1

Answers of Problems

Chapter 1

1.1
a) [M L−1 T−2 ], Pa
b) [M L2 T−3 ], J s−1 (W)
c) [L T−2 𝜃], J kg−1 K−1

1.2.
[M L−1 T−2 ]/[L] = [M L−3 ] [L T−2 ]. Therefore, it is dimensionally sound.

1.3.
a)
1 bar cm3 = 105 Pa cm3
= 105 N cm3 m−2
= 105 × 10−6 N m
= 0.1 J
b)
1 lbf in−2 = 4.44822 N in−2
= (39.370)2 × 4.44822 Pa
= 6.895 × 103 Pa

25.3 × 6.895 × 103 = 1.744 × 105 Pa

1.4.
The weight of a body is the gravitational force acting on the body, that is,

Biochemical Engineering: A Textbook for Engineers, Chemists and Biologists, Second Edition.
Shigeo Katoh, Jun-ichi Horiuchi, and Fumitake Yoshida.
© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2015 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Companion Website: www.wiley.com∖go∖katoh∖biochem_eng_e2
2 Answers of Problems

(mass) × (gravitational acceleration, g). Strictly speaking, weight will vary slightly
with locations and altitudes on the Earth.

1.5.
Under low pressure we may assume ideal gas behavior for gas phase.

Assume x = 0.01
pressure of NH3 = 2.70 × 0.01 = 0.027 atm

Because of the low mole fraction of NH3 , we can use the molar volume
of pure water, that is 18.01/998 = 0.01805 m3 kmol−1 . The molar con-
centration of NH3 in water is 0.01/0.01805 = 0.554 kmol m−3 . Therefore,
H = 0.027/0.554 = 0.0487 atm m3 kmol−1 .

At 1 atm y = 0.027∕1 = 0.027

m = y∕x = 0.027∕0.01 = 2.70

(If m is defined as m = CG ∕CL , CG = n∕V = p ∕(RT)

= 12.18 p∕T = 12.18 × 0.027∕293
= 1.122 × 10−3
m = 1.122 × 10−3 ∕0.554 = 0.002026)

1.6.
Assuming the ideal gas law, the total mole of 200 m3 air + methane is

1(atm) × 200 m3 = n0.08206 × 293 n = 8.318 kmol

Mole number of methane to be removed is

8.318 × 0.20 × 0.99 = 1.647 kmol h−1

Mole fraction of methane in water at a partial pressure of 0.20 atm is

x = p∕H = 0.20∕(3.76 × 104 ) = 5.32 × 10−6

Density of water at 20 ∘ C is 998 kg m−3 , and thus

Mole number of water is 998∕18 = 55.4 kmol m−3

Mole number of methane dissolved in water is

55.4 × 1000 × 5.32 × 10−6 = 0.295 mol m−3

A minimum amount of water needed is

1647∕0.295 = 5580 m3 h−1

 Answers of Problems 3

1.7.
a) PE = 1.0 × 9.8 × 10 = 98 J
b) KE = 1.0 × u2 ∕2 = 98 J u = 14 m s−1

1.8.
Heat to be removed is
204.3 × 100 = 2.403 × 104 kcal h−1
Specific heat capacity of water is 1.0 kcal kg−1 ∘ C−1
Water needed is
2.403 × 104 ∕[1.0(30 − 20)] = 2403 kg h−1

1.9.
ΔH = Q = 0.950 × 1.02 × 1000 × (135 − 95) = 38 760 kcal h−1
saved heat (1 − 38 760∕58 140) × 100 = 33%

Chapter 2

2.1.
The heat transfer rate for the radial direction is Q = −𝜅A(dT/dr).
For the tube length L, the area A at r = r is; A = 2πrL
Thus, Q = 2π 𝜅 rL(dT/dr) and integration with the inside surface temperature
T i (∘ C) at r = ri and outside temperature T o (∘ C) at r = ro gives
Q = 2π𝜅L(Ti − To )∕ ln(ro ∕ri )

