Junior Secondary Mathematics Geometry Theorems

(A) Point
All angles round a point equals 360 degrees. Angles vertically opposite each other in an
a + b + c + d = 360 intersecting straight line are equal.
a=b

(s at a point) (vert. opp. s)

(B) Straight Line

If AOB is a straight line, then If a + b = 180 , then
a + b = 180 
AOB is a straight line.

(adj. s on st. line) (adj. s supp.)

(C) Parallel Lines

If AB // CD, then a = b. If AB // CD, then If AB // CD, then
b = c. b + d = 180 .

(corr. s, AB // CD) (alt. s, AB // CD) (int. s, AB // CD)

If a = b, then If b = c, then If b + d = 180 , then

AB // CD. AB // CD. AB //CD.

(corr. s equal) (alt. s equal) (int. s supp.)

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(D) Triangle
a + b + c = 180 d = a+b

(  sum of ) (ext.  of )

(E) Isosceles Triangle

IfAB = AC, then b = c. Ifb = c, thenAB = AC.

(base s, isos. ) (sides opp. equal s)

If ABC is isosceles and IfABC is isosceles and If ABC is isosceles and

AD = BD, CD⊥AB, ACD = BCD.

then ACD = BCD then ACD = BCD then AD = BD

& CD⊥AB. & AD = BD. &CD⊥AB.

(prop. of isos. )

(F) Equilateral Triangle

All interior angles of equilateral angle are the
same size.
a = b = c = 60

(prop. of equil. )

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(G) Congruent Triangle

ABC  PQR DEF  XYZ ABC  PQR DEF  XYZ ABC  PQR

(S.S.S) (S.A.S.) (A.S.A) (A.A.S.) (R.H.S.)

(H) Similar Triangle

AB BC CA
If A = X，B = Y， If = = , then AB AC
XY YZ ZX If = 及 A = X,
C = Z, then XY XZ
ABC  XYZ.
ABC  XYZ. then ABC  XYZ.

(A.A.A. ) (3 sides prop.) (ratio of 2 sides, inc.  )

(I) Congruent/Similar Triangle Related

(given)
(common side)
(common )
(proved)
(corr. sides, s)
(corr. s, s)
(corr. sides, ~s)
(corr. s, ~s)

p. 3
 (J) Polygon
Sum of interior angles of an n-sided polygon is Sum of exterior angles of any polygon is
(n − 2) 180 . 360 .
a + b + c + d + e = (5 − 2) 180 a + b + c + d = 360

(  sum of polygon) (sum of ext. s of polygon)

(K) Pythagoras' Theorem

If C = 90, then c 2 = a 2 + b 2 . If c 2 = a 2 + b 2 , then ABC is a right angled
triangle and C = 90.

(Pyth. theorem) (converse of Pyth. theorem)

(L) Parallelograms
(1) AB = DC, AD = BC. (2) A = C, B = D. (3) AO = OC, BO = OD.

Opposite sides are equal Opposite angles are equal Diagonals bisect each other
(prop. of //gram )

(M) Identifying Parallelograms

(1) If AB = CD and (2) If A = C and (3) If AK = KC and (4) If AD = BC and
AD = BC. B = D. BK = KD. AD // BC.

(diagonals bisect (opp. sides equal and

(opp. sides equal ) (opp. s equal)
each other) //)

p. 4
 (N) Rectangle (a type of parallelogram)

All interior angles = 90° AC = BD OA = OB = OC = OD

(prop. of rectangle)

(O) Rhombus (a type of parallelogram)

AC⊥BD Diagonal bisects interior angles

AB = BC = CD = DA

(prop. of rhombus)

(P) Square(rectangular-rhombus) (a type of parallelogram)

(prop. of square)

(Q) Mid-point theorem and Intercept theorem

If H and K are mid-points, If HK // BC and AH = HB, If AB //CD// EF and AC = CE，
(i) HK // BC， then AK = KC。 then BD = DF。
1
(ii) HK = BC
2

(mid-point theorem ) (intercept theorem)

p. 5
(R) Special Lines and Centres

Intersections of 3 angle bisectors

= Incentre
AD is an angle bisector

Intersection of 3 perpendicular bisectors

= Circumcentre
MN is a perpendicular bisector *can be outside the triangle

Intersection of 3 medians
AE is a median = Centroid

Intersection of 3 altitudes
AF is an altitude = Orthocentre
*can be outside the triangle

• The centroid, orthocentre, and circumcentre all fall in a straight line.

