GHAPTER

NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION

derivative of a function
1.1 Introduction
approximate numericalvalue of the corresponding tothe
The process of
evaluating the
given set of values y, y, ; For, this purpose we first
at some vaalue of x by using the the numerical
differentiation.
differentiate it as many
"=fr) called and then
interpolating polynomial
...... X, is
arguments a suitable
approximate the function by
desire.
tÉmes as we difference formula
using the forward derivative of
Numerical differentiation equally spaced and the
1.2 ofx) are Newton's
values (ie., the values
argument values, we employ
tabular
When the given point in the beginning ofa set of
required at a
the function is formula (NFIF)
forward interpolation
=fu) + Af6)
ie., f(y) =f,+ rh)

2!

r-r-&f()3!

rr-r-2Xr-3
4!
sf()
rr-)r-2)r-3)(-4) sf(r)
S!

rr-)-2)\r-3(-4)(r-5) 4f(io)t.- (1)

6!
 This W.I.L T.
consecutive 2
Thus,
is
the ’fe)= Now Herer=

required to
getvalues
+
(6r-75r
(5r-40r+105r-100r24) +(4r'-18r (6r-75r
(5r*-40r+105r*-100r
24) (4'
+-18r f( the
formula +22r-6) -6r+2)(3r² +2r-0F() (ar-6r+f() value x).
of

24
6
24
6
+rh) (,=X,
of
for
+340r-675r
the 120
+340r-675r 120 h=0+ the
'f() derivative
derivative 720 720 +
4f(4)+ rh)
and
of h UG
of+548r- +548r 2 (r) f
is
Mathematics
fx) 4f() the
f() atstep-size
at 120) 120) - x
x f) =
= 4f(*.Jt.. x,
x,6f(%)
+... we (ie., -VI
+rh differentiate
the (by
difference Dr.
Mahantesh

the
equation between
S.
(2-)- Swamy)
(1) two

Special
and W.r.t.(2) r.
Dlfferentiation
Numerlcal
(3), ie.,the Thisdy Thus, Now
reprsents
case:
so
r() = that value et
to
|o
they the
get of
become. secondthe
value
value
d'y ’f"() of
order second
of or
f' order
-36r(+22)12r.(orzó)
derivative
andf" =
-150r+510F²
-675r+274)(15r(10r-60r
+105r
-50) (30-(20r-120r
+210r
-100) f"z, derivative
x=I,+rh
(6r-18r+11) 6
at 300r 24
the off 12 s() +rh)
120
initial ()
at 360
60
+1020r-1350r+
720
h=0+A'f) off)

point x sf() f() atx,

x, We
we 8f() `f(%) have
put
548) to
r=0 differentiate
4
in f()
the
formulac +... e

--
--(4 (2) (3)
 ation

Solution: Example 4
We
and(3) ’
have, 5 4 3 2 1

h=l forwar:
The
Evaluate
l:
fs)-d)s)rs)
2 6
and 1g
-27.9 y'(0)
y'(0) = 0)y= dfference y(0)
a,
4 0
= 0 and"(0}
4 -8 47 4 Ay EXAMPLES
VIOKKED
table
1.5 1
is from
6- UG
7 -1S ABy
15 2 the Mathermatlcs
10
- data
14.4
-10 22 -18 A'y 7 3 :
-VI

6 4 (by
-32 40 A'y Dr.
Mahantsh
2 5

72 4y
S.
Swamy)
(-5)-

Example Differentiation
Numerical
Solution:
Also,
The Take To fx)
have,We
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 forward findf'
x, (1.)
Here 2:
=l.l=x, Find
x,
= f(1.1)
difference 0 1
fr) =
y = 1,
2,432 1.296 0.544 0.128
+
\ dy h= y"0) . y"(0) =
rh 0.2. 0.128 and
table 1.2 = =
f"(1.1) 1
117.67 3+
is1.l=1
0.752 0.416 0.128 18+36.67
1.136 using
1.568
+
0.544 1.4 -t
the
0.2) +
table 60 11

0.384 0.336 0.288 ’ 1.296 1.6 124

0.432 r= :
1.l-1
0.2
2.432 1.8
0.048 ’r= 0.5
(3r-6r+2) 0.048 0.048

2.0
4

0 5
 Numerical Differentiation
6 UG Mathematics - VI (by Dr. Mahantesh S. Swamy)
44

