Here's a detailed response to your tutorial questions:

---

## TUTORIAL 1

### 1. Define these terms:

#### i. Data, DB, and DBMS

- **Data**: Raw facts and figures that can be processed to produce information. For example, names,
numbers, and dates.

- **DB (Database)**: A structured collection of data that is stored and accessed electronically.
Databases are designed to manage large amounts of information by organizing data into tables.

- **DBMS (Database Management System)**: Software that interacts with the database, applications,
and users to capture and analyze data. It provides tools for data storage, retrieval, and management.

#### ii. DB Application

- **DB Application**: Software applications that interact with a database to perform various functions
like data entry, querying, and reporting. Examples include customer relationship management (CRM)
systems, inventory management systems, and online booking systems.

### 2. List six (6) examples of each term:

#### i. DB (Databases)

1. MySQL

2. Oracle Database

3. Microsoft SQL Server

4. PostgreSQL

5. MongoDB

6. SQLite
#### ii. DBMS (Database Management Systems)

1. MySQL

2. Oracle Database

3. Microsoft SQL Server

4. PostgreSQL

5. MongoDB

6. IBM Db2

### 3. When data are organized on the sheet of paper, is that a database?

No, a sheet of paper organizing data does not constitute a database. A database requires a systematic
way of storing and managing data, typically in a digital format that allows for efficient retrieval,
manipulation, and querying.

---

## TUTORIAL 2

### 1. Describe File Processing System.

A **File Processing System** is a method of storing and managing data in files on a computer system. It
involves creating separate files for different data types, and each application program is responsible for
managing its own files. This system can lead to data redundancy and inconsistency since multiple
programs may have separate copies of the same data.

### 2. Explain functions of File Processing System.

- **Data Storage**: Allows data to be stored in files.

- **Data Retrieval**: Enables retrieval of data from files for processing.

- **Data Manipulation**: Supports operations like adding, updating, and deleting records.

- **File Management**: Manages file organization and access methods.

- **Access Control**: Provides basic security features for file access.

### 3. Explain functions of DBMS.

- **Data Definition**: Allows users to define the structure of the database (DDL).

- **Data Retrieval**: Supports complex queries to retrieve data (DML).

- **Data Integrity**: Enforces data integrity constraints to ensure accuracy.

- **Data Security**: Provides authentication and authorization to protect data.

- **Data Backup and Recovery**: Offers tools for data backup and recovery procedures.

- **Multi-user Access**: Manages concurrent access by multiple users.

### 4. Differentiate DBMS from File Processing System.

- **Data Redundancy**: DBMS minimizes data redundancy; file processing systems often have duplicate
data.

- **Data Integrity**: DBMS enforces integrity constraints; file processing systems do not.

- **Data Access**: DBMS supports complex querying; file processing relies on simple file access
methods.

- **User Management**: DBMS allows multiple users with controlled access; file processing systems are
limited in concurrent access.

- **Maintenance**: DBMS provides tools for maintenance and recovery; file processing systems require
manual intervention.

### 5. List down three (3) DB End Users

1. Database Administrators (DBAs)

2. Application Developers

3. Data Analysts

### 6. Differentiate Database Administrators and Designers from System Analysts and Application
Developers.

- **Database Administrators (DBAs)**: Focus on managing and maintaining the database systems,
ensuring data integrity, security, and performance.
- **Database Designers**: Responsible for designing the database structure, including schemas and
data models.

- **System Analysts**: Analyze business requirements and design systems that meet those needs, often
serving as a bridge between users and developers.

- **Application Developers**: Write and maintain applications that interact with databases, focusing on
functionality and user interface.

### 7. With reference to Database Access Language, write down DDL and DML syntax.

#### DDL (Data Definition Language) Syntax

- **CREATE TABLE**:

```sql

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype,

column2 datatype,

...

);

```

- **ALTER TABLE**:

```sql

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;

```

- **DROP TABLE**:

```sql

DROP TABLE table_name;

```
#### DML (Data Manipulation Language) Syntax

- **INSERT INTO**:

```sql

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)

VALUES (value1, value2, ...);

```

- **UPDATE**:

```sql

UPDATE table_name

SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2

WHERE condition;

```

- **DELETE FROM**:

```sql

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

```

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Feel free to ask if you need further clarification or additional information!