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Lecture 4:Rules for Differentiation

求导法则
Part 1 The sum, difference, product and quotient rules
1． The sum, difference, product and quotient rules 函数的和、差、积、商求导法则：
If u = u ( x ) , v = v ( x )
Constant multiple rule ( ku )  = ku 【or d [kf ( x)] = k d [ f ( x)] 】
dx dx

Sum: ( u + v )  = u + v 【or d ( u + v ) = d (u) + d (v) 】

dx dx dx

d d d
Difference: ( u − v )  = u − v 【or ( u − v ) = (u) − (v) 】
dx dx dx

d du dv
Product: ( uv )  = uv + uv 【or ( uv ) = v + u 】
dx dx dx

uv − uv u

Quotient:    =
u
【or d   du v − u dv 】
 v  = dx dx
v v2
dx v2

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【例 1】
1 4
1．Differentiate 3x 4 − 2
+ + 5 with respect to x.
2x x

2．Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = x(2 x − 1)( x + 3) at the point (1, 4).

3．The curve y = ax4 + bx2 + x has gradient 3 when x = 1 and gradient −51 when x = −2. Find

the value of a and the value of b.

4．Let f ( x ) = 4 x 2 − 8 x + 3 .
1 
a Find the gradient of y = f ( x ) at the point  ,0  .
2 
b Find the coordinates of the point on the graph of y = f ( x ) where the gradient is 8 .
c Find the gradient of y = f ( x ) at the points where the curve meets the line y = 4 x − 5 .

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5．Use standard results to differentiate:
1 1
−3 1
a x +x −
3 2
x2 b 2x c x 2 + 4 x2
3

【例 2】
4 dy d2y
1．Given that y = 3x5 + find:a b
x2 dx dx 2

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2．Given that f ( x ) = 3 x + ,find: a f  ( x ) b f  ( x )
2x

3．Find the equation of the normal to the curve with equation y = 8 − 3 x at the point where

x=4 .

4．The normals to the curve 2 y = 3x3 − 7 x2 + 4 x ,at the points O ( 0,0) and A (1,0 ) ,meet at the

point N .
a Find the coordinates of N .
b Calculate the area of triangle OAN .

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【例 3】
dy
1．If y = e xsinx , then find .
dx

2．(a)If f ( x) = xe x , find f ( x ) .

(b)Find the nth derivative, f ( n) ( x) .

3．Differentiate the function f (t ) = t (a + bt ) .

4．If f ( x) = xg ( x) ,where g (4) = 2 and g(4) = 3 ,find f (4) .

5．If y = e x (sin x + cos x) ,find y .

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【例 4】
x dy
1．Given that y = ,find .
2x + 5 dx

x2 + x − 2
2．If y = ,find y .
x3 + 6

ex 1
3．Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = at the point (1, e ).
1+ x 2
2

x sin x dy
4．If y = ,find .
ln x dx

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【例 5】
1．If y = tan x ,find y .

2．If y = cot x ,find y .

3．If y = sec x ,find y .

4．If y = csc x ,find y .

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Part 2 The Derivative of an Inverse Function and Chain Rule
1．The Derivative of an Inverse Function 反函数求导
dy dx
Relation between and
dx dy
dy 1 1
= or [ f −1 ( x)] = . 反函数的导数等于直接函数导数的倒数.
dx dx f ( y )
dy
Notice:函数 x = f ( y ) 在区间 I y 内单调、可导且 f ( y )  0 ，那么它的反函数 y = f −1 ( x) 在
区
间 I x = {x | x = f ( y ), y  I y } 内也可导.

2．The Chain Rule 链式法则

If f and g both differentiable and y = f  g ( x )  is the composite function. It turns out that the
derivative of the composite function is the product of the derivatives of f and g.
Let u = g ( x ) , then y = f ( u )

or y = f  ( g ( x ) )  g  ( x )
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx

复合函数是由二个或二个以上的基本初等函数复合而成的, 求复合函数的导数时, 首先做

的工作是把复合函数进行换元, 拆分为多个简单函数进行求导.

【例 6】
dx
1．Find , y = 3x5 − 7 x .
dy

2．Find the derivative of the function f ( x ) = arcsinx .

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3．Find the derivative of the function f ( x ) = arccosx .

4．Find the derivative of the function f ( x ) = arctanx .

5．Find the derivative of the function f ( x ) = arccotx .

【例 7】
dy 1
1． Find ,if y = u2 and u = .
dx x+2

du 1
2．Find at v = 1 if u = x 2 + 1 and x = .
dv v

dy
3．Find if y = 1 + x 2 .
dx

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 ( ) dy
4
4．If y = 3x3 − 2 x 2 , find .
dx

5．Find the derivative of f ( x ) = sin x 2 . ( )

 x 
6．Find f ( x ) , if f ( x ) = tan   .
 x +1 

x
7．Find f  ( x ) , if f ( x ) = arctan   .
2

( )
8．Find the derivative of the function f ( x ) = ln x 2 .

Exercises
1．Find the gradient of the curve with equation y = f ( x ) at the point A where:

a f ( x ) = x3 − 3x + 2 and A is at ( −1,4 ) b f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 2 x −1 and A is at ( 2,13)

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2．Find the point or points on the curve with equation y = f ( x ) ,where the gradient is zero

a f ( x ) = x 2 − 5x b f ( x ) = x3 − 9 x 2 + 24 x − 20
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c f ( x) = x 2 − 6x + 1 d f ( x ) = x −1 + 4 x

3．The total surface area of a cylinder A cm 2 with a fixed volume of 1000 cubic cm is given by
2000
the formula A = 2 x 2 + ,where x cm is the radius. Show that when the rate of change
x
500
of the area with respect to the radius is zero, x3 = .


4．Differentiate:

( )
−5 1
a (1 + 2x ) c ( 3 + 4x ) 2
4
b 3 − 2x 2 d 7−x

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 dy
5．Find the value of at the point (8,2 ) on the curve with equation 3 y 2 − 2 y = x .
dx

1 1
dy  1  −
 2 2 , 4  on the curve with equation y + y = x
6．Find the value of at the point 2 2
dx  

7．Given that f ( x ) = x2 3x − 1 ,find f  ( x ) .

8．Differentiate:

5x x +3 3x 2 6x
a b c d
x +1 2x +1 ( 2 x − 1) 2 1
( 5 x + 3) 2

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