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International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science ISSN: 2319-7242
Volume 5 Issue 12 Dec. 2016, Page No. 19412-19414

DC Motor Speed Control Using LDR Sensor and Atmega89s52

Arpita Srivatava1, Anil Kumar Chaudhary2
1
M.Tech scholar, Electronics and Communication Engineering, B.I.T., Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Asst. Professor, Department of Electronics and communication Engineering, B.I.T., Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: In robotic applications DC Motor control is very common. Other than it there are many applications that have been
developed based on motor control in electronic field such as in automation, Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) and
Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). The purpose of this project is to control the speed of DC motor depending on the
light intensity falling on an LDR using microcontroller.
Keywords: DC motor, LDR, Microcontroller, ATMEGA 89S52.
 To design a speed control system which may be
1. INTRODUCTION used where we need actuation with respect to different
The field of electrical energy will be divided into three intensities of light.
areas: Electronics, Power and Control. Electronics basically
 This circuit could be very useful in applications
deals with the study of semiconductor devices and circuits at
where one tries to control the movement of a robot using a
lower power. Power involves generation, transmission and
wired/wireless channel, keeping different arrangements of
distribution of electrical energy. The electric motors are
LDR and transmitting the same through the channel to the
perhaps the most widely used energy converters in the
receiving side, where the movement of the robot can be
modern machine tools and robots. These motors require
controlled.
automatic control of their main parameters such as speed,
position, acceleration etc [1]. In this paper to control the
speed of DC motor, separately excited DC drive system is 2. THE MICROCONTROLLER
used, since their simplicity, ease of applications such as
reliability and favorable cost have long been a backbone of The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-
bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system
industrial applications and it will have a long tradition of use
programmable flash memory. The device is manufactured
as adjustable speed machines and a wide range of options using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology
have evolved for this purpose. In these applications, the and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51
motor should be precisely controlled to give the desired instruction set and pin out. The on-chip flash allows the
performance [2]. program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
A light-dependent resistor (LDR) whose resistance is conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
inversely proportional to the intensity of light is often used
programmable flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
as a sensor in electronic projects that makes the use of light. AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a
In this project the speed of DC motor is controlled highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
depending on the light intensity falling on an LDR.Here; we embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the
are controlling speed of DC motor using LDR arrangement following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of
system with the help of microcontroller. Basically when the RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three
light falling on LDR varies it’s resistance also varies. This 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and
variation in resistance acts as input to the microcontroller
clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with
which in turns provides variation in speed of DC motor as static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
per the variation in light intensity. supports two software selectable power saving modes. The
PROJECT OBJECTIVES Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
The objectives of this project are as follows: timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-
tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip
 To design a microcontroller based controller that can be used functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset [5].
on to control speed of the DC motor.
Pin Configurations

Arpita Srivatava1, IJECS Volume 05 Issue 12 Dec., 2016 Page No.19412-19414 Page 19412
 DOI: 10.18535/ijecs/v5i12.25

of the order of mega-ohms which decreases to few hundred

ohms in the presence of light. It can act as a sensor, since a
varying voltage drop can be obtained in accordance with the
varying light. It is made up of cadmium sulphide (CdS).
An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is conducts
in both directions in same fashion.

Fig. Fig. 1.2 An LDR[3]

1.1 Pin Diagram
4. DC Motor
Table 1.1 Pin description for Atmel AT89S52 microcontroller
The electric motor is a motor that convert electrical energy
Pin Number Description into mechanical energy. There are two types of motor which
are AC motor, and DC motor. A simple DC motor use
electricity and magnetic field for producing torque which
1–8 P1.0 - P1.7 - Port 1 rotate the motor. Permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC)
outperforms to AC motor because it provides better speed
control on high torque loads and use in wide industrial
9 RST – Reset
application. DC motors are more usable as it designed to use
with batteries and solar cells energy sources, which provide
10 – 17 P3.0 - P3.7 - Port 3 portability where we required it and thus provide cost
effective solution, because it is not possible to have AC
power supply in every place, DC motor show its response at
18 XTAL2 – Crystal both voltage and current. The applied voltage describes the
speed of motor while current in the armature windings shows
19 XTAL1 – Crystal the torque. If applied load increased in the shaft of motor,
then in order to sustain its speed motor draws more current
from supply and if supply is not able to provide enough
20 GND – Ground current then motor speed will be affected. Generally, it can
be said that applied voltage affect speed while torque is
controlled by current. DC motors provide more effective
21 – 28 P2.0 - P2.7 - Port 2
results if chopping circuit is used. Low power DC motor
usually use in lifting and transportation purposes as low
29 PSEN - Program Store Enable power AC motors do not have good torque capability. DC
motor used in railway engines, electric cars, elevators,
robotic applications, car windows and wide verify of small
30 ALE - Address Latch Enable appliances and complex industrial mixing process where
torque cannot be compromised. There are several types of
31 EA - External Access Enable DC motor but most common are brushed DC motor,
brushless DC motor, stepper motor, and servo motor. These
DC motors have three winding techniques such as shunt DC
32 – 39 P0.7 - P0.1 - Port 0 motor, series DC motor, and compound DC motor.

40 Vcc - Positive Power Supply

3. LDR

LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers

resistance in response to the ambient light. The resistance
decreases as the intensity of incident light increases, and
vice versa. In the absence of light, LDR exhibits a resistance

Arpita Srivatava1, IJECS Volume 05 Issue 12 Dec., 2016 Page No.19412-19414 Page 19413
 DOI: 10.18535/ijecs/v5i12.25

Controlling speed of DC motor as per variations in light can

Fig. 1.3 Basic DC electrical motor parts[4] be very useful in various applications.An interesting
application can be control of DC motor speed from remote
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS place without using any wires.A LASER and LDR may be
used for this purpose.Low frequency pulses may be
transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver using
LASER diode.On the receiver side,an LDR may receive
these pulses and provide input to the microcontroller which
in turn controls the speed of DC motor.

REFERENCES
[1]Dr. Jamal A. Mohammed, “Modeling, Analysis and
Speed Control Design Methods of a DC Motor”,Engg. &
Tech.Journal ,vol .29,no.1,2011
[2]I.J.Nagrath and M.Gopal, Control Systems
Engineering, (Wiley Eastern Limited).
[3]Website:http://projectshopbd.com/wpcontent/uploads/201
4/09/ldr-1.jpg.
[4]Website:http://images.tutorvista.com/content/magnetic-
Fig 1.3 Pictorial view of the hardware effects-electric-current/dc-motor-parts.jpeg.
[5]Atmel corporation,” Microcontroller AT89S52”.
Presently the project is designed for the following modes
and speed of DC motor :
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Table 1.1
I would like to thanks my guide Mr. Anil Kumar
Chaudhary(Asstt. Prof.) of Buddha Institute of Technology
Approx.
Display on 7 Speed of DC and Mr. Arun Kumar Mishra(Dean) of Buddha Institute of
Speed in
segment motor Technology for their support that has made this work
RPM
possible.

1 Low 350
2 Medium 700 AUTHOR PROFILE
3 High 900 Arpita Srivastava is M.Tech student in Electronics &
4 Very high 1500 Communication Department of Buddha Institute of technology,
GIDA, Gorakhpur.Prior to this she persued Bachelors in
Engineering degree from Institution of Engineers India.

6. CONCLUSION

Arpita Srivatava1, IJECS Volume 05 Issue 12 Dec., 2016 Page No.19412-19414 Page 19414