- 02
Jo284P05)-o28),R0.5) -05)+20048)
2 6 1.0 2.72
0.60
3.32 0.14
1.2 0.02
0.74
0128+0-0.002] 1.4 4.06 0.16
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.90 0.03 -0.07
1.6 4.96 0.19
=f(|.l) = 0.63 1.09 0.06 -0.05
dxr=l 1.8 6.05
1.34
0.25 -0.02
0.04
7.39 0.29
Also, 2.0
dr = 1.63
2.2 9.02
dy
- (02)10.288 +(0.5-1) (0.049))
0.264 = 3.3125
=6.6
0.04
f"(1)= 6.6 and

Example 3: Obtain dy and

d'y
at x = 1.2 for the data = 4.9792
dr
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
2.72 3.32 4.06 4.96 6.05 7.39 9.02
Solution: Here the value x 1.2 at which the derivatives are to be
obtained is present near the
beginning of the given list. Thus we shall choose this value as x, and employ the formulae (4) and
(5), namely.

--- (1)
dy
and f"(%) =|3 -- (2)
180
Here h = 0.2 and I,= 1.2.
To get Ay, A'Y . . we construct the forward difference table.
 Numerical Differentiation
UGMathematics - VI (by Dr. Mahantesh S. Swamy)
EXERCISE r(r+)r+2)\7+9) y'sle.)
4!

r(r+1Xr +2)(r+3\/+4)
5!
q:f(z,)
1. Find y' and y" at x= 1, given that
1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
1.140
rr+1\r+ 2\r+ 3)\r+4Xr+5f)+
6!
....
--- (1)
1.0247 1.0488 | 1.0723 1.0954 1.1180
1
(An:0.494, 0.2739)
Here r= (:%, = x, +rh) and h is the difference between two consecutive
that h
2. Find the second order derivative at x=3, given
.06 values of x.
2.98 3.00 3.02 304 w.ri. r
2.94 2.96
Now, to get f and f" at x we differentiate equation (1)
fw): 0.1826 0.1797 0.1783 0.1769 0.1755 ol1742
0.1811
(Ans :-0.25) fa) = f(, +rh) ih =0+ Vf(,)+ (2r+) f(s.)
2

3. Find cos 10° given that

=0.5000; sir (40°) =0.6428.
sin (0)=0; sin (10) =0.1736; sin (20) =0.3420; sin (30) 6

(Hint: Take y= sin x .. cos 10° -dx) =10 : Ans : 0.9850)

+
(4r+18r +22r +6)
24
4. Fitdf(1.5) andf (15) given that (5r+40r+105r +100r +24)
15 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 f(r)
120
7.000 13.625 24.000 38.875 59.000
f(r): 3.375
(6r +75r +340r+675r +548r + 120)
(Ans :f'(1.5) =4.750 nd f" (1.5) =9) 720
5. Findf(3) andf"(3). given that
3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0
3 3.2
2
-5.296 0.256 6.672 14
fr): -14 -10.032
18, f"(3) = 18)
(Ans :f(3) (a +ór+2)qrs)
6
Formula
1.3 Numerical Differentiation using the Backward Differençe
When the given values ofx are equally spaced and the derivative of the functipn
employ
is required at
Newton's backward
+
(4r'+18r° +22r+ f(x)
24
which is near the end of the set of
a point tabulated values, we
interpolation formula (NBIF) (s+40r +105r° +100rt 24 ysflx)
fG)= f, +h) =f()+r)+f(,)
2!
120

(6r+75r* +340r +675r* +548r +l0gó flr)+ .)

720
3!
 Swamy) Numerical Differentiation
10 UG Mathematics - VI (by Dr. Mahantesh S.
WORKED EXAMPLES
Again on differentiating (2) w.r.t. r, we get,

’%) =s+)h=H0+ v°f() Example 1: Find f(0.4) given 12

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 T

1.10517 1.22140 1.34986 1.49182

6 fx)
Solution: Th¢ backward difference table is
(12- +36r+
24 22*f() y = f)
(20r +120r +210r+ 0.1 1.10517
120 100)srlr) 0.11623
0.2 1.22140 0.01223
(30-*+300r +1020- +1350r +548)
720
°f) +.. 0.12846 0.00127
0.3 1.34986 0.0135

fs) = f +r)=V'r){or +i)'f(4) 0.14196

1.49182

12
Here h 0.1 and x =0.4
(10r+60r +105r+s°s sly ) dy
60 We have

(15r'+150r-+510r +675r +214) qs f(x)+...

