Research Aptitude MCQ

1. Which of the following options are the main research tasks in modern society?
I. To keep pace with the advancement in knowledge
II. To discover new things
III. To write a critique of the earlier writings
IV. To systematically examine and critically analyse the investigations/sources with objectivity
Option
(A) IV, II and I
(B) I, II and III
(C) I and III
(D) II, III and IV
Ans: A

2. Match List I (Interview) and List II (meaning) and select the correct answer from the code given below
List I (interviews) List II (Meaning)
(a) Structured interviews (i) greater flexibility approach
(b) Unstructured interviews (ii) attention to the questions to be answered
(c) Focus interviews (iii) Individual life experience
(d) Clinical interview (iv) Predetermined question
(v) Non-directive
Code: (a) (b) (c) (d)
A (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
B (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
C (v) (ii) (iv) (i)
D (i) (iii) (v) (iv)
Ans: A
3. What do you consider as the main aim of inter disciplinary research?
(A) To bring out wholistic approach to research
(B) To reduce the emphasis of single subject in research domain.
(C) to over simplify the problem of research
(D) To create a new trend in research methodology
Ans: A
4. One of the aims of scientific methods in research is to:
(a) Improve data interpretation
(b) Eliminate spurious relations
(c) Confirm triangulation
(d) Introduce new variables
Ans: B
5. The depth of any research can be judged by
(a) Title of research
(b) Objectives of the research
(c) Total expenditure on the research
(d) Duration of the research
Ans: B
6. Research can be conducted by a person who:
(a) Has studied research methodology
(b) Holds a postgraduate degree
(c) Possesses thinking and reasonability ability
(d) Is a hard worker
Ans: C
7. Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) Objectives of research are stated in the first chapter of the thesis
(B) Researcher must possess analytical ability

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 (c) Variability in the source of the problem
(d) All the above
Ans: D
8. Which of the following is not a method of research
(A) Observation
(B) Historical
(C) Survey
(D) Philosophical
Ans: A
9. Research can be classified as
(a) Basic, Applied and Action Research
(b) Qualitative and Quantitative research
(c) Philosophical, Historical, Survey and Experimental research
(d) All the above
Ans: D
10. The first step of research is
(a) Selecting a problem
(b) Searching a problem
(c) Finding a problem
(d) Identifying a problem
Ans: D
11. Which following test is not used for testing the null hypothesis:
(a) t test
(b) ANOVA
(c) Chi Square
(d) Factorial Design
Ans: D
12. A research problem is feasible only when:
(A) It has utility and relevance
(B) It is researchable
(C) It is new and adds something to knowledge
(D) All of the above
Ans: D
13. Bibliography is given in a research report:
(a) Shows vast knowledge of the researcher
(b) Helps those interested in further research
(c) Has no relevance to research?
(d) All of the above
Ans: B
14. Fundamental research reflects the ability to
(a) Synthesise new ideas
(b) Expound new principles
(c) Evaluate the existing material concerning research
(d) Study the existing literature regarding various topic
Ans: B
15. The study in which the investigators attempt to trace an effect is known as
(a) Survey Research
(b) Ex-post facto research
(c) Historical research
(d) Summative Research
Ans: B
16. A generalised conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as
(A) Data analysis and interpretation
(B) Parameter inference

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 (C) Statistical inference
(D) All of the above
Ans: C
17. The experimental study is based on
(a) The manipulation of variables
(b) Conceptual parameter
(c) Replication of research
(d) Survey of literature
Ans: A
18. The main characteristics of scientific research is
(a) empirical
(b) theoretical
(c) Experimental
(d) All of the above
Ans: D
19. Authenticity of research finding is its:
(A) Originality
(B) Validity
(C) Objectivity
(D) All of the above
Ans: B
20. Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite?
(i) Area sampling Technique
(ii) Purposive Sampling Technique
(iii) Systematic sampling Technique
(iv) None of the above
Ans: iii
21. Research problem is selected from the stand point of
(i) Researcher’s interest
(ii) Financial support
(iii) Social Relevance
(iv) Availability of relevant literature
Ans: III
22. Which one is call non-probability sampling?
(a) Cluster Sampling
(b) Quota Sampling
(c) Systematic sampling
(d) Stratified random sampling
Ans: B
23. Formulation of hypothesis may not be required in
(a) Survey method
(b) Historical studies
(c) Experimental Studies
(d) Normative studies
Ans: D
24. Field-work based research is classified as
(a) Empirical
(b) Historical
(c) Experimental
(d) Biographical
Ans :A
25. Which of the following sampling method is appropriate to study the prevalence of AIDS amongst
male and female in India in 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2006?
(a) Cluster sampling

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 (b) Systematic sampling
(c) Quota Sampling
(d) Stratified random sampling.
Ans: B
26. The research is always-
(a) Verifying the old knowledge
(b) Exploring new knowledge
(c) Filling the gap between knowledge
(d) All of these
Ans: D
27. The research that applies the laws at the time of field study to draw more and more clear ideas about
the problem is
(a) Applied Research
(b) Action Research
(c) Experimental Research
(d) None of the above
Ans: C
28. When the research problem is related to heterogeneous population, the most suitable sampling method
is:
(a) Cluster sampling
(b) Stratified sampling
(c) Convenient sampling
(d) Lotter method
Ans: B
29. The process not needed in experimental research is:
(i) Observation
(ii) Manipulation and Replication
(iii) Controlling
(iv) Reference collection
Ans: IV
30. A research problem is not feasible only when:
(a) It is researchable
(b) It is new and add something to the knowledge
(c) It consists of independent and dependent variables
(d) It has utility and relevance
Ans: C
31. How can the objectivity of the research be enhanced?
(i) Through its impartiality
(ii) Through its reliability
(iii) Through its validity
(iv) All of these
Ans: IV
32. Action research is
(a) Applied Research
(b) research carried out to solve immediate problems
(c) Longitudinal research
(d) All of the above
Ans: B
33. The basis on which assumptions are formulated
(a) Cultural background of the country
(b) Universities
(c) Specific characteristics of the caste
(d) All of the above
Ans: A

