Unix & Linux Shell Scripting:

Special Files:

/dev/null

echo "hello" > /dev/null

/dev/tty
[root@server shellscript]# echo "hello" >/dev/tty
hello

Variables:

1. Predifined

[root@server shellscript]# env|more

ABC=123
HOSTNAME=server.example.com
swap_created=True
SELINUX_ROLE_REQUESTED=
TERM=xterm
SHELL=/bin/bash
HISTSIZE=1000
SSH_CLIENT=192.168.10.3 61601 22
SELINUX_USE_CURRENT_RANGE=
QTDIR=/usr/lib/qt-3.3
OLDPWD=/tmp/class
QTINC=/usr/lib/qt-3.3/include
SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/0

2. User defined

- Null Variables
[root@server shellscript]# str=""
[root@server shellscript]# echo $str

- unsetting a varaible
[root@server shellscript]# var=10
[root@server shellscript]# echo $var
10
[root@server shellscript]# unset var
[root@server shellscript]# echo $var

- Storing File Names ( Wild Cards ? & *)

[root@server shellscript]# touch file1 file2 file3

[root@server shellscript]# ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file3
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jun 9 21:52 practise
[root@server shellscript]# ls -l file?
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file3
[root@server shellscript]# touch file22
[root@server shellscript]# ls -l file?
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file3
[root@server shellscript]# ls -l file*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:24 file22
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file3

- Storing File contents to a varaible

[root@server shellscript]# cat file

hello this is shahan
this is my first class
[root@server shellscript]# var=$(cat file)
[root@server shellscript]# echo $var
hello this is shahan this is my first class

- Storing Commands to a variable

[root@server shellscript]# cmd="ls -l"
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@server shellscript]# echo $cmd
ls -l
[root@server shellscript]# $cmd
total 8
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 44 Jun 11 07:24 file
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:24 file22
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file3
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jun 9 21:52 practise

- Read Only Variables

[root@server shellscript]# readonly var=10
[root@server shellscript]# echo $var
10
[root@server shellscript]# var=20
-bash: var: readonly variable

- Exporting Variables
var=10
export var

Which shell you are currently in

echo $0 ( it wont work for csh)

Perment assigning the variables

vim ~/.bash_profile
export var=10

source ~/.bash_profile

Reading A variable:
[root@server shellscript]# cat var.sh
echo "please give a and b values"
read a b
echo "your input data is",$a,$b

- less arguments
[root@server shellscript]# bash var.sh
please give a and b values
10
your input data is,10,

- More i/p than arguments

[root@server shellscript]# bash var.sh
please give a and b values
10 20 30
your input data is,10,20 30

- reading from a file

[root@server shellscript]# cat file
hello this is shahan
this is my first class
[root@server shellscript]# read data <file
[root@server shellscript]# echo $data
hello this is shahan

- exit status ?
Success Always returns "0"
[root@server shellscript]# ls -l
total 12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 44 Jun 11 07:24 file
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:24 file22
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 11 07:23 file3
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jun 9 21:52 practise
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 75 Jun 11 07:29 var.sh
[root@server shellscript]# echo $?
0

Failure always returns other numbers except "0"

[root@server shellscript]# lind

-bash: lind: command not found
[root@server shellscript]# echo $?
127

Bash Shell Scripting:

#! (shebang) & Importance

# comments
; & \n importance
Executing a script

One way :
[root@server shellscript]# bash var.sh
please give a and b values
10 20
your input data is,10,20
2nd Way:
[root@server shellscript]# ls -l var.sh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 75 Jun 11 07:29 var.sh
[root@server shellscript]# chmod +x var.sh
[root@server shellscript]# ls -l var.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 75 Jun 11 07:29 var.sh

[root@server shellscript]# ./var.sh

please give a and b values
10 20
your input data is,10,20

Expressions:

Mathametical
[root@server practise]# cat mat.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "please give a and b values"
read a
read b
echo "add of a and b is",$((a+b))
echo "sub of a and b is",$((a-b))
echo "div of a and b is",$((a/b))
echo "mul of a and b is",$(($a*$b))
echo "mod of a and b is",$((a%b))

Output:
[root@server practise]# ./mat.sh
please give a and b values
20
30
add of a and b is,50
sub of a and b is,-10
div of a and b is,0
mul of a and b is,600
mod of a and b is,20