630 ... (3) ’ f0.4) =
dyd'y S(0.4) = l.4913
FoFmulae (2) and (3) respectively represent d2 al x=X + rh
and
da
Special case : To get the value off' and f" at the end point x, we put r=0 in the formulae (2)
(3), so that, and Example 2: Given
1.96 1.98 2.00 2.02 2.04
y 0.7825| 0.7739 0.7651 0.7563 0.7473

find y' and y at 2.03.

--- (4)
Solution:
take
Sinte the pointx,= 2.03 at which derivaives are to be found is near the end of table, we

&0)»fs)-)+l)+) *,= x +rh

2.03 = 2.04 + r (0.02) (:: here h= 0.02
r= -0.5
-o- (5)
 11

UG Mathematics - VI (by Dr. Mahahtesh S. Swamy) Numerlcal Difforentlatlon

12 12

The backward difference table is n000 0.0002 -0.0001-0.000617

=-2.2925
1.96 0.7825 y"(0.203) = 0.2925
0.0086
0.7739 -0.0002
1.98
-0:0088 0.0002 EXERCISE
0.7651 : 0.0000 -0.0004
2.00
0.0088 -0.0002 1. Find y' and y" at x=54, given
50 51 52 53 54
0.7563 -0.0002
2.02
-0.009 3.6840. 3.7084 3.7325 3.75633.7798
2.04 0.7473 (Ans:0.0232.0.0003)
2. Findy and y'" at x =1.6
given the data
We have,
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
(3ri+6r+2),.(4r'+18r' +2r+6). . 8.781 9.129 9.451 9.750 10.031
6 24 7.989 8.403
(Ans:2.501. 11.89067)

2-(05)+o02)+ [-05f +6-o-o02)

1
3. Findf'(2.2) given
-0.009+ 6 14 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
dx r 2.03 0.02 2
4.0552 4.9530 6.0496 7.3891 9.0250
fr)
(Ans:8.962915)
(4-0.5) +18(-05' +224-0.5]-6lo0004)
24 4. Find f'(0.4) given that
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

0.009 +0.00002917 +0.00000833 +0.0000167] 1.10517 1.22140 134986| 1.49182

(Ans: 14913)

= 0,4488
y(0.203) = 0.4488
we Also,
(or'.
12
2)

-0.0002+(-0.5+1)(-0.0002) +(6(-0.5)' +18(-05)00004)

12
/z=203 = (0.02)
 1
Numerlcal Integration

*%)+rsf(a)+ 2!
3! 16
KOLAPTER (By Newton'ssforward interpolation formula)
=h to t ray, 2.5 Simp
r=0l By tak
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION W

I=

2.1 Introduction

The process of finding the value of adefinite integral, say/=f() di using the given set of
l= 2.6 W
values of the integrandfx) corresponding to the valuesx , , , ofx, is known as numerical
By
integration. When the integrand is a single valued function of xthen the numerical integration is 3n in3--3n? --2n5. 35n 50,3-+12n° 4'
also refered to as quadrature. Now we shall derive some simple quadrature formulae and use 4 3 5!
them to evaluate the definite integrals. 6

This is kngwn as Newton-Cote's quadrature formula or General quadrature formula.

2.2 General Quadrature Formula
By puttingn= 1;2, 3, ..., we get different quadrature fomulae.
Suppose / = [f(a) dr, where the integrand y=fx) takes (n + 1) - values Yy S, Y, y,
2.3 Trapezoidal Rule
coresponding to equally spaced values ofx viz, p, ,,.., with the interval of differencing By puting n= | in the general quadrature formula (2), neglecting 'y, Ayo.. terms and Note :
being h, i... x,=X, + h, x, = , + 2h, ...x, =1, + nh. simplifying we get
,
To apr
Thus, --- (1)