2.2.
By interpolation, the viscosity of water at 37 ∘ C is 0.69 × 10−3 Pa s
(2.1 × 10−9 × 1.00 × 10 – 3 )∕293 = (Dat 37 ∘ C × 0.69 × 10 – 3 )∕310
D ∘ = 3.2 × 10 – 9 m2 s – 1
at 37 C

2.3.
From the force balance acting on an imaginary coaxial fluid cylinder of radius r
and length L, the velocity distribution in laminar flow through a straight round
tube is given as follows,
du
πr2 ΔP = −2π rL𝜇
dr
du 1 ΔP
=− r
dr 2 L𝜇
4 Answers of Problems

ΔP r2
u=− +C
L𝜇 4
At r = ri u = 0
( )
ΔP ri2 r2
u= 1− 2
4L𝜇 ri

Total volumetric flow rate is

ri ΠΔPri4
∫0
F= 2πru dr =
8L𝜇
Averaged flow rate v
ΔP ri2
v = F∕(π ri2 ) =
8L𝜇
( )
u r2
Therefore, =2 1− 2 (2.8)
v ri

ΔP ri2
and v = F∕(π ri2 ) = (2.9)
8L𝜇

2.4.
(Re) = dv𝜌∕𝜇 = 0.03 × 1.97 × 800∕2 = 23.6
Laminar flow; from Equations 2.10 and 2.12
ΔP = 2 f 𝜌v2 (L∕d) = 2 × 16 × 800 × 1.972 × 50∕(23.6 × 0.03)
= 7.02 × 103 kPa = 69.3 atm

2.5.
By use of the partial pressure difference
kGp (17.5∕760 − 15∕760) = 0.0041 × 10∕18.01
kGp = 0.692 kmol h−1 m−2 atm−1
From Example 2.4
kGc = 0.0821 × (273 + 22.5) × kGp = 16.8 m h−1
Δyf = DH2 O ∕kGc = (0.25 × 3600∕10 000)∕16.8 = 5.36 × 10−3 m
= 5.36 mm
 Answers of Problems 5

2.6.
From Equation 2.17
h = 𝜅∕Δyf Δyf = 𝜅∕h = 0.55∕2300 = 2.39 × 10−4 m
= 239 μm

2.7.
From Equation 2.6
𝜏 = K(du∕dy)n
At a shear rate of 60 s−1
𝜏 = 0.415(60)1.23 = 63.9 Pa
𝜇a = 63.9∕60 = 1.07 Pa s

Chapter 3

3.1.
According to Equation 3.7 ln(k) is plotted against 1/T

–1

–2

–3

–4

–5
0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035
1/T, K–1
6 Answers of Problems

The slope of the straight line through the data points (−Ea /R) is −8010 K. Thus,
the activation energy is given as:
Ea = 8010 × 8.31
= 6.66 × 104 kJ kmol−1

3.2.
By use of Equation 3.11 ln(C A0 /C A ) is plotted against. The slope of the straight line
(k) is 0.0161 min−1 . Thus, this is the first order reaction, and the rate constant is
0.0161 min−1 .

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time, min

3.3.
If the reactants A and B are introduced in the stoichiometric ratio, the following
equations hold, that is C A0 = C B0 and C A = C B .
dCA
−rA = − = kCA 2
dt
By integration with the initial condition, at t = 0, C A = C A0 .
1 1 1 xA
− = = kt
CA CA0 CA0 1 − xA
 Answers of Problems 7

3.4.
By plotting 1/C A − 1/C A0 against t, a straight line is obtained.

3
CA – 1/CA0, m3 kmol–1

0
0 100 200 300 400
Time, min

The slope of the line is 0.012, and thus the second-order rate constant is
0.012 m3 kmol−1 min−1 .

3.5.
The half time t 1/2 is
t1∕2 = ln 2∕kd
= 0.693∕0.001 = 690 s = 11.5 min

3.6.
1) Initial rate 0.046 gmol m−3 min−1
2) Production of p-nitrophenol in μmol cm−3 min−1 is 0.046. Thus, 0.046 unit
cm−3 .