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34. Which of the following is classified in the category of development research?
(a) Philosophical research
(b) Action research
(c) Descriptive Research
(d) All of the above
Ans: D
35. We use factorial analysis
(a) To know the relationship between two variables
(b) To test the hypothesis
(c) to know the difference between two variables
(d) To know the difference among the many variables
Ans: C
36. A null hypothesis is:
(a) When there is no difference between the variables
(b) The same as the research hypothesis
(c) Subjective in nature
(d) When there is a difference between the variables
Ans: A
37. The research which is exploring new facts through the study of the past is called:
(a) Philosophical research
(b) Historical research
(c) Mythological research
(d) Content analysis
Ans: B
38. The process not needed in experimental research is
(a) Observation
(b) Manipulation
(c) Controlling
(d) Content Analysis
Ans: D
39. Manipulation is always a part of
(a) Historical Research
(b) Fundamental Research
(c) Descriptive Research
(d) Experimental Research
Ans: D
40. Action Research means:
(i) Longitudinal Research
(ii) An Applied Research
(iii) A research initiated to solve an immediate problem
(iv) A research with socioeconomic objective
Ans: III
41. Research is:
(a) Searching again and again
(b) Finding the solution to any problem
(c) Working in a scientific way to search for the truth of any problem
(d) None of above
Ans: (C)
42. A common test in research demand much priority on
(a) Reliability
(b) Usability
(c) Objectivity
(d) All of the above
Ans: D

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43. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process?
(a) Searching source of information to locate a problem
(b) Survey of related literature
(c) Identification of the problem
(d) Searching for a solution to the problem
Ans: C
44. If a researcher conduct research on finding out which administrative style contributes more to
institutional effectiveness? This will be an example of:
(a) Basic Research
(b) Action Research
(c) Applied Research
(d) None of the above
Ans: C
46. Normal probability curve should be:
(a) Positively skewed
(b) Negatively skewed
(c) Leptokurtic skewed
(d) Zero skewed
Ans: D
47. Which correlation coefficient best explains the relationship between creativity and intelligence?
(a) 1.00
(b) 0.6
(c) 0.5
(d) 0.3
Ans: (a)
48. A hypothesis is a
(a) Law
(b) Canon
(c) Postulate
(d) Supposition
Ans: (d)
49. Suppose you want to investigate the working efficiency of nationalized banks of India, which one of
the following would you follow?
(a) Area sampling
(b) Multi-stage sampling
(c) Sequential Sampling
(d) Quota Sampling
Ans: (b)
50. Controlled group condition is applied in
(a) Survey Research
(b) Historical Research
(c) Experimental Research
(d) Descriptive Research
Ans: (c)
51. Workshops are meant for
(a) Giving lecture
(b) multiple target groups
(c) Showcase new theories
(d) Hands-on training/ experience
Ans: (d)
52. Which one of the following is a research tool?
(a) Graph
(b) Illustration
(c) Questionnaire

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(d) Diagram
Ans: (c)
53. Research is not considered ethical if
(a) Tries to prove a particular point
(b) Does not ensure privacy and anonymity of the respondent
(c) Does not investigate the data scientifically
(d) Is not of a very high standard.
Ans: (c)
54. Which of the following variables cannot be expressed in quantitative terms
(a) Socio-economic status
(b) Marital status
(c) Numerical aptitude
(d) Professional Attitude.
Ans: D
55. A doctor studies the relative effectiveness of two dengue fever drugs. His research would be
classified as
(i) Descriptive survey
(ii) Experimental research
(iii) Case study
(iv) Ethnography
Ans: (ii)
56. The term ‘phenomenology’ is associated with the process of
(i) Qualitative research
(ii) Analysis of variance
(iii) Correlational study
(iv) Probability sampling
Ans: (i)
57. The ‘sociogram’ technique is used to study:
(i) Vocational interest
(ii) Professional competence
(iii) Human Relation
(iv) Achievement motivation
Ans: (iii)
58. A research paper is a brief report of research work based on
(i) Primary data only
(ii) Secondary data only
(iii) Both Primary and Secondary data
(iv) None of the above
Ans: (iii)
59. Newton gave three basic laws of motion. This research is categorized as
(i) Descriptive research
(ii) Sample survey
(iii) Fundamental research
(iv) Applied Research
Ans: (iii)
60. A group of experts in a specific area of knowledge assembled at a place and prepared a syllabus for a
new course. The process may be termed as
(i) Seminar
(ii) Workshop
(iii) Conference
(iv) Symposium
Ans: (i)
61. In the process of conducting research formulation of hypothesis is followed by
(i) statement of objectives