Since xis arbitrary, choose x =X,+ rh, where r is any real number Half of interval of differencing x {(sum of first and last terms)
dx = h. dr +2 (sum of all the intermediate terms)
When x=, ’ r=0and when x=X, tnh ’ r= n. Then
2.4 Simpson's One-third Rule
() = l= Jf(ig+ rh)- h-dr
r=0 By taking =2 in the general quadrature formula (2) and neglecting the terms with 4'y
A'y...,. we get
=h
r=0

Exa
 15
Numerical Intogration
UG Mathematics - VI (by Dr. Mahatesh S. SwAmy) 17
16 Solution: Herex, 0 and x, = 1.
= one-third the interval of differencing x {(sum of first anl last terms) Dividing the interval [0, | into 8equal parts rneanstaking n=8.
+ 4(sum of odd numbered terms) + 2(sum of even nunbered terms)}
ormula) =0+8h ’ h= h= 0.125
Since x, = x, t nh ’
2.5 Simpson's Three-eight Rule x, =X,+ h=0+0.125 ; x,= , + 2h =0+210.125) = 0.25 and so on
neglecting the erms with Ay.
Ry taking n=3 in the general quadrature formula (2) and 1
A' . we get, Also, since the integrand is y = f (x)= 1+x we have y, = fo, = 140 =,and so on

I= (r) dt =+,)+2(7, +%, +y, +...).+ 3();+, +y,+yt...)] 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75
0.125 0.875
= Three-eighth the interval gf differencing x {(sum of firs and last terms) 0.8 0.727 0.667 0.615 0571 0.533
+ 2(sum of tems with superscrips multiples of 3) y=x) 0.889 0.5
+ 3(sum of the remaining ter1ns) }
Yo
The trapezoidal rule is
2.6 Weddle's Rule
h
neglecting the erms with Ay [(y, +y) + 2(y, + y, +y, + y, +y, + ), + -)
By taking n =6in the general quadrature formula (2) and
..... we get.
--- (2)
dx 0.125 (1+0.5) +2(0.889 +0.8+0.727 +0.667 -0.615 -0.571 -0.533)|
"2
muja.
= 0.694 -.- (1)
3 +y,) + ...]
10
I0, + 5y, +y, + 6y, + , + 5v, +y)+ (9, +5y, +y + 6v, + , +,
as and Note : Ineach formulae the upper limitx stands for x,+ nh, where
n is number o subintervals of We know that -[log(1 + )]
0.694 = log (1 + 1) - log (1 +0) (by (
To apply 0.694 = log 2-0
even number of sublhtervals i.e., the
" Simpson's i/3 rule n must be even (i.e., there should be
log 2 = 0.694
subscriptof last symbol (i.e.,y. )must be even).
y) must
"Simpson's 3/8 rule n must be a multiple of 3 (i.e., the subscript of last symbl (i.e., 3
choosing h = 1.
Example 2: Evaluatedx by trapezoidal rule by
erms)
ms) } be a multiple of 3).
"Weddie's rule n must be a multiple of 6. (i.e., the subscript of last symbol (i.. y)must be a
-3

multiple of 6, i.e., there should be atleast seven consecutive valuesof y). Solution: Here, y =fx)= *
X, =-3 y, =f-3) = (-3) = 8l
WORKED EXAMPLES x, =X, +h=-3+1=-2 ,=f-2) = l6
=A-l) 1
X,= X,+h=-2+ 1 =-1 ,=A0) =0
dx
Exanmple 1: Evaluateby Trapezoidal rule by considering eight sabintervals of X, =X, +h=-l+1 =0
I, =,+h=0+ 1=1 Y,=A2) = 16
[0, 1]. Hence find an approximate value of log2. X,F A, +h=1+1=2 y,=f3)= 81
X, =X, +h=2+|=3
 Solution: Example
Here.
Solution: Example 18
The Also,
I, Given 4: ,
I, 1 =0
}=I,=I,+
=x, h=0+ =0.399.y,=0.352,
Simpson's The
4, in Use Here. 3:
I,= h= the
Simpson's
Trapezoidal
+
+h=2+]
h=3+1= + l, step x, fu) By
h= =
0. Simpson's
y=f) 1/3d
1+l of Sr) rule 0.5,x,
=0.399 rule
1
=2 = unit. 1/3rd da 0.5 is y, is
4 3 =
(l+x rule
=(0.399 h=-=0.5-0=
30.5 =I6,
=
0.242, x,
13rd
=0.352 0.5 rule
to 0.453 y, 1, 1, =(S1
evaluate =
Y,=(4)
=0.04
=0.0625
y,=3),=f2)0.111 = Y,
Y%=0) = + +
+ 0.129, 1.5, =evaluatefr) +
=f1)
1.924 0.054) )+ 0.242
81) UG
40, y, ,=
I
0
+ Mathematics
(1+x)? + = 2(16
1)+
= dr0.484] + 0.054. 2.0.129
0.25 4(0.352 1.5 +1
(1+0)² =1 dx +0+1
correct
0.4768
=
+
20°J) + 0.054
given -
0.129) 2 VI
that, + (by
to 16)] Dr.
3 +
places 2(0.242)| 115 = Mahantesh
of
decimal S.
Swamy)