• The centroid is always between the orthocentre and the circumcenter.
• Centroid-orthocentre distance = 2 x Centroid-Circumcentre distance

p. 6
 Junior Secondary Mathematics Geometry Theorems
Examples
(A) Point

At O,
AOB + BOC + COD + DOE + EOA = 360°(s at a point)
90° + 62° + 30° + x + 100° = 360
x = 78°

At O,
BOE = FOA (vert. opp. s)
a = 70°

(B) Straight line

On AOB,
BOC + COA = 180° (adj. s on st. line)
a + 60° = 180°
a = 120°

AOC + COD + DOB

= 40° + 80° + 60°
= 180°
∴AOB is a straight line. (adj. s supp.)

p. 7
(C) Parallel Lines

P
∵AB // CD
∴DQF = BPQ (corr. s, AB // CD)
Q x = 80°

∵EFB = EGD = 130° (given)

∴ AB // CD (corr. s equal)

∵AB // CD
P ∴ BPQ = PQC (alt. s, AB // CD)
Q m = 90°

∵ABC = DCB = 55° (given)

∴ AB // CD (alt. s equal)

∵ AB // CD
P
∴AQP + CPE = 180° (int. s, AB // CD)
k + 55° = 180°
Q k = 125°

∵CBF + DFB
= 36° + 144°
= 180°
∴CB // DE (int. s supp.)

p. 8
(D) Triangle

In XYZ,
ZYX + YXZ + XZY = 180° ( sum of )
a + 60° + 80° = 180°
a = 40°

In ABC,
ABC + BAC = ACD (ext.  of )
x + 55° = 135°
x = 80°

(E) Isosceles Triangle

In ABC,
∵ AB = AC (given)
∴ ABC = ACB (base s, isos. )
c = 40°
In ABC,
∵ABC = ACB = 80° (given)
∴ AB = AC (sides opp. equal s)
y=4

In ABC,
∵ AB = AC and BM = MC (given)
∴ CAM = BAM (prop. of isos. )
y = 30°

In ABC,
∵ AB = AC and BAM = CAM = 40° (given)
∴ CM = BM (prop. of isos. )
r=5

In ABC,
∵ AB = AC and AM ⊥ BC (given)
∴ CAM = BAM (prop. of isos. )
y = 30°

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(F) Equilateral Triangle

In ABC,
∵ AB = BC = AC (given)
∴ ABC = 60° (prop. of equil. )
x = 60°

(G) Congruent Triangle

In LMN and VUT,

 LM = VU = 2.8 cm (given)
 MN = UT = 2 cm (given)
 LN = VT = 3.5 cm (given)
∴LMN  VUT (SSS)

In ADB and ADC,

 AD = AD (common side)
 BD = CD (given)
 ADB = ADC = 90° (given)
∴ADB  ADC (SAS)

In ABC and RQP,

 BC = QP = 5(given)
 ABC = RQP = 40° (given)
 ACB = RPQ = 50° (given)
∴ABC  RQP (ASA)

In PQT and RQS,

 QT = QS (given)
 PQT = RQS (common )
 QPT = QRS (given)
∴PQT  RQS (AAS)

In PQR and ZYX,

 PQ = ZY = 3 cm (given)
 PR = ZX = 5 cm (given)
 PQR = ZYX = 90° (given)
∴PQR  ZYX (RHS)

p. 10
(H) Similar Triangle
In ABC and EFD,
 BAC = FED (given)
 ABC = EFD (given)
  ACB = EDF (given)
∴ABC ~ EFD (AAA)
In ABC and EFD,
AB 6
 = =2
EF 3
BC 8
 = =2
FD 4
AC 10
 = =2
ED 5
AB BC AC
∴ = = =2
EF FD ED
∴STU ~ YZX (3 sides prop.)
In STU and YXZ,
 SUT = YZX = 30° (given)
SU 15 5
 = =
YZ 9 3
UT 5
 =
ZX 3
SU UT 5
∴ = =
YZ ZX 3
∴STU ~ YXZ (ratio of 2 sides, inc. )

(I) Congruent/Similar Triangle Related

∵PQR  UST (given)
PQR  UST
∴ QR = ST (corr. sides,  s)
p=5
∵PQR  UST (given)
∴ PRQ = UTS (corr. s,  s)
q = 30°
∵ABC ~ DEF (given)
ABC ~ DEF ∴ACB = DFE (corr. s, ~s)
h = 19°
∵ABC ~ DEF (given)
AB BC AC
∴ = = (corr. sides, ~s)
DE EF DF
AB 4 e
= =
DE 8 6
e=3

p. 11
(J) Polygon

In ABCD,
BCD + CDA + DAB + ABC = (4 – 2) × 180°( sum of polygon)
x + 69° + 63° + 102° = 360°
x = 126°

In ABCDE,
x + 102° + 62° + 79° + 72° = 360° (sum of ext s of polygon)
x = 45°

(K) Pythagoras Theorem

In ABC,
AC2 + BC2 = AB2 (Pyth. Thm)
x2 + 52 = 62
x2 = 11
x = 3.32 (3 sig. fig.)

