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Spectros

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6 views5 pages

Spectros

Uploaded by

tanushreekalita780
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SPECTROSCOPY

Evidence for the quantized electronic energy levels: Atomic spectra

1. What is Spectroscopy?

Ans: It is the branch of physical science which deals with the study of
spectra.

2. How do we study the atomic spectra of the elements?

Ans: We study the atomic spectra by using a spectroscope or a


spectrograph. A spectroscope is an instrument used to separate the
radiations of different wavelengths or frequencies. It consists of a
prism for dispersion of radiations and a telescope to examine the
emergent radiations. When the telescope is replaced by a
photographic film, the instrument is called a spectrograph and the
photograph of the emergent radiation obtained on the photographic
film is called spectrogram or spectrum.

3. What are absorption and emission spectra? How are these


obtained?

Ans: The spectrum obtained on passing white light through the


solution or vapours of a chemical substance that absorbs the
radiation at certain wavelengths is called an absorption spectrum.
The spectrum of radiation emitted by a substance that has already
absorbed energy is called an emission spectrum.

To produce an emission spectrum, energy is supplied to a sample by


heating it or irradiating it and the wavelengths of the radiation
emitted , as the sample gives up the absorbed energy is recorded.
4. Discuss the important applications of atomic spectra /line spectra/
line emission spectra.

Ans: Line emission spectra are of great significance in the study of


electronic structures. Each element has a unique atomic spectrum
which is just like its finger print. So, unknown elements can be
identified during chemical analysis by observing their atomic spectra.
Elements like Rb, Cs, Tl, In, Ga, Sc, etc. have been discovered by
analysing their minerals by spectroscopic methods. The element
helium was discovered in the sun by spectroscopic method.

5. Discuss about the line spectrum of hydrogen.

Ans: When an electric discharge is passed through hydrogen gas at


low pressure, the H2 molecules dissociate and the excited atoms of
hydrogen emit electromagnetic radiation of discrete frequencies
which is examined with a spectroscope to obtain the line emission
spectrum of hydrogen. The hydrogen spectrum consists of several
series of lines, named after their discoverers. This spectrum consists
of the following series which lie in different regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum.

Lyman series  Ultra violet region [ n1=1 and n2=2,3,4. ........... ]

Balmer series  Visible region [ n1=2 and n2 = 3,4,5. .........]

Paschen series Infra red [ n1=3 and n2= 4,5,6............ ]

Brackett series  Infra red [ n1=4 and n2= 5,6,7. ....... }

P fund series  Infra red [ n1=5 and n2= 6,7. .....]

Using a high resolution spectroscope, another series of lines can be


observed in the infra red region. This is called Humphrey series.
The wave number (Ῡ) and γ wavelength of the spectral lines can be
calculated by using the following equation:

Ῡγ = 109677 [ 1/n 21 – 1/n 22 ] cm-1 , where R= 109677 cm-1 is called


Rydberg constant and this equation is called Rydberg equation or
expression.

There is only one electron present in the first energy level of


hydrogen atom in its ground state but the sample of hydrogen gas
taken for obtaining its emission spectrum contains many electrons
present at various energy levels. So there are several possibilities of
excitation of the electrons followed by their downward transitions
which account for the existence of so many spectral lines in the
atomic spectrum of hydrogen.

6. Differentiate between absorption spectrum and emission


spectrum.

Absorption spectrum Emission spectrum

It is defined as a spectrum It is defined as a spectrum of


obtained by transmitting the electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation emitted by a substance
through a substance

It is produced when atoms It is produced when atoms


absorb energy release energy

It is a discontinuous spectrum. It is continuous if the source


It consists of dark lines in the emits white light or
otherwise continuous discontinuous if the source
spectrum. emits coloured radiation.

It accounts for wavelengths It accounts for wavelengths


absorbed by a substance emitted by a substance
An absorption spectrum is An emission spectrum is
obtained when an atoms attain obtained when excited atoms
higher energy level attain lower energy level

An absorption spectrum shows An emission spectrum shows


dark lines or gaps coloured lines

7. Explain the statement: ‘An absorption spectrum is like the


photographic negative of the emission spectrum of the same
element’.

Ans: In an absorption spectrum, some dark lines are obtained in the


otherwise continuous spectrum due to the absorption of radiations
of certain wavelengths depending upon the nature of the element.
These dark lines are obtained in the same places (wavelengths)
where coloured lines are obtained in the emission spectrum of the
same element or substance. This shows that the wavelengths
absorbed in the absorption spectrum were same as were emitted in
the emission spectrum of the same element or substance. Thus, we
can say that an absorption spectrum is like the photographic
negative of the emission spectrum.

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