.data_member;
Syntax for accessing public member functions:
object_name.function_name(arguments);
Accessing class members: Example
class Student void main()
{
{
private:
char name[20]; Student s1;
int roll; s1.getDetails();
int marks; s1.display();
public:
void getDetails();
void display(); s1.roll=14578; //invalid as
}; roll is private member
Accessing class members: Example
class Student void main()
{
{
private:
char name[20]; Student s1;
int marks; s1.getDetails();
public: s1.display();
int roll;
void getDetails();
void display(); s1.roll=14578; valid as roll is
}; public member
Defining member function:
1. Inside the class body
2. Outside the class body

1. Defining member function inside class body

If we define member function inside class definition, it is inline function
Defining member function: inside class body
class Student
{
private:
char name[20];
int roll; void display()
int marks; {
public: cout<<“The name is “<<name<<endl;
void getDetails()
{ cout<<“Roll is “<<roll<<endl;
cout<<“Enter details”; cout<<“Marks is “<<marks<<endl;
cin>>name>>roll>>marks; }
} };
Defining member function: outside class body
• The function prototype is defined within the class body and its detail
definition is written outside class body
• If we define function outside class body, we use scope resolution ::
operator

Syntax:
return_type class_name :: function_name(arguments)
{
function body
}
Defining member function: outside class body
class Student void Student :: getDetails()
{ {
private: cout<<“Enter details”;
char name[20]; cin>>name>>roll>>marks;
int roll; }
int marks; void Student :: display()
public: {
void getDetails(); cout<<“The name is “<<name<<endl;
void display(); cout<<“Roll is “<<roll<<endl;
}; cout<<“Marks is “<<marks<<endl;
}
Example Program:
// class and object example program
//member function defined inside class body

#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h> void display()
{
class Student cout<<endl<<endl<<"The Details are :"<<endl;
{ cout<<"The name is "<<name<<endl;
private: cout<<"Roll is "<<roll<<endl;
char name[20]; cout<<"Marks is "<<marks<<endl;
int roll; }
int marks; };
public:
void getDetails()
{
cout<<"Enter name of student : ";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter roll number : ";
cin>>roll;
cout<<"Enter marks obtained :";
cin>>marks;
}
Program continued…

void main() Note: Compile and run this

{ program.
Student S1,S2;
S1.getDetails();
cout<<endl;
S2.getDetails();
cout<<endl;
S1.display();
cout<<endl;
S2.display();
getch();
}
Example Program:

// class and object example program

//member function defined outside class body
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>

class Student
{
private:
char name[20];
int roll;
int marks;
public:
void getDetails(); //member function declaration inside class.
void display();

};
Program continued…

void Student:: getDetails() //member function definition outside class

{
cout<<endl<<"Enter name of student : ";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter roll number : ";
cin>>roll;
cout<<"Enter marks obtained :";
cin>>marks;
}
void Student :: display() //member function definition outside class
{
cout<<endl<<endl<<"The Details are :"<<endl;
cout<<"The name is "<<name<<endl;
cout<<"Roll is "<<roll<<endl;
cout<<"Marks is "<<marks<<endl;
}
Program continued…
void main()
{
Student S1,S2; //object creation
S1.getDetails(); //public member function call
S2.getDetails();
S1.display();
S2.display();
getch();
}
Note:Compile and run the program.
Practice:
Q1. Design a class called Person that contains appropriate members for storing
name, age, gender, telephone number. Write member functions that can read and
display these data.
Q2. Write a program to represent a Circle that has member functions to perform
following tasks.
• Calculate area of circle
• Calculate perimeter of the circle
Q3. Create a class Point that represents a three dimensional coordinate system.
Each object of Point should have coordinates x,y,z and methods to assign
coordinates to the objects. Add a method to calculate the distance from origin and
to the point (x,y,z). Define member functions outside the class body.
Q1. Design a class called Person that contains appropriate members for
storing name, age, gender, telephone number. Write member functions
that can read and display these data. Input details of 3 Person and
display their details.
Nesting of member functions:
• A member function of a class can be called only by an object of that
class using dot operator
• However, a member function can be called by using its name inside
another member function of same class
• This is known as nesting of member function
Nesting of member function : Example
void Student:: studentDetails()
class Student {
{ ..
private: display();
char name[20]; }
int roll;
int marks;
public: void main()
void studentDetails(); {
void display(); Student S;
}; S.studentDetails();
…
}
Array of Objects:

Syntax for declaring array of objects:

class_name object_name[size];

Example:
Student S[50];
Array of Objects : Example Program
Student S[4];

S[0] name roll marks

S[1] name roll marks

S[2] name roll marks

S[3] name roll marks

Example Program:
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>

class Student
{
private:
char name[20];
int roll;
int marks;

public:
void getDetails(int);
void display();

};
Program continued…
void Student:: getDetails(int x)
{
cout<<endl<<"Enter details of student "<<x<<" : "<<endl;
cout<<"Name : ";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Roll number : ";
cin>>roll;
cout<<"Marks obtained :";
cin>>marks;
cout<<endl<<endl;
}
void Student :: display()
{
cout<<"The name is "<<name<<endl;
cout<<"Roll is "<<roll<<endl;
cout<<"Marks is "<<marks<<endl<<endl;
}
Program Continued…
void main()
{
Student S[50];
int i,n;
cout<<"Enter number of Students : ";
cin>>n;
cout<<endl<<endl<<"Enter details of students"<<endl;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
S[i].getDetails(i+1);
}
cout<<endl<<endl<<"Details of student are :"<<endl;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
S[i].display();
}
getch();
}
Practice:
Q1. Write a program to define a class named Employee with its data
members name, salary, id number. Read records of n number of
employees and display the records.