Electrical Power Systems 2(ENE 306)
Prof. Dr. Eng.
Hossam El-din Mostafa
Chapter I Synchronous Machine Transient Analysis
Chapter II Balanced Fault
Chapter III Symmetrical Components & Unbalanced Fault
Chapter IV Optimal Dispatch of Generation
Chapter V Stability
Level 8 - First Lecture 14 March 2023 2
CHAPTER – I
Synchronous Machine Transient Analysis
The steady state performance of the synchronous machine was
studied in ENE 305.
Under balanced steady state operations, the rotor mmf and the
resultant stator mmf are stationary with respect to each other.
As a result, the flux linkages with the rotor circuit do not change
with time, and no voltages are induced in the rotor circuits.
The per phase equivalent circuit then becomes a constant
generated emf in series with a simple impedance.
In Ch 3, for steady state operation the generator was represented
with constant emf behind the synchronous reactance XS
For salient-pole rotor, because of the non-uniformity of the air
gap, the generator was modeled with direct axis reactance Xd and
quadrature axis reactance Xq .
Under transient conditions, such as short circuits at the
generator terminals, the flux linkages with the rotor circuits
change with time.
This result in transient currents in all the rotor circuits, which
in turn reacts on the armature.
For the transient analysis, the idealized synchronous machine
is represented as a group of magnetically coupled circuits with
inductances, which depend on the angular position of the rotor.
The resulting differential equations describing the machine
have time-varying coefficients, and a closed form of solution
in most cases is not feasible.
A great simplification can be made by transformation of stator
variables from phases a, b, and c into new variables.
The frame of reference of which moves with the rotor.
The transformation is based on the so-called two-axis theory,
which was pioneered by Blondel, Doherty, Nickle, and Park.
The transformed equations are linear provided that the speed is
assumed to be constant.
In this chapter, the voltage equation of a synchronous machine
is first established
Establish the machine equations with the stator variables
transformed to a reference frame fixed in the rotor (Park’s
equations).
The Park’s equations are solved numerically during balanced
three-phase short circuit.
If the speed deviation (Δω) is taken into account, transformed
equations become nonlinear and must be solved by numerical
integration.
Also in this chapter, develop simple network models of the
synchronous generator for the power system fault analysis and
transient stability studies.
1- Transient Phenomena
The better way to understand the synchronous machine transient
phenomena is to study first the transient behaviour of a simple RL
circuit.
For the shown circuit, consider a sinusoidal voltage source
v(t)=Vm sin(ωt + α) applied to the RL circuit at time t=0.
The symbol α is the angular displacement between the point v=0
and point t =0 measured positively from the point where v=0 and
is positive.
This factor α provides a convenient means of examining a.c
transient condition.
The magnitude at an a.c. transient depends upon the time of the
cycle of which the switching operation is performed.
The instantaneous voltage equation for the circuit is
The solution for current may be shown to be
The first term is the steady state sinusoidal component.
The second term is a dc transient component known as dc offset
which decays exponentially.
At t=0, i=0, then the dc and sinusoidal components are equal and
opposite.
The magnitude of the dc component depends on the instant of
application of the voltage to the circuit, as defined by the angle α.
The dc component is zero when α-γ =0, π, 2π, … etc. This current
wave form is shown in Figure
In R-L circuit if L>> R then γ ~ /2 and therefore, the d.c.
component is equal zero when α is approximately equal to /2 ,
3/ , 5/ , … etc.
2 2
Physically this means that the zero transient effect is occurred in
highly inductive circuits when the circuit is energized at points of
maximum voltage on the voltage wave.
Therefore the current i through the circuit is sinusoidal from the
instant of switching as shown in Fig.
The transient term is maximum when the switch is closed at zero
voltage on the voltage wave.
The d.c. component may have any value from zero to Vm/Z,
depending on the instantaneous value of the voltage when the
circuit is closed and on the power factor .
At the instant of applying the voltage, the d.c. and steady state
component always have the same magnitude but opposite in sign
in order to express the zero value of current then existing.
The steady state term and transient term together with the
resultant current is shown in Fig. for , /2 and = 3/2.
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Example
In the circuit shown, let R =0.125 Ω, L =10 mH, and the source
voltage v(t) = 151 sin(377t + α). Determine the current response
after closing the switch for the following cases:
a- No dc offset.
b- For maximum dc offset.
The response has no dc offset if the switch is closed when α = 88.1o
and it has the maximum dc offset when α =88.1o -90o = -1.9o.