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(ii) Analysis of data
(iii) Selection of research tools
(iv) Collection of data
Ans: (iii)
62. The research that aims at immediate application is
(i) Action research
(ii)Empirical Research
(iii) Conceptual research
(iv) Fundamental research
Ans: (i)
63. When two or more successive footnotes refer to the same work which one of the following
expressions is used?
(i) ibid
(ii) et.a.
(iii) op.cit
(iv) loc.cit
Ans: (i)
64. Nine-year-olds are taller than seven-year-olds. This is an example of a reference drawn from
(i) Vertical study
(ii) Cross-sectional study
(iii) Time series study
(iv) Experimental study
Ans: (i)
65. conferences are meant for:
(i) Multiple target groups
(ii) Group discussion
(iii) Show casing new research
(iv) All of the above
Ans: (iv)
66. Ex post facto research means:
(i) The research is carried out after the incident
(ii) The research is carried out prior to the incident
(iii) The research is carried out along with the happening of an incident
(iv) The research is carried out keeping in mind the possibilities of an incident
Ans: (i)
67. Research ethics do not include
(i) Honesty
(ii) Subjectivity
(iii) Integrity
(iv) objectivity
Ans: (ii)
68. Which one of the following is an incident of the quality of research journal
(i) Impact factor
(ii) h – Index
(iii) g-Index
(iv) i10-Index
Ans: (i)
69. Good ‘research ethics means
(i) Not disclosing the holding of shares/stocks in a company that sponsors your research
(ii) Assigning a particular research problem to one Ph.D/research student only
(iii) Discussing with your colleague’s confidential data from a research paper that you are reviewing for
an academic journal
(iv) submitting the same research manuscript for publish to more than one journal
Ans: (ii)

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70. Which of the following sampling methods is based on probability?
(i) Convenience sampling
(ii) quota sampling
(iii) Judgement sampling
(iv) Stratified sampling
Ans: (iv)
71. Which one of the following references is written according to American psychological association
(APA) format
(i) Sharma, V. (2010). Fundamentals of Computer Science. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
(ii) Sharma, V. 2010. Fundamentals of Computer Science. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
(iii) Sharma. V. 2010. Fundamentals of Computer Science, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill
(iv) Sharma, V. (2010), Fundamental of Computer Science, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill
Ans: (i)
72. Arrange the following steps of research in correct sequence:
1. Identification of Research problem
2. Listing of research objectives
3. Collection of Data
4. Methodology
5. Data analysis
6. Results and discussion
Options:
(i) 1-2-3-4-5-6
(ii) 1-2-4-3-5-6
(iii) 2-1-3-4-5-6
(iv) 2-1-4-3-5-6
Ans: (ii)
73. Identify the incorrect statement
(i) A hypothesis is made based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
(ii) A hypothesis is a basis for reasoning without any assumption of its truth
(iii)A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
(iv)Scientific hypothesis is a scientific theory
Ans: (iv)
74. A research paper
(i) Is a compilation of information on a topic
(ii) Contain original research as deemed by the author
(iii) contain peer-reviewed original research or evaluation of research conducted by others
(iv) Can be published in more than one journal
Ans: (iii)
75. Which one of the following belongs to the category of good ‘research ethics?’
(i) Publishing the same paper in two research journals without telling the editors
(ii) Conducting a ‘review’ of the literature that acknowledges the contributions of other people in the
relevant field or relevant prior work
(iii) Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons, in a research paper.
(iv) Including a colleague as an author on a research paper in return for a favour even though the
colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
Ans: (ii)
76. Which of the following sampling methods is not based on probability?
(i) Simple random sampling
(ii) Stratified random sampling
(iii) Quota Sampling
(iv) Cluster sampling
Ans: (iii)
77. Which one of the following references is written as per Modern Language Association (MLA)
format?

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(i) Hall, Donald, Fundamental of Electronics, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India, 2005
(ii) H, D, Fundamental of Electronics, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India, 2005
(iii) Hall, Donald, Fundamental of Electronics, New Delhi – Prentice Hall of India, 2005
(iv) Hall, Donald, Fundamentals of Electronics. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India, 2005
Ans: (iv)
78. A workshop is
(i) A conference for discussion on a topic
(ii a meeting for discussion on a topic
(iii) A class at a college or a university in which al teacher and students discuss a topic
(iv) A brief intensive course for a small group emphasizing the development of a skill or technique for
solving a specific problem
Ans: (iv)
79. A working hypothesis is
(i) A proven hypothesis for an argument
(ii) Not required to be tested
(iii) A provisionally accepted hypothesis for further research
(iv) A scientific theory
Ans: (iii)
80. The sequential operations in scientific research are:
(i) Co-variation, elimination of spurious relations, generalization, theorization
(ii) Generalisation, co-variation, theorization, elimination of spurious relations
(iii) Theorisation, generalization, elimination of spurious relation, co-variation
(iv) Elimination of spurious relations, theorization, generalization, co-variation
Ans: (i)
81. In sampling, the lottery method is used for
(i) Interpretation
(ii) Theorisation
(iii) Conceptualisation
(iv) Randomisation
Ans: (iv)
82. Which is the main objective of the research?
(i) To review the literature
(ii) To summarise what is already known
(iii) To get an academic degree
(iv) To discover new facts or to make fresh interpretations of known facts
Ans: (iv)
83. Sampling error decreases with the
(i) Decrease in sample size
(ii) Increase in sample size
(iii) Process of randomization
(iv) Process of analysis
Ans: (ii)
84. The principles of fundamental research are used in:
(i) Action research
(ii) Applied research
(iii) Philosophical research
(iv) Historical research
Ans: (ii)
85. The research approach of Max Weber to understand how people create meaning in natural settings is
identified as
(i) A positive paradigm
(ii) Critical paradigm
(iii) Natural paradigm
(iv) Interpretative paradigm