Relational operators( 2 ways)

First Way Strings:

[root@server practise]# cat rel.sh

#!/bin/bash
echo "please give a and b values"
read a
read b
if [[ $a -gt $b ]]
then
echo "a is big"
fi

if [[ $a -lt $b ]]
then
echo "b is big"
fi
if [[ $a -ne $b ]]
then
echo "a is not equal to b"
fi
if [[ $a -eq $b ]]
then
echo "a and b are equal"
fi

Output:

[root@server practise]# ./rel.sh

please give a and b values
10
20
b is big
a is not equal to b

2nd Way Numerics:

[root@server practise]# cat rel_num.sh

#!/bin/bash
echo "please give a and b values"
read a
read b

if (( a > b))
then
echo "a is big"
fi

if (( a <b ))
then
echo "b is big"
fi

if (( a == b ))
then
echo "a is equal to b"
fi

if ((a != b ))
then
echo "a and b are not equal"
fi

[root@server practise]# ./rel_num.sh

please give a and b values
10
20
b is big
a and b are not equal

File expressions:
-x:
#!/bin/bash
if [[ -x file1 ]]
then
echo "has execute permission"
else
echo "has no execute permission"
fi
-d:

[root@server practise]# cat file-check.sh

#!/bin/bash
if [[ -d test ]]
then
echo "directory exists"
else
echo "directory not exits"
fi

[root@server practise]# ./file-check.sh

directory exists

[root@server practise]# ./file-check.sh

directory not exits

-f:

[root@server practise]# cat file-check.sh

#!/bin/bash
if [[ -f file1 ]]
then
echo "file exists"
else
echo "file not exits"
fi

[root@server practise]# ls -l file1

-rw-------. 1 root root 72 Jun 9 20:41 file1
[root@server practise]# ./file-check.sh
file exists
[root@server practise]# rm file1
rm: remove regular file `file1'? y
[root@server practise]# ./file-check.sh
file not exits

Logical Operations:
[root@server practise]# cat elif.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "please give sum "
read sum

if (( sum<=100 && sum >=80 ))

then
echo "grade A"
elif (( sum <=79 && sum >= 60))
then
echo "grade B"
elif (( sum <59 && sum>=40))
then
echo "grade C"
elif (( sum <39 && sum >=35))
then
echo "just passed"
else
echo "failed"
fi
Output:
[root@server practise]# ./elif.sh
please give sum
90
grade A
[root@server practise]# ./elif.sh
please give sum
30
failed

Decision Making :

if:
if (( a > b))
then
echo "a is big"
fi

if-then-else:
if ((a != b ))
then
echo "a and b are not equal"
else
echo "a and b are equal"
fi

elif-ladder:
if (( sum<=100 && sum >=80 ))
then
echo "grade A"
elif (( sum <=79 && sum >= 60))
then
echo "grade B"
elif (( sum <59 && sum>=40))
then
echo "grade C"
elif (( sum <39 && sum >=35))
then
echo "just passed"
else
echo "failed"
fi

Special Parameters & Values:

Arguments & Positional Parameters
$1 .. $9
$0 , $#,$@,$*

All parameters with out quotes

All parameters with quotes

Program:
[root@server practise]# cat parm.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "your total input parameters are ",$#
echo "your input parameters are $1,$2,$3"
echo "your input paramaters are "
echo "Your script name is ",$0
echo "Using \$*"
for i in $*
do
echo $i
done
echo "Using \$@"
for i in $@
do
echo $i
done
echo "Using \"\$*\""
for i in "$*"
do
echo $i
done
echo "Using \"\$@\""
for i in "$@"
do
echo $i
done

Output:

[root@server practise]# ./parm.sh 10 20 30 "40 50"

your total input parameters are ,4
your input parameters are 10,20,30
your input paramaters are
Your script name is ,./parm.sh
Using $*
10
20
30
40
50
Using $@
10
20
30
40
50
Using "$*"
10 20 30 40 50
Using "$@"
10
20
30
40 50

Argument Validation:
[root@server practise]# cat case.sh
#!/bin/bash

if [[ $# != 3 ]]
then
echo "Usage: Please give a and b values & operation\(+,-,/,*,%\)"
fi