The armature current of synchronous machine following a 3-
phase short circuit at its terminals is similar to that flowing
when a sinusoidal voltage is suddenly applied to a series R-L
circuit. The only difference between the two is that the
reactance (L) in R-L circuit is a constant whereas in the case
of synchronous generator it is not constant but is a function of
time.
In short circuit studies only d-axis reactance is involved.
The following reactances are considered
xd” = sub- transient d-axis reactance
xd, = transient d-axis reactance
xd = d-axis synchronous reactance
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The salient pole synchronous generator is generally equipped with
damper windings.
On the other hand the eddy currents passing in the rotor core of
cylindrical rotor synchronous generator will represent the damper
winding.
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When short circuit occurs at the terminals of unloaded
synchronous generator it causes high currents to flow during the
first few cycles since the short circuit current are of zero power
factor lagging.
then the armature m.m.f. wave is directly demagnetizing, (i.e. the
peak of the rotating m.m.f. wave is always in line with the d-axis
of the rotor).
At the beginning of fault, the flux linkages of the damper winding
and field is zero.
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Due to short circuit, transient current are induced in the damper
winding and the main field winding in such a way to oppose the
armature m.m.f (or flux ).
According to the principle of constant flux linkages, these
induced current will keep the flux linkage of the damper and
field winding constant at zero value.
Since the damper winding are situated nearer the air gap than the
field winding, and then during subtransient period the flux set up
by the armature current is forced into leakage path as shown in
Fig.
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In defining xd, we assume that the damper winding is not
present. However, if the damper windings are present their effect
is only in the first few cycles (sub-transient period).
Obviously as the time progresses the demagnetizing flux due to
armature m.m.f. will tend to link the field winding and is opposed
by the induced field current such that to maintain the flux linkage
of the field winding constant at zero value.
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After the transient period is over and steady state is reached, the
flux a is not opposed by the field winding.
The path of flux is through large cross-section area and low
reluctance path.
The flux linkage of armature per ampere is called d-axis
synchronous reactance Ld. It is evident that xd > xd, > xd”
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Since the voltages generated
in the phases of 3- phase
machine are displaced 120°
electrical from each other,
the short circuit occurs at
different points on the
voltage wave of each phase.
For this reason the d.c.
transient component is
different in each phase.
The following point
regarding the record of the
current wave are
considered:
1- Each wave form is
offset, that is not
symmetric about time axis
due to the presence of d.c.
component.
2- The amount of the
d.c. component is not the
same in the three phases
because short circuit
occurs at different points
on the voltage wave of
each phase.
If the d.c component of current is eliminated from the current of
each phase, the resulting plot of each phase current versus time
is shown in Fig.
The solid envelop is referred to as the symmetrical maximum
current wave form.
I''m
I'm
Em
x d =
I 'm' Im
Em
x d =
I 'm
Em
xd =
Im
where |Em| is the maximum voltage from one terminal to
neutral (note that the current is approximately sinusoidal for
any one cycle). The r.m.s value of current can be obtained by
dividing Im by . 2
I''
E I'
I =
x d
E
I = I
x d
E
I =
xd
It can be noted that the reactance are defined corresponding to
the initial values of the currents. However the continuously
varying current can be approximated with the three discrete
current limits , and as shown in Fig. They are defined as
I’’ = subtransient current for 0 t t1
I’ = transient current for t1 t t2
I = steady state current for t2 t
E E -t/Td'' E E -t/Td' E
I(t) = -
e
+ -
e +
x d x d x d xd xd
If the d.c component is included, its value is calculated as :
E − tT
I d.C. = 2 cos e a
xd
where Ta = armature time constant
= switching angle
the effective value of the armature current including d.c.
component is
I eff (t) = I(t)2 + I dc2 (t)
maximum r.m.s value of an a.c. component.
E
I = I (0) =
xd
and maximum value of d.c. transient
E
I dc (0) max . = 2
x d
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Thus the maximum effective value of current is
2
2 E
2
E E
I eff (0) max. = =
x +
I ef (0) 3
x d x d
max
d
A factor of 1.6 is normally taken instead of √3 to allow for
decrement of both d.c and subtransient a.c. current in the first
half cycle.
This value is used in figuring the required short time
momentary ratings of circuit breakers.
The value of the initial peak current which a circuit breaker
must carry if closed onto a fault at the instant of maximum
asymmetry is
imax. = I dc (0) max + 2 I = 2 2 I
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