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Ans: (iv)
86. Which of the following is a non-probability sampling?
(i) Simple random
(ii) Purposive random
(iii) Systematic
(iv) Stratified
Ans: (ii)
87. Identify the category of evaluation that assesses the learning progress to provide continuous feedback
to the students during instruction
(i) Placement
(ii) Diagnostic
(iii) Formative
(iv) Summative
Ans: (iii)
88. The research stream of immediate application is
(i) Conceptual research
(ii) Action Research
(iii) Fundamental Research
(iv) Empirical research
Ans: (ii)
89. Who among the following, propounded the concept of paradigm?
(i) Peter Haggett
(ii) Von Thunen
(iii) Thomas Kuhn
(iv) John K. Wright
Ans: (iii)
90. In a thesis, figures and tables are included in
(i) The appendix
(ii) A separate chapter
(iii) The concluding chapter
(iv) The text itself
Ans: (iv)
91 A thesis statement is:
(i) An observation
(ii) A fact
(iii) An assertion
(iv) A discussion
Ans: (iii)
92. The core elements of a dissertation are:
(i) Introduction, data collection, data analysis, conclusions and recommendations
(ii) Executive summary; Literature review, Data gathered; conclusion; Bibliography
(iii) Research plan; Research data; Analysis; References
(iv) Introduction; literature review; Research methodology; Result; Discussion and conclusion
Ans: (iv)
93. What is research design?
(i) A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory
(ii) The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
(iii) The style in which you present your research findings
(iv) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data
Ans: (iv)
94. Sampling cases means
(i) Sampling using a sampling frame
(ii) Identifying people who are suitable for research
(iii) Literally the researcher’s briefcase

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(iv) Sampling of people, newspapers, television programme
Ans: (iv)
95. The frequency distribution of research data which is symmetrical in shape similar to a normal
distribution, but center peak is much higher, is
(i) Skewed
(ii) Mesokurtic
(iii) Leptokurtic
(iv) Platykurtic
Ans: (iii)
96. When planning to do a social research, it is better to:
(i) Approach the topic with an open mind
(ii) Do a pilot study before getting stuck into it
(iii) Be familiar with the literature on the topic
(iv) Forget about theory because this is very practical.
Ans: (iii)
97. When academicians are called to deliver lecture or presentation to an audience on certain topics or a
set of topics of educational nature, it is called
(i) Training programme
(ii) Seminar
(iii) Workshop
(iv) Symposium
Ans: (ii)
98. Which of the following statements regarding the meaning of research are correct?
(i) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the solution of a
problem
(ii) It is a systematic, logical, and unbiased process wherein verification of hypothesis, data analysis,
interpretation and formation of principles can be done.
(iii) It is an intellectual enquiry or quest towards truth
(iv) it leads to the enhancement of knowledge
Options:
1. (i), (ii) and (iii)
2. (ii), (iii) and (iv)
3. (i), (iii) and (iv)
4. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Ans: 4
99. A good thesis writing should involve:
(i) Reduction of punctuation and grammatical error to a minimum
(ii) Careful checking of references
(iii) consistency in the way the thesis is written
(iv) A clear and well written abstract
Options:
1. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
2. (i), (ii) and (iii)
3. (i), (ii) and (iv)
4. (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Ans: 1
100. Jean Piaget gave a theory of cognitive development of humans on the basis of his
(i) Fundamental research
(ii) Applied Research
(iii) Action Research
(iv) Evaluation Research
Ans: (i)
101: Male and female students perform equally well in a numerical aptitude test. This statement indicates
a:

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(i) Research hypothesis
(ii) Null Hypothesis
(iii) Directional hypothesis
(iv) Statistical hypothesis
Ans: (ii)
102. Which research conclusions/findings cannot be generalized to other situations?
(i) Historical Research
(ii) Descriptive Research
(iii) Experimental Research
(iv) Causal comparative Research
Ans: (i)
103. Which of the following steps are required to design a questionnaire?
(a) Writing primary and secondary aims of the study
(b) Review of the current literature
(c) Prepare a draft of the questionnaire
(d) Revision of the draft
Options:
1. (a), (b) and (c)
2. (a), (C) and (d)
3. (b), (c) and (d)
4. (a), (b), (c) and (d)
Ans: 4
104. Which of the following statements is not true in the context of participatory research?
(i) It recognizes knowledge as power
(ii) It emphasizes people as experts
(iii) It is a collective process of enquiry
(iv) Its sole purpose is the production of knowledge
Ans: (iv)
105. Which of the following statements is true in the context of the testing of a hypothesis?
(i) It is only the alternative hypothesis, that can be tested
(ii) it is the only null hypothesis, that can be tested
(iii) Both the alternative and the null hypotheses can be tested
(iv) Both the alternative and the null hypotheses cannot be tested
Ans: (ii)
106. Which of the following are the basic rules of APA style of referencing format?
(i) Italicise titles of shorter works such as journal article or essay
(ii) invert author’s name (Last name first)
(iii) Italicise titles of longer works such as books and Journals
(iv) Alphabetically index reference list
Options:
1. (ii) and (i)
2. (ii) and (iv)
3. (ii), (iii) and (iv)
4. (i), (ii) and (iv)
Ans: 3
107. Which of the following are the characteristics of Seminar
(i) It is a form of academic instruction
(ii) It involves questioning, discussion and debates
(iii) It involves large groups of individuals
(iv) It needs the involvement of skilled persons
Options:
1. (ii) and (iii)
2. (ii) and (iv)
3. (ii), (iii) and (iv)