3.7.
By the lineweaver–Burk plot
Km = 2.5 g mol m−3 ,
Vmax = 8.1 × 10−6 g mol m−3 s−1
8 Answers of Problems

4
1/r, pm3 min gmol–1 peptide 2.5 μM

3
1.5 μM

0 μM

0
–0.2 –0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
1/S, m3 gmol–1

3.8
1) The Lineweaver–Burk plot shows that the mechanism is competitive inhibi-
tion. From the straight line for the data without the inhibitor peptide K m and
V max are 4.9 mmol l−1 and 2.20 mmol l−1 min−1 , respectively.
2) The slopes of the Lineweaver–Burk plot with the inhibitor of 1.5 and 2.5 μM
are 5.5 × 103 and 8.6 × 103 min, respectively. By use of Equation 3.40, the K I
values are 1.0 × 10−3 and 0.86 × 10−3 gmol m−3 , respectively, and an averaged
value is 0.93 × 10−3 gmol m−3 .

3.9.
1)
CE0
CES = ( )
CS Km
1+ KI
+ CS

CE CS CES CS
= Km , = KI
CES CES2
From these equations
CES CS
CE0 = CES + + CE
KI
CE0
Thus, CES = ( )
CS Km
1+ KI
+ CS
 Answers of Problems 9

k2 CE0
rp = k2 CES = ( )
C Km
1 + KS + CS
I

Vmax CS
= ( )
C
CS 1 + KS + Km
I

This is Equation 3.42.

2) By assuming a suitable value of K m = K I in the above equation, values of rp are
calculated. When K m = 60 g mol m−3 is assumed, V max = 1.0 g mol m−3 min−1
is obtained, and rp values calculated agree with the experimental values.

Chapter 4

4.1.
1) From Equation 4.3 𝜇 = ln2/t d = 0.693/0.5 = 1.39 h−1 .
2) From Equation 4.5 ln (C x /C x0 ) = 𝜇 max t
Thus, ln(10∕0.1) = 1.39 t, t = 3.3 h

4.2.
1) 𝜇 max = ln (C x /C x0 )/t = ln (0.5/0.1)/1 = 1.61 h−1
2) t d = ln 2/𝜇 max = 0.693/1.61 = 0.43 h
3) t = ln (1.0/0.1)/𝜇 max = 2.30/1.61 = 1.4 h.

4.3.
1 and 2.
100
deccelerating

exponential

10

accelerating
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time, h
10 Answers of Problems

3. From the slope of the straight line for the exponential growth phase
𝜇max = 0.16 h−1

4.4.
𝜇max = 0.05 h−1

4.5.
From Equation 4.5
𝜇max = ln(Cx ∕Cx0 )∕t = ln(54∕19)∕7
= 0.15 h−1
From Equation 4.4 Y xS = (54 − 19)/81 = 0.43 (kg dry cells formed)/(kg substrate
consumed)

4.6.
At steady state C x = (4.0 − 0.2) × 0.42 = 1.6 g dry cells l−1
From Equation 4.2 rx = 𝜇 C x
1.6 × 0.5 (g dry cell l−1 h−1 ) = 𝜇 × 1.6

𝜇 = 0.5 h−1
Please see also Section 12.6.3.

Chapter 5

5.1.
U o = 188 kcal h−1 m−2 ∘ C−1

5.2.
a) From heat balance 10 (40 − 20) = 8 (80 − t 2 )
t = 55 ∘ C
2

b)
(Δt)lm = (Δt2 − Δt1 )∕ ln(Δt2 ∕Δt1 ) = [(80 − 40) − (55 − 20)]∕ ln(40∕35)
= 37.4 ∘ C
900 W m−2 K−1 = 774.4 kcal h−1 m−2 K−1 = 3240 k J h−1 m−2 K−1

A = Q∕[U(Δt)lm ] = 10 × 992 × 4.2(40 − 20)∕(3240 × 37.4)

= 6.88 m2
 Answers of Problems 11

5.3.
(Re) = du𝜌∕𝜇⋅ = (0.01 × 10 × 1.26)∕(1.75 × 10−5 ) = 7200
Under turbulent flow Equation 5.8a is used.
(Pr) = cp 𝜇∕𝜅 = (1.006 × 103 × 1.75 × 10−5 )∕0.0247 = 0.713
(Nu) = hdi ∕𝜅 = 0.023 × (7200)0.8 (0.713)1∕3 = 25.0
h = 25.0 × 0.0247∕0.01 = 61.8 J s−1 m−2 K−1 = 220 kJ h−1 m−2 K−1

