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Lab 7

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12 views6 pages

Lab 7

Uploaded by

zakokox1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)

SMME

Lab Report 7

COURSE: Control engineering lab

SUBMITTED BY: Zain Ahmed (428451)

SECTION: ME-14 B

SUBMITTED To: Sir Usman Ghani


Introduction to pulse width modulation (PWM) to control
the flow rate ON-OFF controller
Objectives
• To measure the level of water using an ON-OFF controller.
• To understand the concept of hysteresis and effect of hysteresis on the output.
• To get familiarize yourself with ON-OFF controller.

Apparatus
The apparatus used in this experiment is Flow rate controller or trainer. Here below is the
labelled diagram of apparatus:

Control panel
Process tank

Stunner/Filter Rotameter

Storage tank
DC motor pump

Motorized valve

Figure 1: Flow control system apparatus

Float switch
Hall effect
flow sensor
Procedure
To did this experiment the procedure is given below:
1. First from set point give one input to water pump and from other setpoint give one
input to ON-OFF controller
2. In water pump interface there is an input from setpoint 2 and then connect 9 to 9 of
water pump interface.
3. Then in flow sensor interface connect the 1 to 1 (flow sensor interface) and connect
output 3 (flow sensor interface) to 3 (ON-OFF controller).
4. Connect the output of ON-OFF controller to the 8 of motorized valve driver.
5. Connect the multimeter at input given to controller from sensor interface.
6. Now turn on the flow control module and give the required value of input say 4V.
7. Given 0% hysteresis, the flow is maintained at 3 LPM. The pump deactivates when
the water exceeds 3 LPM and reactivates when the flow drops just below 3 LPM.
8. To analyse the effect of hysteresis on flow control trainer, introduce the hysteresis and
see the effect of hysteresis on output.

Circuit representation

Figure 2: Circuit diagram 1


Figure 3: Water pump interface

Circuit setup
• Setpoint 1 to 4 (ON-OFF controller)
• Setpoint 2 to 8 (water pump driver)
• 9 to 9 (water pump driver)
• 1 to 1 (flow sensor interface)
• 3 (flow sensor interface) to 3 (ON-OFF controller)
• 8 (ON-OFF controller) to 8 (Motorized valve drive)

Tabular data

Without hysteresis With hysteresis

set point (V) 4.5 4.5

upper limit set point (V) 5 7.62

uprising time (s) 5 9

lower limit set point (V) 4.5 1.866

lowering time (s) 4.5 3


Graph
Without hysteresis
6

4
Volatge

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time

Set point Output voltage

Figure 4: Without hysteresis behavior of flow sensor

With hysteresis
7
6
5
Voltage

4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time

Set point Output voltage

Figure 5: With hysteresis behavior of flow sensor

Discussion
In this experiment, the impact of hysteresis on the response of an ON-OFF flow control
system was investigated. Without hysteresis, the system exhibits abrupt behaviour as the
motorized valve immediately toggles ON or OFF at specific threshold values. For instance,
the motorized valve closes abruptly when the voltage surpasses 4.0V and reopens when it
drops below this threshold. This instantaneous switching can lead to excessive wear on
mechanical components and instability in system performance.
Introducing hysteresis modifies the system's behaviour by creating a dead zone where no
immediate response occurs. In this experiment, a hysteresis range of 0.4V was applied,
resulting in the motorized valve turning OFF at 4.2V and turning ON at 3.8V. This range
smoothens the operation, reducing the frequency of switching and thereby improving system
stability. The inclusion of hysteresis also provides a buffer zone that allows the system to
maintain consistent flow rates without constant oscillation.

Conclusion
The experiment successfully illustrated the effect of hysteresis on an ON-OFF flow control
system. Without hysteresis, the system responded abruptly to minor variations in input voltage,
leading to rapid switching of the motorized valve. Introducing hysteresis created a dead zone,
which significantly reduced the frequency of switching, stabilized the flow rate, and enhanced
system reliability.

Safety precautions
• Always check the connections before usage
• Don’t try to make wrong connections.
• Don’t work on any apparatus if you are not familiar with it.
• Make sure that the power is off when working on electrical circuit.
• Keep liquids away from the electrical circuit.

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