Solution: Example Intgration

Numerlcal
We
*=X, X, X,=X, + *;
*, +=X, X, =
+ For The
=X, =X, =4,
have, Simpson's here 5: Simpson's
+=4.6+ x,F
þy +=4.8 =4.4 =4.2 y=
Use s=,
1.8278 = Simpson'=5+0.2
s =
3/8th
5.2, f)Simpsons 6
+h=5+1=6=X,
1/3d
0.6 3(0.82) 3h + + + +0.+2 +
[3.035 (Û,+ 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 rule log,.
= dx ruleh=4+1
=
(1.3863 3/8h 5.2 = =5 4.8 = = =4.2 n t 3/8th is,
4.6 4.4 must
+3.0522 y) nh=5.2 =,[1.0204 3 =5
+ rule rule
+ 2(9,) be [(1+0.0204) (Û,
1.6487) a ’ to +
+ multiple Y)
18.2841]
+ 4+ evaluate
3, + +
+2(1.5261)
+
Y,=A4.8)
Y,=0S)
Y,=S.2) 1.6094
1.6487 =Y,=4.4)
1.5=2611.4=816 =
=Y,=f(4.6)
1.5686
=Í4.2)
y, =
Y=Í4)
1.3863
of =5.2
nh 1.3612
+ 0.0204 y,
4, Y,=I6)=
=Í5)
,+ 3.2 4(0.25 t
3 + y,
. Slog,dr. x 0.302] t
=
+3(1.4351
y,+
14351
=
take +0.0625 y) 0.0278
)) h= = +
n
=6 0.8945 + 20,t
5.2-41.2
+1.4816+ 0.0278)
y)]
h=
n +
6 L2 2(0.111+004)
1.5686
19
1.6094). + Exmp 20
givSolutic
en b
 0.2 D4)] 19

Example
TheX,=, giSolvenution: We 20
I,=X, X,=X I=, X,=A, I, x, Here PRmple
7: 3/8h =X,+ =, =X, by
=* the
Evaluate +h=2.6+ +h=
+h=2+0.2 +h= + + + x, 6:
0.5440
0.4771 | rule
h=2.4+ + h=
h= = definiteeknow
3 h=1.6 h=l+0.2 1 the
By
2.8 is, 2.2 1.4 1.2 1.8 curve
3 + + + + + integral that using
3.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
y. = = = = = = = = = y
dx 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 I.4 1.2
area Simpson'
= s
= =
using 0.9152 0.075 under x'+1x'-1
0.6020 3(0.2) 3h 2.8/,.2
Weddle's [0.7738 thbetween
e
+ [o, 3/8th
is (0+0.7738)
3(0.1803 curve
0.6532 the + rule
4.5 y) Y,=f(2.8) UG
+ 0.7738 =V=f2.2)
required Y,
V,=f2.4)
0.7041 =',=f1.8)
=0.6575 ; ),=fl.4)
0.5283 =0.3243
y, = V, y the with
=Í2) =f(1.6)Y,=f1.2)
=0.1803
rule + Mathematics
2.1914 20, =f(2.6) = =fr)
0.6996 +0.3243 fr) ordinates h
5.0 from + + = between =
area + 2(0.4382 y) = 0.6 = = 0.2,
9.2379] 0.7423 0.4382 0
the +0.5283 + x=1and findthe -
0.7404 3, the VI
5.5 following (bó
+ + ordinates
0.6575) approxinnate
under
area Dr.
+0.6+ y,
+ t=Mahantesh
0.7782
6.0 data ),+ x 2|8.
0.7041 and=,#, is
+), S.
+ + Swamy)
0.7423)) (-1)-
y))