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 4. (i), (ii) and (iv)
Ans: 4
108. A researcher is interested in studying the prospect of a particular political party in an urban area.
What tool should he prefer for the study?
(i) Rating scale
(ii) Interview
(iii) Questionnaire
(iv) Schedule
Ans: (iii)
109. Ethical norms in research do not involve guidelines for
(i) Thesis format
(ii) copyright
(iii) Patenting policy
(iv) Data sharing policy
Ans: (i)
110. A researcher intends to explore the effect of possible factors on the organisation of effective mid-day
meal interventions. Which research method will be most appropriate for this study?
(i) Historical method
(ii) Descriptive survey method
(iii) Experimental method
(iv) Ex-post – facto method
Ans: (iv)
111. Which of the following is an initial mandatory requirement for pursuing research/
(i) Developing a research design
(ii) Formulating a research question
(iii) Deciding about the data analysis procedure
(iv) Formulating a research hypothesis
Ans: (ii)
112. The format of the thesis writing is the same as in
(i) Preparation of a research paper/article
(ii) Writing of seminar presentation
(iii) A research dissertation
(iv) Presenting a workshop/ conference paper
Ans: (iii)
113. In the qualitative research paradigm, which of the following features may be considered critical?
(i) Data collection with standardized research tools
(ii) Sampling design with probability sample techniques
(iii) Data collection with bottom-up empirical evidence
(iv) Data gathering to take place with top-down systematic evidence
Ans: (iii)
114. From the following list of statements identify the set which has negative implications for ‘research
ethics.’
(i) A researcher critically looks at the findings of another research
(ii) Related studies are cited without proper references
(iii) Research findings are made the basis for policy making
(iv) Conduct of practitioner is screened in terms of reported research evidences.
(v) A research study is replicated to verify the evidences from other researches
(vi) Bom policy-making and policy-implementing processes are regulated in terms of preliminary studies
Code:
1. (i),(ii) and (iii)
2. (i), (iii) and (iv)
3. (ii), (iv) and (vi)
4. (i), (iii) and (v)
Ans: 3

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115. In a research on the effect of child-rearing practices on stress-proneness of children in completing
school projects, the hypothesis formulate is that ‘Child-rearing practices do influence stress-proneness.’
At the data analysis stage, a null hypothesis is advanced to find out the inability of the research
hypothesis. On the basis of the evidence available, the null hypothesis is rejected at 0.01 level of
significance. What decision may be warranted with respect to the research hypothesis?
(i) The research hypothesis will also be rejected.
(ii) The research hypothesis will be accepted.
(iii) Both the research hypothesis and the null hypothesis will be rejected
(iv) No decision can be made with respect to the research hypothesis.
Ans: (ii)
116. Which sequence of the research steps is logical in the list given below?
(i) Problem formulation, analysis, development of research design, Hypothesis making, collection of
data, Arriving at generalisation and conclusion.
(ii) Development of research design, hypothesis making, problem formulation, Data analyses, arriving at
conclusions and data collections.
(iii) Problem formulation, hypothesis making, development of a research design, collection of data, data
analysis and formulation of generalisation and conclusions.
(iv) Problem formulation, deciding about the sample and data collection tools, formulation of hypothesis,
collection and interpretation of research evidence.
Ans: (iii)

117. Below are given two test- Research methods (SET I) and data collection tools (SET II); Match the
two sets and indicate your answer by selecting the correct code:
(Research Methods) (Data collection Tools)
a. Experimental method i. Using primary and secondary sources
b. Ex post-facto method ii. Questionnaire
c. Descriptive survey method iii. Standardize test
d. Historical method iv. Typical Test
Code:
a b c d
(1) ii I iii iv
(2) iii iv ii i
(3) ii iii I iv
(4) ii iv iii i
Ans: (2)
118. The issue of research ethics may be considered pertinent at which stage of research?
(i) At the stage of the problem formulation and its definition
(ii) At the stage of defining the population of research
(iii) At the stage of data collection and interpretation
(iv) At the stage of reporting the findings
Ans: (iii)
119. In which of the following, reporting format is formally prescribed?
(i) Doctral level thesis
(ii) Conference of researchers
(iii) Workshop and seminar
(iv) Symposia
Ans: (i)
120. The principal of the school conducts an interview session of teachers and students with a view to
exploring the possibility of their enhanced participation in school programmes. This endeavor may be
related to which type of research?
(i) Evaluation research
(ii) Fundamental research
(iii) Action research
(iv) Applied Research

