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Lab 13

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10 views5 pages

Lab 13

Uploaded by

zakokox1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)

SMME

Lab Report 13

COURSE: Control engineering lab

SUBMITTED BY: Zain Ahmed (428451)

SECTION: ME-14 B

SUBMITTED To: Sir Usman Ghani


Closed loop Integral (I) controller of the temperature trainer
Objective
• Familiarize yourself with the integral controller in temperature control trainer
• Understand the use of integral controller.
• Effect of integral controller on the temperature of water.

Apparatus
The apparatus used in this experiment is a temperature control trainer
Circuit representation

Procedure
The following steps need to be followed to conduct this experiment:
• First the system's circuitry was assembled for the heating process.
• Connect the set point to PID controller point 3 and other input to PID controller from
output of sensor interface, connect 11 to 11 and 12 to 12 (heater driver interface),
connect 1 to 1 and 2 to 2 (temperature sensor interface).
• The apparatus was powered on using the main switch.
• The 15V variable voltage source was turned on completely so that the heater would
start heating the water in the process tank.
• As the temperature of the water in the process tank increased, the voltage reading given
by the thermocouple thermometer increased. This was also accompanied by an increase
in the temperature reading also provided by the thermocouple thermometer.
• This was recorded on video until the temperature increased from 30 C to 40 C.
• The temperature and the corresponding voltage readings were extracted from video and
tabulated.
• Once the temperature reached above 40 C, the apparatus was turned off and the circuitry
was changed so that it powered the water pump instead of the heater.
• Connect the set point to 8 (water pump interface) 9 to 9 and 10 to 10 (Water pump
interface)
• The apparatus was turned back on, and the variable power output was adjusted very
slightly so the water pump was turned on, but the water flow rate was not large enough
to cause major vibrations within the process tank.
• With the water pump turned on, water started getting pumped to the condenser were
heat was dispersed from the water. This is reflected in a change in temperature.
• As the water temperature dropped, so did the voltage. This change was recorded on
video and subsequently tabulated for a change in temperature change from 40 C to 30C
• Once the temperature reached 30 C, the apparatus was turned off.

Tabular data
Temperature © Time (s)
24 203
25 266
26 328
27 382
28 428
29 468
30 510

Graph
Behaviour of temperature with I controller
35

30

25
Temperature

20

15

10

0
203 266 328 382 428 468 510
Time

Discussion
The experiment aimed to analyse the behaviour of a closed-loop Integral (I) controller in a
temperature control system. The results showed that the response of the I controller is
inherently slow, taking considerable time to reach the setpoint. This delay is primarily due to
the integrative nature of the controller, which accumulates the error over time to eliminate the
steady-state error. For instance, as observed in the tabulated data, it took the system 510 seconds
to stabilize the temperature at 30°C after adjustments began.
The integral controller effectively eliminated the steady-state error, ensuring that the system
eventually reached the desired temperature. However, the disadvantage of the I controller
became apparent in terms of reduced system stability. Increasing the integral gain (Ki)
improves the speed of error elimination but can lead to system instability, such as oscillations
or overshooting the target value.
The experiment highlighted the trade-offs between precision and stability in control systems.
While the integral controller is highly effective in achieving zero steady-state error with its
slow response time

Conclusion
This experiment successfully demonstrated the role of the Integral (I) controller in eliminating
steady-state error within a temperature control system. The findings emphasized the slow
response time of the I controller, which, while effective in achieving precision.

Safety precaution
• Always check the connections before usage
• Don’t try to make wrong connections.
• Don’t work on any apparatus if you are not familiar with it.
• Make sure that the power is off when working on electrical circuit.
• Keep liquids away from the electrical circuit.

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