In ABC,
AB2 + BC2
= 212 + 202
= 441 + 400
= 841
 AC2
= 292
= 841
∵ AB2 + BC2 = AC2
∴ ABC = 90° (converse of Pyth. Thm.)

p. 12
(L) Parallelogram

In //gram ABCD,
AD = BC and AB = DC (prop. of //gram)
x = 5, y = 3

In //gram ABCD,
DE = BE and AE = CE (prop. of //gram)
x = 6, y = 8

In //gram PQRS,
QPS = QRS (prop. of //gram)
4x = 40°
x = 10°

(M) Identifying Parallelograms

 AB = CD = 6 cm (given)
 AD = BC = 3 cm (given)
∴ ABCD is a //gram. (opp. sides equal)

 A = C = 65° (given)
 D = B = 115° (given)
∴ ABCD is a //gram. (opp. s equal)

 AE = CE = 5 cm (given)
 BE = DE = 6 cm (given)
∴ ABCD is a //gram. (diagonals bisect each other)

 AB = CD = k cm (given)
 AB // CD (given)
∴ ABCD is a //gram. (opp. side equal and //)

p. 13
(N) Rectangle (a type of parallelogram)
In rectangle ABCD,
OA = OD (prop. of rectangle)
p=5

OB = OC (prop. of rectangle)
OBC = OCB = q (base s, isos. )

OBC + OCB = AOB (ext.  of )

2q = 136°
q = 68°

(O) Rhombus (a type of parallelogram)

In rhombus ABCD,
OAD = OAB (prop. of rhombus)
m = 32°

In rhombus ABCD,
BOC = 90° (prop. of rhombus)

In BOC,
OB2 + OC2 = BC2 (Pyth. Thm)
92 + 122 = h2
h = 15

In rhombus ABCD,
DC = BC (prop. of rhombus)
k = h = 15

(P) Square(rectangular-rhombus) (a type of parallelogram)

In square ABCD,
CD = BC (prop. of square)
x + 6 = 10
x=4

ACB = 45° (prop. of square)

2y = 45°
y = 22.5°
In square ABCD,
AOB = a = 90° (prop. of square)

BC = AD (prop. of square)
b–5=5
b = 10

p. 14
(Q) Mid-point theorem and Intercept theorem

In ADE,
∵ AB = BD = 5cm and AC = CE = 6 cm (given)
∴ 2BC = DE and BC // DE (mid pt. thm)
2x = 13
x = 6.5

∵AD // BE // CF and AB = BC (given)

∴ DE = EF (intercept thm.)
x=4

∵BD // CE and AD = DE (given)

∴ AB = BC (intercept thm.)
y=7

p. 15
 Senior Secondary Mathematics Geometry Theorems
(A) Chords
If ON ⊥ AB, then AN = NB. If AN = NB, then ON ⊥ AB. If CM ⊥ AB and AM = MB,
then CM passes through O.

(line from centre ⊥ chord (line joining centre to (⊥ bisector of chord passes
bisects chord ) mid-pt. of chord ⊥ chord ) through centre)

If AB = CD, then OM = ON. If OM = ON, then AB = CD.

( equal chords, equidistant from centre) (chords equidistant from centre are equal)

(B) Angles within a circle

If P is on the circumference and O is the centre, If P, Q are on the circumference, then x = y.
then x = 2y.

( at centre twice  at circumference ) (s in the same segment )

If AOB is diameter, then x = 90. If x = 90, then AOB is diameter.

( in semi-circle) (converse of  in semi-circle)

p. 16
(C) Cyclic Quadrilateral
If PQRS is cyclic quadrilateral, then If PQRS is cyclic quadrilateral, then x = z.
x + y = 180.

(opp. s, cyclic quad.) (ext. , cyclic quad.)

(D) Identifying Cyclic Quadrilateral

If x = y, then A,B,P,Q are on If x + y = 180, then P,Q,R,S are If x = z, then P,Q,R,S are on the
the same circle. on the same circle. same circle.

(converse of s in the same

(opp. s supp. ) (ext.  = int. opp. )
segment )

(E) Relationships of Angles, Arcs and Chords

 
AB x AB x

= 
=
CD y CD y

(arcs prop. to s at (arcs prop. to s at (eq. s, eq. arcs) (eq. arcs, eq. s)
centre) circumference) (eq. s, eq. chords) (eq. chords, eq. s)
(eq. chords, eq. arcs) (eq. arcs, eq. chords; )

p. 17
(F) Tangents
If AB is tangent at C, then If PR ⊥ OQ , then If PR is tangent at Q, the
AB ⊥ OC。 PR is a tangent at Q. ⊥ line pass through centre.

(tangent ⊥ radius) (converse of tangent ⊥ (line ⊥ tangent at pt. of contact

radius) passes through centre)

If TP and TQ are tangent at P and Q respectively, then

(i) TP = TQ ;
(ii) POT = QOT;
(iii) PTO = QTO.

(tangent properties)

If PAQ is tangent at A, then If x = y, then PAQ is tangent at A.

ACB = PAB.

( in alt. segment) (converse of  in alt. segment)

p. 18