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Unit-4 Part2

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14 views4 pages

Unit-4 Part2

Uploaded by

Kartik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Typical Ring Counter

A typical 4-bit ring counter is made of D-flip flops or JK-flip flop connected in cascade
with the non-complemented output of the last stage connected as an input to the first
stage. Ring counter has Mod = n ‘n’ is the number of bits. It means 4-bit ring counter
has 4 states.
Ring Counter Truth Table
Consider QA, QB, QC, QD as the 4 bits of the ring counter. The truth table for 4-bit ring
counter is given below.

In ring counter, logic ‘1’ flows through all stages of the counter. In each state, it flows
one bit to the right. When it reaches stage 4, it circulates back to stage1 of the
counter.

Working of Ring Counter


Ring counter’s state needs to be set before the operation. Since ring counter
circulates 1 through all stages, and there are no external inputs except the clock
signal. So we need to set its state to initial state 1000 manually. We need to set the
first stage flip-flop and clear the rest of the stages to obtain the state 1000.The
preset input pin is designed to do this function. The schematic of ring counter is
given below:
First, we need to set the initial state 1000 through preset input.
Whenever the first clock edge hits the counter the outputs of each stage shifts to the
next succeeding stage. And the output of the last will shift to the first stage making
the state 0100.
Upon next clock cycle, each stage will update its state according to its input. So the
‘1’ will be shifted to the third stage making the state 0010. Upon another clock cycle,
the ‘1’ will reach the last stage making the 0001.
Now upon next clock cycle, ‘1’ from the last stage (flip-flop) will shift back to the first
stage making the initial state 1000. And it starts again from the first state repeating
itself considering the clock signal is provided. This is how the data inside the ring
counter circulates in the ring.
Ring counter divides the frequency of the clock signal by ‘n’. n is the bit size of the
ring counter. So ring counter can be used as a frequency divider.
Advantages / Disadvantages of Ring Counter
Advantages
 It doesn’t need a decoder (i.e. It is a self decoding circuit)
 It can be can be implemented using JK and D flip-flops.
Disadvantages
 In ring counter, only 4 of the 15 states are being utilized.

What is Johnson Counter


“Johnson counter” or “twisted ring counter” is a type of synchronous ring counter in
which the complemented output of the flip-flop is connected with the input of the first
flip-flop. Johnson counter can be made with D-flip flops or JK-flip flops in cascade
setup.
The Mod of Johnson counter is ‘2n’, n is the bit size of the counter. Mod is the
maximum number of states a counter can obtain.
Johnson Counter Truth Table
Consider a 4-bit Johnson counter with QA, QB, QC, QD as the output of 4 stages of the
counter. The truth table of the 4-bit Johnson counter is given below;
Johnson Counter Schematic Design
The schematic of 4-bit Johnson counter consists of 4 D-flip flops or 4 JK-flip flops.
These flip-flops are connected with each other in cascade setup. The output of each
flip-flop is connected with the input of the succeeding flip-flop. The complemented
output of the last flip-flop is connected with the input of the first flip-flop. The Same
clock input is connected with all flip-flops. There is clear input for resetting the state
to default 0000. Johnson counter’s schematic design is given below.

Working of Johnson Counter


The default state of Johnson counter is 0000 thus before starting the clock input we
need to clear the counter using clear input.
Whenever a clock edge hits the counter the output of each flip-flop will transfer to the
next stage (flip-flop) but the inverted output of the last flip-flop will shift to the first
stage making the state 1000.
Upon next clock cycle, another ‘1’ will stack in from the left side as the inverted
output of the last stage will be shifted to the first stage.
On next clock cycle, another ‘1’ will add in from left until the state becomes 1111.
Now that the last flip-flop’s output is ‘1’, the next clock cycle will shift the invert of the
last flip-flop which is ‘0’ into the first flip-flop. It will result in stacking ‘0’ from the left
side. This stacking of the first 0 will make the state 1111 into 0111.
The next coming clock cycles will stack in 0’s from the left making the states 0011,
0001 & 0000 with each clock cycle. Eventually, it reaches its default state and it
starts from the beginning again.

Advantages / Disadvantages of Johnson Counter


Advantages
 More outputs as compared to ring counter.
 It has same number of flip flop but it can count twice the number of states the ring
counter can count.
 It count the data in a continuous loop
 It only needs half the number of flip-flops compared to the standard ring counter
for the same MOD
Disadvantages
 Only 8 of the 15 states are being used.
 It doesn’t count in a binary sequence.

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