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Tribo-electric series: The tribo-electric series is a list that ranks materials 4

according to their tendency to gain or lose electrons. The process of

electron transfer as a result of two objects coming into contact with one
another and then separating is called tribo-electric charging. During such
an interaction, one of the two objects will always gain electrons
(becoming negatively charged) and the other object will lose electrons
(becoming positively charged). The relative position of the two objects on
the tribo-electric series will define which object gains electrons and which
object loses electrons.

In tribo-electric series, materials are ranked from high to low in terms of

the tendency for the material to lose electrons. If an object high up on
this list (Glass, for example) is rubbed with an object low down on the list
(Teflon, for example), the glass will lose electrons to the Teflon. The glass
will, in this case, become positively charged and the Teflon will become
negatively charged. Materials in the middle of the list (steel and wood, for
example) are items those do not have a strong tendency to give up or
accept electrons.
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1.Materials in the upper position has _____ tendency

to become positively charged.
a) low
b)high
c)no
d)medium
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2.If the human hair is rubbed with amber it will get

a) Positively charged
b)Negatively charged
c)can’t say
d)neutral
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3.How does triboelectric processing takes place?

Or
Name two materials which do not have a strong tendency to
give up or accept electrons.
ANS. In tribo-electric series, materials are ranked from high to low
in terms of the tendency for the material to lose electrons
OR
Materials in the middle of the list (steel and wood, for example)
are items those do not have a strong tendency to give up or
accept electrons.
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Moving coil galvanometer operates on
Permanent Magnet Moving Coll (PMMC)
mechanism and was designed by the
scientist Darsonval.
Moving coil galvanometers are of two
types
(i) Suspended coil
(ii) Pivoted coil type or tangent
galvanometer,
Its working is based on the fact that when
a current carrying coil is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a torque.
This torque tends to rotate the coil about
its axis of suspension in such a way that
the magnetic flux passing through the coil
is maximum.
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(1) A moving coil galvanometer is an instrument

which
(a) is used to measure emf
(b) is used to measure potential difference
(c) is used to measure resistance
(d) is a deflection instrument which gives a
deflection when a current flows through its coil
(2) To make the field radial in a moving coil
10

galvanometer.
(a) number of turns of coil is kept small
(b) magnet is taken in the form of horse-shoe
(c) poles are of very strong magnets
(d) poles are cylindrically cut
(3) The deflection in a moving coil galvanometer is 11

(a) directly proportional to torsional constant of

spring
(b) directly proportional to the number of turns in the
coil
(c) inversely proportional to the area of the coil
(d) inversely proportional to the current in the coil
(4) In a moving coil galvanometer, having a coil of 12

N-turns of area A and carrying current I is placed in

a radial field of strength B.
The torque acting on the coil is
(a) NA2B2I
(b) NABI2
(c) N2ABI
(d) NABI
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Photometry:
The measurement of light as perceived by human eye is called photometry.
Photometry is measurement of a physiological phenomenon, being the stimulus
of light as received by the human eye, transmitted by the optic nerves and
analyzed by the brain. The main physical quantities in photometry are
(i) the luminous intensity of the source, (ii) the luminous flux or flow of light
from the source and (iii) illuminance of the surface. The SI unit of luminous
intensity (I) is candela (cd). The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given
direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of
frequency 540×1012 Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of
1/683 watt per steradian. If a light source emits one candela of luminous
intensity into a solid angle of one steradian, the total luminous flux emitted
solid angle is one lumen (1m). A standard 100 watt incandescent light bulb
emits approximately 1700 lumens.
Q.1 A standard 100 watt incandescent light bulb emits approximately: 14

a)1700 Lumen
b)700 Lumen
c)1200 Lumen
d)1000 Lumen

2. Give unit of luminous flux

lumen
3. Define photometry.
The measurement of light as perceived by human eye is called photometry. Photometry is
measurement of a physiological phenomenon, being the stimulus of light as received by the
human eye, transmitted by the optic nerves and analyzed by the brain. The main physical
quantities in photometry are
(i) the luminous intensity of the source, (ii) the luminous flux or flow of light from the
source and (iii) illuminance of the surface
 15

Equipotential surfaces are represented by

curves for the various charge systems,
while lines of force are represented by full
line curves. We assume a constant potential
difference between any two adjacent
equipotential surfaces. The equipotential
surfaces of a single point charge are
concentric spherical shells with their
centers at the point charge. Because the
line of force radiate outward, they are
always perpendicular to the equipotential
surfaces.
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1. Calculate the work needed to transfer a

unit charge from P to Q along an
equipotential surface.
2. What is the work done in transmitting a
charge q once around a radius of circle
with a charge Q at its center?
3. Can there be a potential difference
between two adjacent conductors
carrying the same charge?
 17