Command Controled Loops:

while loop:

[root@server practise]# cat while.sh

#!/bin/bash
count=1
while((count<5))
do
echo $count
((count=count+1))
done

Output:
[root@server practise]# ./while.sh
1
2
3
4

case:
[root@server practise]# cat case.sh
#!/bin/bash

if [[ $# != 3 ]]
then
echo "Usage: Please give a and b values & operation\(+,-,/,*,%\)"
fi

case $3 in
"+") echo "add of a and b is",$(($1+$2));;
esac

Output:
[root@server practise]# ./case.sh 10 20 +
add of a and b is,30

until loop:
[root@server practise]# cat until.sh
#!/bin/bash

count=10
until ((count <1))
do
echo $count
((count=count-1))
done

Output:
[root@server practise]# ./until.sh
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

for loop:
[root@server practise]# cat for.sh
#!/bin/bash
for i in {1..9}
do
echo $i
done
Output:
[root@server practise]# ./for.sh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

select loop:
[root@server practise]# cat select.sh
#!/bin/bash

select i in + - / % \*
do
echo "please give a and b values"
read a
read b
case $i in
"+") echo "add of a and b is ",$((a+b));;
"/") echo "div of a and b is",$((a/b));;
"%") echo "mod of a and b is",$((a%b));;
"*") echo "mul of a and b is", $((a*b));;
"-") echo "sub of a and b is",$((a-b));;
*) echo "Usage: Please give proper arthimetic operator";;
esac
done

Output:
[root@server practise]# ./select.sh
1) +
2) -
3) /
4) %
5) *
#? 1
please give a and b values
10
20
add of a and b is ,30
#? 2
please give a and b values
10
20
sub of a and b is,-10

Loop Direction:

Input Redirection:

while
[root@server shellscript]# cat file
hello this is shahan
this is my first class
[root@server shellscript]# while read data
> do
> echo $data
> done<file
hello this is shahan
this is my first class

output Redirection:

while:
[root@server shellscript]# cat opred.sh
#!/bin/bash
count=1
while ((count <5))
do
echo $count
((count=count+1))
done>/tmp/test

Output:
[root@server shellscript]# ./opred.sh
[root@server shellscript]# cat /tmp/test
1
2
3
4

for:
for i in {1..5}; do echo $i; done>/tmp/test
[root@server shellscript]# cat /tmp/test
1
2
3
4
5

Input Piping:
while:
[root@server shellscript]# cat file
hello this is shahan
this is my first class
[root@server shellscript]# cat file|while read data
> do
> echo $data
> done
hello this is shahan
this is my first class

output piping:
while:
[root@server shellscript]# cat file
hello this is shahan
this is my first class
[root@server shellscript]# cat file|while read data; do echo $data; done|wc -l
2

Other Controled Loops:

break:
[root@server shellscript]# for i in {1..9}
> do
> if ((i==5))
> then
> break
> fi
> echo $i
> done
1
2
3
4

continue:

[root@server shellscript]# for i in {1..9}

> do
> if ((i==5))
> then
> continue
> fi
> echo $i
> done
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9

sleep:
[root@server shellscript]# for i in {1..9}
> do
> echo $i
> sleep 2
> done
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Debuggin scripts:
One Method:
ksh -o xtrace *.scr
2nd Way:
simple add "set -x " after "#!/bin/bash" and execute the script

Functions & Explanation

[root@server practise]# cat fun.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "please give a and b values"
read a
read b
echo -e "please choose the operation from below \n (+,-,/,*,%)"
read opr

function add()
{
return $((a+b))
}

function sub()
{
sum=$((a-b))
}
function div()
{
return $((a/b))
}
function mul()
{
return $((a*b))
}
function mod()
{
return $((a%b))
}
case $opr in
"+") add
echo "add of a and b is",$?;;
"-") sub
echo "sub of a and b is",$sum;;
"/") div
echo "div of a and b is",$?;;
"*") mul
echo "mul of a and b is",$?;;
"%") mod
echo "mod of a and b is",$?;;
*) echo "Usage: Please choose proper operator";;
esac

Output:

[root@server practise]# ./fun.sh

please give a and b values
20
30
please choose the operation from below
(+,-,/,*,%)
+
add of a and b is,50