5.4.
At 25 ∘ C, values of the properties of water are as follows. Specific heat,
cp = 4,182 J kg−1 ∘ C−1 , density, 𝜌 = 998.2 kg m−3 , thermal conductivity, 𝜅 = 0.597
W m−1 K−1 , viscosity, 𝜇 = 9.93 × 10−4 Pa s
(Re) = du𝜌⋅ ∕𝜇 = (0.025 × 1.2 × 998.2)∕(9.93 × 10−4 ) = 3.02 × 104
(Pr) = cp 𝜇∕𝜅 = (4182 × 9.93 × 10−4 )∕0.597 = 6.96
(Nu) = hi di ∕𝜅 = 0.023 × (3.02 × 104 )0.8 (6.96)1∕3 = 168.5
Thus, the water-side coefficient of heat transfer is
hi = 168.5 × 0.597∕0.025 = 4020 J s−1 m−2 K−1 = 3465 kcal h−1 m−2 K−1
The steam-side coefficient of heat transfer is converted to his based on the inside
tube surface by use of Equation 5.5.
his = 2000 × 30∕25 = 2400 kcal h−1 m−2 K−1
We use thermal conductivity of stainless steel of 14 kcal h−1 m−2 ∘ C−1 and
Equation 5.4
1∕Ui = 1∕ 3465 + 1∕5000 + 0.0025∕14 + 1∕2400
= 0.00109
Ui = 920 kcal h−1 m−2 K−1
(Strictly the heat transfer resistance of the tube wall ln(ro /ri )(2πri )/(2π𝜅) should
be used in the place 2(ro − ri )/𝜅. However, the obtained value of U i is almost the
same.)

5.5.
Methanol side
(Re) = (0.046 × 0.25 × 780)∕0.00042 = 2.13 × 104
(Pr) = (0.62 × 0.00042 × 3600)∕0.18 = 5.21
From Equation 5.8
him = (0.18∕0.046) × 0.023 × (2.13 × 104 )0.8 × (5.21)1∕3 = 452 kcal h−1 m−2 ∘ C−1
12 Answers of Problems

Water side
Flow rate of water
From heat balance
0.62 × 780 × 0.25 × Π∕4 × (0.046)2 × 30
= 1.0 × 1000 × u × Π∕4 × (0.082 − 0.052 ) × 5
u = 0.39 m s−1
(Re) = [(0.08 − 0.05) × 0.39 × 1000]∕0.0009 = 1.30 × 104
(Pr) = (1.0 × 0.009 × 360)∕0.52 = 6.23
how = (0.52∕0.03) × 0.023 × (1.30 × 104 )0.8 × (6.23)1∕3
= 1434 kcal h−1 m−2 ∘ C−1

The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer surface of the inner tube
Uo

Uo = 1∕[50∕(452 × 46) + 1∕1434] = 320 kcal h−1 m−2 ∘ C−1

The logarithmic mean temperature difference (Δt)lm is

(Δt)lm = [(60 − 25) − (30 − 20)]∕ ln(35∕10) = 20 ∘ C

Required heat transfer area is

Ao = [0.62 × 780 × 1.0 × π∕4 × (0.046)2 × 30 × 3600] ∕(320 × 20)
= 13.6 m2

Required total length of the tube

L = 13.6∕(π × 0.05) = 86 m

5.6.
(Re) = (L2 N⋅ 𝜌∕𝜇) = (1.0 × 1.67 × 900)∕0.09 = 1.67 × 104
(Pr) = (0.468 × 0.09 × 3600)∕0.109 = 1390