Semiconductor diodes are a fundamental component in electronics that

allow for the flow of electric current in only one direction. When a diode is
forward biased, it allows current to flow through it, and when it is reverse
biased, it prevents the flow of current. In this case study, we will explore
the process of forward biasing a semiconductor diode.
Forward Biasing Process:
When a diode is forward biased, a positive voltage is applied to the anode
(p-side) and a negative voltage is applied to the cathode (n-side). This
causes the depletion region, which is a region where there are no free
electrons or holes, to become thinner. Once the depletion region is thin
enough, electrons and holes can flow freely through the diode, and current
can pass through.
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1. Explain the process of forward biasing a

semiconductor diode. What happens to the
depletion region when the diode is forward biased?
2. What is the significance of forward biasing in the
functioning of semiconductor devices? Give
examples.
3. Describe the current-voltage characteristics of a
forward-biased semiconductor diode. How do the
characteristics change with increasing
temperature?
 19

Impedance is the total opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of AC

current. It is a combination of resistance, capacitance, and inductance in
the circuit. The impedance is measured in ohms and is represented by the
symbol Z.
In an AC circuit, the voltage and current are not always in phase with each
other. The phase angle between the voltage and current is given by the
angle theta (θ). The power dissipated in the circuit is given by the product
of the voltage, current, and the cosine of the phase angle.
The reactance of a circuit is the opposition that a circuit offers to the flow
of AC current due to either capacitance or inductance. Capacitive
reactance is given by the formula 1/(2πfC), where f is the frequency of the
AC current and C is the capacitance of the circuit. Inductive reactance is
given by the formula 2πfL, where L is the inductance of the circuit.
1.What is impedance in an AC circuit? 20

a) The opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of DC

current
b) The opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of AC
current
c) The total voltage in an AC circuit
d) The total current in an AC circuit
 21

2. What is the reactance of a circuit due to capacitance?

a. 2πfL
b. 1/(2πfC)
c. R
d. Z
 22

3. Explain the concept of impedance in an AC circuit and how

it relates to the current and voltage
 23

Impedance in an AC circuit is the total opposition that a

circuit offers to the flow of AC current. It is a combination
of resistance, capacitance, and inductance in the circuit.
The reactance of a circuit is the opposition that a circuit
offers to the flow of AC current due to either capacitance
or inductance. In an AC circuit, the voltage and current
are not always in phase with each other, which is given
by the phase angle theta (θ). The impedance of a circuit
depends on the frequency of the AC signal and the
values of resistance, capacitance, and inductance.
24
 25

Q.State Gauss's law in electrostatics.

Gauss's law in electrostatics states that the total

electric flux through any closed surface is
proportional to the total charge enclosed by
that surface. Mathematically, it can be written
as:
Φ = ∫E.dA = Q/ε0
Where Φ is the electric flux, E is the electric
field, A is the surface area, Q is the charge
enclosed by the surface, and ε0 is the
permittivity of free space.
 26

Q. What is the difference between AC and

DC?
AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current) are two types of electric
current.
1.The main difference between AC and DC is the direction of the current flow.
In DC, the current flows in one direction, while in AC, the current changes
direction periodically.
2.DC is typically generated by batteries, while AC is generated by power
plants and is transmitted over long distances through power lines.
3.AC can be easily transformed to different voltage levels using transformers,
while DC cannot be transformed in the same way.
4.AC is used to power household appliances, while DC is used in electronic
devices and for charging batteries.
Q.What is the effect of temperature on the resistance
27

and resistivity of a metal?

The resistance and resistivity of a metal increase with increasing

temperature due to an increase in lattice vibrations, which lead
to more frequent collisions between electrons and lattice ions.
 28

Q. What is the role of impurity atoms in the formation of

an n-type semiconductor?
The impurity atoms in an n-type semiconductor donate excess
electrons to the material. For example, if phosphorus atoms are
added to silicon, each phosphorus atom donates one extra electron to
the crystal lattice. These excess electrons become the majority charge
carriers in the material and are free to move around in the lattice.
This makes the material highly conductive.
Q. What is the difference between a reflecting 29

telescope and a refracting telescope?

The main difference between a reflecting telescope and a refracting telescope is the
way they focus light. A reflecting telescope uses a curved mirror to reflect light to a
focal point, while a refracting telescope uses a lens to refract and bend light to a
focal point. In a reflecting telescope, the primary mirror is at the back of the
telescope and the secondary mirror reflects the light to the eyepiece. In a refracting
telescope, the lens is at the front of the telescope and the eyepiece is at the back.
Q.What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron with a 30

velocity of 3 × 106 m/s?

The de Broglie wavelength of the electron can be calculated using the formula:
λ=h/p
where λ is the de Broglie wavelength, h is Planck's constant, and p is the
momentum of the electron.
The momentum of the electron can be calculated using the formula:
p = mv
where m is the mass of the electron and v is its velocity.
Substituting the values given in the question, we get:
p = mv = (9.11 × 10-31 kg) × (3 × 106 m/s) = 2.733 × 10-24 kg m/s
Now, we can calculate the de Broglie wavelength as follows:
λ = h / p = (6.626 × 10-34 Js) / (2.733 × 10-24 kg m/s) = 2.42 × 10-10 m
Therefore, the de Broglie wavelength of the electron is 2.42 × 10-10 m.
Q. A rectangular coil of 1000 turns and area 0.2×0.1m2 rotates 31

at 4200 revolutions per minute in a magnetic

field 0.2T. Calculate maximum value of induced emf of coil.