Prepared by B. Sumer
Ans: (iii)
121. In doing action research what is the usual sequence of steps?
(i) Reflect, observe, plan and act
(ii) Plan, act, observe, reflect
(iii) Plan, reflect, observe and act
(iv) Act. Observe, plan and reflect
Ans; (ii)
122 In which of the following arrangement a wider spectrum of ideas and issues may be made possible?
(i) Symposium
(ii) Research article
(iii) Workshop mode
(iv) Conference
Ans: (iv)
123. Which of the following research types focuses on ameliorating the prevailing situations?
(i) Experimental research
(ii) Fundamental Research
(iii) Applied research
(iv)Action Research
Ans: (iv)
124. In finalizing a thesis writing format which of the following would form part of the supplementary
page?
(i) Bibliography and appendices
(ii) List of tables and figures
(iii) Table of contents
(iv)Conclusions of the study
Ans: (i)
125. Which of the following is susceptible to the issue of research ethics?
(i) Reporting of research findings
(ii) Inaccurate application of statistical techniques
(iii) Faulty research design
(iv) Choice of sampling techniques
Ans: (i)
126. A research attempts to evaluate the effect of method of finding on anxiety-proneness of children.
Which method of research would be appropriate for this.
(i) Survey method
(ii) Case study method
(iii) Experimental method
(iv) Ex-post-facto method
Ans: (iv)
127. There are two sets given below:
Set I specifies the types of research, while set II indicates their characteristics. Match the two and give
your answer by selecting the appropriate code.
Set I (Research Types) Set II (Characteristics)
(a) Fundamental Research (i) Finding out the extent of the perceived impact
of an intervention
(b) Applied Research (ii) Developing an effective explanation through
theory-building
(c) Action Research (iii) Improving an existing situation through the
use of interventions
(d) Evaluative Research (iv) Exploring the possibility of a theory for use in
various situations
(v) Enriching technological resources

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Codes:
A B C D
(1) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
(2) (v) (iv) (iii) (i)
(3) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(4) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
Ans: (i)

128 Which of the sets of activities best indicates the cyclic nature of action research strategy/
(i) Reflect, Observe, Plan, act
(ii) Observe, Act, Reflect, Plan
(iii) Act, Plan Observe, Reflect
(iv) Plan, Act, Observe, Reflect
Ans: (iv)
129. Which of the following sequence of research steps is nearer to the scientific method?
(i) Suggested solution of the problem, deducing the consequences of the solution, perceiving the
problem situation, location of the difficulty and testing the solution
(ii) Perceiving the problem situation, location of the actual problem and its definition, hypothesizing,
deducting the consequences of the suggested solution and testing the hypothesis in action
(iii) Defining a problem, identifying the causes of the problem, developing a hypothesis, selecting a
sample, collecting data and arriving at Generalisation and conclusions.
Ans: (ii)
130. The problem of research ethics is concerned with which aspect of research activities?
(i) Following the prescribed format of a thesis
(ii) Data analysis through qualitative or quantitative techniques
(iii) Defining the population of research
(iv) Evidence-based research reporting
Ans: (iv)
131. In which of the following activities, the potential for nurturing creative and critical thinking is
relatively greater?
(i) Preparing research summary
(ii) Presenting a seminar paper
(iii) Participation in research conference
(iv) Participation in a workshop
Ans: (iii)
132. Which of the following statements best reflects the meaning and characteristics of research?
Select from the code to give your answer
(a) Research means challenging the status quo.
(b) Research is an endeavour to collect facts and information
(c) Research is a synthesis of deductive and inductive processes
(d) Research means providing one’s assertions and beliefs
(e) Research is a careful review of reported studies
(f) Research is a critical and passionate search for knowledge
Code:
1. (a), (c) and (f)
2. (a), (b) and (c)
3. (a), (e) and (f)
4. (b), (d) and (e)
Ans: 1
133. The paradigm of research which focuses on the development of professional expertise of the
researcher-practitioner is called:
1. Action Research
2. Applied Research
3. Qualitative Research

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 4. Pure Research
Ans: 1
134. Identify the stages/steps of research in which ethical considerations become relevant.
Choose from the code to give your answer
(a) Identifying and defining a research question
(b) Postulating relationships among variables to advance a solution
(c) Collecting data through the use of research tools
(d) Defining the population and sampling procedure
(e) Data analysis and procedure employed
(f) Reporting procedure of findings/results.
Code:
1. (c), (e) and (f)
2. (b), (c) and (d)
3. (b), (c) and (f)
4. (a), (b) and (c)
Ans: 1
135. In the two sets given below, Set I specifies the methodologies of Research while Set II describes the
critical feature associated with a method of research. Match the two and select from the code to indicate
your answer:
SET I (Research Methods) Set II (critical feature associated)
(a) Experimental Research (i) Generalising the population from a large sample
(b) Ex-Post-Facto Research (ii) Establishing the patterns of events which have happened,
through primary and secondary sources
(c) Historical Method (iii) Studying shared behaviour patterns
(d) Ethnographic Method (iv) Establishing, cause and effect through control
(v) Probing into the causal factors from the observed effects
Code:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2. (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
3. (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
4. (iv) (v) (ii) (iii)
Ans: 4
136. In the two sets given below, set I provide the format of presentation and Set II gives the distinct
features to go with them. Match the two sets from the code to indicate your answer
SET I (Format of presentation) Set II (Distinctive features)
(a) Thesis/Dissertation (i) Based on a free-wheeling of idea
(b) Research paper (ii) Target oriented group based reflection
(c) Workshop (iii) Reflective deliberation based on specific themes
(d) Seminar (iv) Presentation on a summary of research done
(v) Systematic prescribed format
Code:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1. (ii) (i) (iii) (v)
2. (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
3. (i) (ii) (iii) (v)
4. (v) (iv) (ii) (iii)
Ans: 4

137. From the list given below identify those which are called non-probability sampling procedures
(i) Simple random sampling
(ii) Dimensional sampling
(iii) Snowball Sampling