Example Integration
Numerical
Solution:
and6). for Solution:
From
Weddle's
Now, ,
W.k.t =
3
the Here
to 0, Here 8:
Weddle'h=3.5
s
ruleapply , Evaluate
(iii)
Ih=z =1 y =
*y ,=X, h= X, o=0 n =
Sinmpson'
fr) s 0.15 3(0.105) 10 3h
+ = must
1Simpson's
y, rulc, 3=
= X, = [12.898 [O.4771
X, be + we0.5
+ , 5y,
+h
=
h=
6 2
multiple
1/3rd nh=1
t
1+: 3/8th
1)]= +
t
have,

6 6 4 6 3
5(0.5440)
y,
6 5 +
of
rulen rule by 1.9347 6y,
=
6.
(iv)
using +
Thus must
0+ +0.6020+6(0.6532) y,
Weddle's (1) +
n=6 be nh 5y,
= Trapzoidal +
even, 1
1s y
a rule.
’ proper for
3/8th
rule +
,=0)=0 choice(· rule 0.6996+

Y,=f(l) 0.5 = ,=)=04»=-03 must n

(ii)
Simpson'5(0.7404)+0.77821
s
=0.1622 it
0.4615 = is be
=0.4918 even,
multiple
1/3rd 21
multipleof3
of rule
3
and
 Weddie's
rule(iv)
(iii)
Simpson's (i) 22
Trapezoidal
rule(i)
Simpson's

du
= 3/8h
0.346575 0.346656 = dt 1/3rd
3(1/6)
10 34 rule
0.346611 = dx
3(16)8 =[(0+
R3h 1/6 =;l0,
rule =
[0+
[(0+
l0,+) I/6

5(0.J622) l(0+
0.5)
+
0.5) y)+ 0.5)
+
+ 2(0.4)
+ 2(0;) 4(0. 40, + 2(0.1622
+
0.3 + 1622 + UG
4 + 3(, y,
60.4) 3(0.1622 + + Mathematics
+ 0.4 y)+ +
y, + 0.3+
+0.4615 + 2(,
+0.3+0,4615 y, 0.4918)+ 0.4
+ + -
y,)) y,)) 0.4615
+
VI
5(04918) + 2(0.3 (by
+ Dr.
+ 0.4918)] Mahantoslh
0,49
+ 0.4615)|
+0.5)
18)] =
0.3442 S.
Swamy)

9. 8, 7. 6. 5.Eraluate 4. 3. 2. Numerlcal
Evaluate Using Evaluate Evaluate Evaluate ruleEvaluate,
Using ruleEvaluate
,
Sinpson' s Trabezoidal (iv) (iv)
l4 Integration
0.199 0.2 y 0.146 Weddle' s log eddle' s
dx (*) V2x-x* dx
e
1+:7 dx
using dX by x
1/3 by dx
0.389 0.4
rule by Simpson'sTrapczoidal rule. by rule. by
Weddle's rule 0.161 0.9589
L.0000
0.9896 using dx using
evaluatey by using
evaluate Simpson's Simpson's (i)
(i)
1/3d
rule Trapezoidal Trapezoidal
0.565 0.176 0,25
0.6 rule 2 )

for 4r+5*
dx rule. by EXERCISE
dx 0.190 for 1/3rd 3/8 choosing
0.717 0.8 the 0.50
0.75
1.00
rule,
3 the rule.
data, rule rule,
data (Ans: (i1)
0.204 0.8415
0.9089 for h= (1)
0.841
1.0 4 the Simpson's 1A108
0.2. 1.82765 Simpson'
(Ans : s
following
0.932 0.217 ; 1/3rd
1.2 1.32734; 1/3rd
3;1.3662;1.3571;
data rule,
0.230
rale,
0.985 : (iii)
1.4 6 1.32784; (in)
:0.14671)
(Ans (Ans: Sinpson's
(Ans:
1.388) Simnsorsa~
(Ans:0.8072) 1.61) : 1.136)
(Ans (Ans:
1.72197) 1.827241 ;13135)
3Ieth

AL
PicatBy
No Ar