The peak value of the

induced emf in the n
coil can be calculated
using the formula:
ε = NBAω sin(ωt)
Q. What is the significance of the orientation of a dipole with 32

respect to an external electric field in terms of its potential

energy?
The formula for the potential energy of a dipole
in an electric field is given by
U = -pEcosθ, where U is the potential energy, p
is the magnitude of the dipole moment, E is the
magnitude of the electric field, and θ is the
angle between the dipole moment and the
electric field.
The potential energy of a dipole is minimum
when it is aligned parallel to the electric field
and maximum when it is aligned antiparallel.
When the dipole is oriented perpendicular to
the electric field, its potential energy is
intermediate between these two extremes.
Q. State any two factors on which the internal resistance of a 33

cell depends
1. Temperature: The internal resistance of a cell is also
affected by the temperature of the cell. Higher the
temperature of the cell, higher will be its internal
resistance. This is because the electrolyte becomes more
resistive at higher temperatures.
2. Size of the electrodes: The internal resistance of a
cell also depends on the size of the electrodes
used in the cell. Larger electrodes will result in a
lower internal resistance.
3. Distance between the electrodes: The distance
between the electrodes also affects the internal
resistance of a cell. Greater the distance between
the electrodes, higher will be the internal
resistance.
Q. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected 34

from a metal surface when it is exposed to light of wavelength

500 nm. The work function of the metal is 2.3 eV
K.E. max = hν – φ
ν = c/λ
Substituting the given values, we get:
ν = (3 x 108 m/s)/(500 x 10-9 m) = 6 x 1014 Hz
Now we can calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons:
K.E. max = hν – φ
K.E. max = (6.626 x 10-34 J s) x (6 x 1014 Hz) - (2.3 eV x 1.6 x 10-19 J/eV)
K.E. max = 3.98 x 10-19 J - 3.68 x 10-19 J
K.E. max = 0.3 x 10-19J
Q. Complete the following nuclear reaction: 35

1. 94Mo 42 + 2H1 → 95Te43 + ?

2. 10B 5+1n0→ 4He2 + ?

Ans. 1. 1n0
2. 3 7Li3
Q. a) Two charged spherical conductors of radii R1 and R2 36

(R2>R1) are charged and connected by a conducting wire. The

ratio of surface charge densities of the sphere σ1/σ2 will be
b) A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of the non-
uniform cross-section. Which of the following quantities is
constant along the conductor current, electric field and drift
speed, current density?
37
Q. A circuit containing a 80 mH inductor, and 38

a 250 μF capacitor in series is connected

to 240V, 100 rad/s supply.
a) Find rms current if the resistance of the circuit is negligible.
b) What is the total average power consumed by the circuit ?
Q. Which two of the following lenses L1, L2 and L3 will you 39

select as objective and eyepiece for constructing best possible

(i) telescope, (ii) microscope ? Give reason to support your
answer.
LENS POWER (P) APERTURE (A)
L1 6D 1 cm
L2 3D 8 cm
L3 10D 1 cm

(i) Telescope L2 : objective L3 : eyepiece Reason : Light gathering Power

and magnifying power will be larger. (ii) Microscope L3 : objective L1 :
eyepiece Reason : Angular magnification is more for short focal length of
objective and eyepiece.
 40

Q. Write Einstein's photoelectric equation and mention which

important features in photoelectric effect can be explained with
the help of this equation.
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons gets
doubled when the wavelength of light incident on the surface
changes from ′λ1′ to ′λ2′. Derive the expressions for the
threshold wavelength ′λ0′ and work function for the metal
surface
 41

Einstein's photoelectric equation states, hν=W0+KE

where ν is the frequency of incident light, W0 is the work potential of
the metal, and KE is the maximum kinetc energy of released electron.
The above equations explains the following results:
1. If ν<νo, then the maximum kinetic energy is negative, which is
impossible. Hence, photoelectric emission does not take place for the
incident radiation below the threshold frequency. Thus, the
photoelectric emission can take place if ν>νo.
2. The maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons is directly
proportional to the frequency of the incident radiation. This means that
maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron depends only on the
frequency of incident light.
 42

From given data,

hc/ λ1 =KE+Wo
hc/ λ2 =2KE+Wo
Eliminating KE, work function is given by:
Wo=2hc/ λ1 −hc/ λ2

Threshold wavelength is found by:

hc/ λo =Wo
Using above equations,
λo=
 43

Q. A proton and an α−particle have the same de-Broglie

wavelength. Determine the ratio of (i) their accelerating
potentials (ii) their speeds
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