Prepared by B. Sumer
(iv) cluster sampling
(v)Quota Sampling
(vi) Stratified sampling
Options:
1. (i), (ii) and (iii)
2. (ii), (iv) and (v)
3. (i), (iii) and (v)
4. (ii), (iii) and (v)
Ans: 4
138. The conceptual framework in which research is conducted is called
1. Synopsis of research
2. Research design
3. Research hypothesis
4. Research paradigm
Ans: 2
139. In which type of qualitative research designs, individual stories to describe the lives of people are
explored?
1. Ethnographic
2. Grounded theory research
3. Symbolic interaction
4. Narrative research
Ans: 4
140. In which of the following sampling methods employed in research, the units comprising the sample
are given equal and independent chance?
1. Stage sampling
2. Cluster Sampling
3. Dimensional Sampling
4. Snowball sampling
Ans: 2
141. Which of the following research is cyclic?
1. Fundamental research
2. Applied Research
3. Action Research
4. Evaluating Research
Ans: 3
142. This issue of research ethics becomes relevant in which of the following stages of research?
(a) Problem selection
(b) Hypothesis formulation
(c) Hypothesis testing
(d) Data analysis and interpretation
(e) Defining the research population
Select the correct answer from the following options
1. (a) and (b)
2. (c) and (d)
3. (b) and (e)
4. (c) and ((e)
Ans: 2
143. In this research design, the independent variable is selected rather than manipulated
1. Experimental research design
2. Historical research design
3. Ex- post-facto Research design
4. Descriptive survey research design
Ans: 3

Prepared by B. Sumer
144. When the researcher rejects the null hypothesis in his/her study and accepts an alternative
hypothesis, what type of error is likely?
1. Type I error
2. Type II error
3. Both Type I and Type II error
4. Neither Type I nor type II
Ans: 1
145. The researcher form which will be an appropriate fit for improving the efficacy of formative
assessment would be:
1. Fundamental research
2. Applied Research
3. Action Research
4. Ethnographic research
Ans: 3
146. In the two sets which follow. Set I give certain terms used in research while set II offers their
description. Match the two sets
Set I (Terms used in Set II (Description)
research)
(a) A postulate i) It ensures that obtained results vary in a particular direction
(b) A construct ii) It is something which can change either quantitatively or
qualitatively
(c) Variable iii) It is the statement of the principle assumed in the absence of
direct evidence
(d) Systematic error (iv) Though not directly observable, it is considered to exist
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1. i ii iii iv
2. iii iv ii i
3. ii i iii iv
4. iv iii i ii
Ans: 2
147. For research in policy-relevant areas, which organisation is entrusted with the initiative ‘impress’?
1. ILAS
2. ICSSR
3. ICPR
4. ICHR
Ans: 2.

Prepared by B. Sumer
 Classification and Representation of Data

1. When data are classified according to a single characteristic, it is called:

(a) Quantitative classification
(b) Qualitative classification
(c) Area classification
(d) Simple classification
Ans: (d)
2. Classification of data by attribute is called:
(a) Quantitative classification
(b) Chronological classification
(c) Qualitative classification
(d) Geographical classification
Ans: (c)
3. Classification of data according to location or area is called
(a) Qualitative classification
(b) Quantitative classification
(c) Geographical classification
(d) Chronological classification
Ans: (c)
4. Classification is applicable in the case of
(a) Normal characters
(b) Quantitative characters
(c) Qualitative characters
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Ans: (d)
5. In classification, the data are arranged according to
(a) Similarities
(b) Differences
(c) Percentages
(d) Ratios
Ans: (a)
6. When data are arranged at regular intervals of time, the classification is called
(a) Qualitative
(b) Quantitative
(c) Chronological
(d) Geographical
Ans: (c)
7. When an attribute has more than three levels it is called:
(a) Manifold-division
(b) Dichotomy
(c) One-way
(d) Bivariate
Ans: (a)
8. In an array, the data are
(a) In ascending order
(b) In descending order
(c) Either (a) or (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Ans: (c)
9. The number of tally sheet counts for each value or group is called
(a) Class limit
(b) Class width

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 (c) Class boundary
(d) Frequency
Ans: (d)
10. The frequency distribution according to individual variate value is called:
(a) Discrete frequency distribution
(b) Cumulative frequency distribution
(c) Percentage frequency distribution
(d) Continuous frequency distribution
Ans: (a)
11. A series arranged according to every item is known as:
(a) Discrete series
(b) Continuous series
(c) Individual series
(d) Time series
Ans: (c)
12. A frequency distribution can be
(a) Qualitative
(b) Discrete
(c) Continuous
(d) Both (b) and (c)
Ans: (d)
13. Frequency distribution is often constructed with the help of
(a) Entry table
(b) Tally sheet
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Ans: (c)
14. The data given as 3, 5, 15, 35, 70, 84, 96 will be called as:
(a) Individual series
(b) Discrete series
(c) Continuous series
(d) Time series
Ans: (a)
15. Frequency of a variable is always in:
(a) Fraction form
(b) Percentage form
(c) Less than form
(d) Integer form
16. A series of data with exclusive classes along with the corresponding frequencies is called
(a) Discrete frequency distribution
(b) Continuous frequency distribution
(c) Percentage frequency distribution
(d) Cumulative frequency distribution
Ans: (b)
17. The number of classes in a frequency distribution is obtained by dividing the range of variables
by the:
(a) Total frequency
(b) Class interval
(c) Mid-point
(d) Relative frequency
Ans: (b)
18. The largest and the smallest values of any given class of a frequency distribution are called:
(a) Class intervals
(b) Class marks

Prepared by B. Sumer
 (c) Class Boundaries
(d) Class limit
Ans: (d)
19. The arrangement of data in rows and columns is called
(a) Classification
(b) Tabulation
(c) Frequency distribution
(d) Cumulative frequency distribution
Ans: (b)
20. Diagrams are another form of:
(a) Classification
(b) Tabulation
(c) Angle
(d) Percentage
Ans: (b)
21. A pie diagram is represented by a
(a) Rectangle
(b) Circle
(c) Triangle
(d) Square
Ans: (b)
22. A sector diagram is also called:
(a) Bar Diagram
(b) Histogram
(c) Histogram
(d) Pie diagram
Ans: (d)
23. Which of the following is not a one-dimensional diagram?
(a) Simple bar diagram
(b) Multiple diagram
(c) Component bar diagram
(d) Pie diagram
Ans: (d)
24. Which of the following is a two-dimensional diagram?
(a) Sub-divided bar
(b) Percentage component bar chart
(c) Sub-divided rectangle
(d) Multiple bar diagram
Ans: (c)
25. The pie diagram represents the components of a factor by
(a) Circles
(b) Sectors
(c) Angles
(d) Percentages
Ans: (b)
26. The suitable diagram to represent the data relating to the monthly expenditure on different items
by a family is:
(a) Histogram
(b) Histogram
(c) Multiple bar diagram
(d) Pie diagram
Ans: (d)
27. A graph of a time series or historical series is called
(a) Histogram

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 (b) Histogram
(c) Frequency curve
(d) Frequency polygon
Ans: (b)
28. The histogram is the graphical presentation of data which are classified as:
(a) Geographically
(b) Numerically
(c) Qualitatively
(d) According to time
Ans: (d)
29. Histogram and Historigram are
(a) Always the same
(b) Not the same
(c) Off and on same
(d) Randomly same
Ans: (b)
30. A distribution in which the observations are concentrated at one end of the distribution is called a
(a) Symmetric distribution
(b) Normal distribution
(c) Skewed distribution
(d) Uniform distribution
Ans: (c)
31. For the graphic presentation of a frequency distribution, the paper to be used is
(a) Carbon paper
(b) Ordinary paper
(c) Graph paper
(d) Butter paper
Ans: (c)
32. Histogram can be drawn only for
(a) Discrete frequency distribution
(b) Continuous frequency distribution
(c) Cumulative frequency distribution
(d) Relative frequency distribution
Ans: (b)
33. A histogram is a graph of
(a) Frequency distribution
(b) Time series
(c) Qualitative data
(d) Ogive
Ans: (a)
34. Histogram and frequency poly are two graphical representations of:
(a) Frequency distribution
(b) Class Boundaries
(c) Class intervals
(d) Class marks
Ans: (a)
35. Frequency polygon can be drawn with the help of:
(a) Histogram
(b) Histogram
(c) Circle
(d) Percentage
Ans: (a)
36. The graph of cumulative frequency distribution is called
(a) Histogram

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 (b) Frequency polygon
(c) Pictogram
(d) Ogive
Ans: (d)
37. In cumulative frequency polygon, the cumulative frequency of each class is plotted against:
(a) Mid-point
(b) Lower class boundary
(c) Upper class boundary
(d) Upper class limit
Ans: (c)
38. A frequency polygon is a closed figure which is:
(a) One-sided
(b) Two-sided
(c) Three sided
(d) Many sided
Ans: (d)
39. Ogive curve can be occurred for the distribution of:
(a) Less than type
(b) More than type
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
Ans: (b)
40. The word give is also used for
(a) Frequency polygon
(b) Cumulative frequency polygon
(c) Frequency curve
(d) Histogram
Ans: (b)
41. Cumulative frequency polygon can be used for the calculation of
(a) Mean
(b) Median
(c) Mode
(d) Geometric mean
Ans: (b)
42. Which of the following would be most suitable for displaying the portions of a city’s budget spent
on different items?
(a) Pie chart
(b) Bar chart
(c) Line graph
(d) Histogram
Ans: (a)
43. The number of times a certain event has happened is called
(a) Fate
(b) Tally
(c) Frequency
(d) Probability
Ans: (c)
44. Data that can take an infinite number of different values is called:
(a) Discrete data
(b) Unlimited data
(c) Infinite data
(d) Continuous data
Ans: (d)
45. Data that can take only a limited number of different values is called

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 (a) Continuous data
(b) Finite data
(c) Infinite data
(d) Discrete data
Ans: (d)
46. A histogram is represented by
(a) A component of the bar chart
(b) A multiple bar chart
(c) A simple bar chart
(d) An adjoining bar chart
Ans: (d)
47. A straight line diagram representing the same areas as a histogram is:
(a) A frequency curve
(b) An unequal-width histogram
(c) An equal-width histogram
(d) A frequency polygon
Ans: (d)
48. Frequency density is calculated in the case of
(a) Equal width histogram
(b) Component bar diagram
(c) Unequal width histogram
(d) Lorens
Ans: (c)
49. The relative frequencies of particular components represented visually as sectors of a circle are
illustrated using the:
(a) Bar charts
(b) Pie charts
(c) Frequency polygon
(d) Histograms
Ans: (b)

All the best

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