By use of Equation 5.13

h = 0.109 × 0.36 × (1.67 × 104 )2∕3 × (1390)1∕3 = 290 kcal h−1 m−2 ∘ C−1

Chapter 6

6.1.
The solubility of SO2 at 76 mmHg is 1.27 kg-SO2 /100 kg-H2 O
Assuming ideal gas behavior the mole number of 340 m3 of the gas mixture is

n = 1 × 340∕(0.08206 × 293.15) = 14.13 kmol

 Answers of Problems 13

The mole number of SO2 to be removed is

14.13 × 0.10 × 0.95 = 1.343 kmol = 86.03 kg − SO2
The amount of water required is
(86.03∕1.27) × 100 = 6770 kg − H2 Oh−1

6.2.
As shown in Example 2.4,
1kGc = RTkGp
At 293.15 K
1kGc = 0.08206 × 293.15 × kGp = 24.06kGp
When k Gp = 8.50 kmol m−2 h−1 atm−1 , k Gc = 204 m h−1

6.3.
The Henry’s law is expressed as p = H m C L or p = H x xL . The relation between H m
and H x is given as H x V m = H m , because xL /V m = C L , where V m is the molar vol-
ume of a liquid phase. From Table 6.1 H x of NH3 at 20 ∘ C is 1/0.37 atm. The molar
volume of pure water 0.018 m3 mol−1 may be used, because the concentration of
NH3 in liquid phase is low. Thus,
Hm = 1∕0.37 × 0.018 = 0.0486 atm m3 kmol−1
As shown in Example 6.1(a)
m = (Hm )∕RT = 2.70 × 0.018∕(0.08206 × 293.15) = 2.02 × 10−3
(This value is given in Example 6.2.)
a) From Equation 6.12
1∕KL = 1∕(mkG ) + 1∕kL

1∕(mkG ) = 1∕KL − 1∕kL = 1∕(2.70 × 10−5 ) − 1∕(1.44 × 10−4 )

= 1∕(3.32 × 10−5 )

kGc = 1.64 × 10−2 m s−1

b)
[(1∕(mkG )]∕(1∕KL ) = (2.7 × 10−5 )∕(3.32 × 10−5 ) = 0.81
81%
14 Answers of Problems

6.4.
Similar to Equation 6.11
1∕KGp = 1∕kGp + Hm ∕kL = 1∕1.10 + 0.0461∕0.34
= 1.0447

KGp = 0.96 kmol m−2 h−1 atm−1

KGc = 0.96 × 0.08206 × 288.15 = 22.7 m h−1
percentage of gas film resistance(0.96∕1.1) × 100 = 87%
or k Gp is converted to k Gc as shown in Problem 6.2.
m = Hm ∕(RT) = 0.0461∕(0.08206 × 288.15) = 0.00195
1∕KGc = 1∕kGc + m∕kL
1∕KGc = 1∕(1.10 × 23.6) + 0.00195∕0.34 = 0.0447
KGc = 22.6 m h−1
22.6∕(1.1 × 23.6) × 100 = 87%

6.5.
Average contact time = 0.4/20 = 0.02 s
From Equation 6.18
kL = 2(D∕πt)1∕2 = 2 × [2.1 × 10−9 ∕(Π × 0.02)]1∕2
= 3.66 × 10−4 m s−1

6.6.
As stated in Section 6.7, if concentrations are defined per unit volume of inert
carrier gas and solvent, their flow rates are constant. Thus, when the concentra-
tions are expressed by X = x/(1 − x) and Y = y/(1 − y), the operating line becomes
a straight line.
From mass balance
UG ′ (0.009 − 0.001) = UL ′ (0.08 − 0)

UG ′ ∕UL ′ = 10
From Equation 6.51
HOG = HG + HL mUG ′ ∕UL ′ = 0.45 + 0.06 × 10 × 0.3 = 0.63 m
Since the equilibrium is given by Y = 0.06X
NOG = (YB − YT )∕(ΔY )lm = (0.009 − 0.001)∕(ΔYT − ΔYB )∕ ln(ΔYT ∕ΔYT )
= (0.009 − 0.001)∕(0.001 − 0.0042)∕ ln(0.001∕0.0042) = 3.59
 Answers of Problems 15

From Equation 6.47

Z = HOG × NOG = 0.63 × 3.59 = 2.26 m

6.7.
From Equation 6.50
kL a = UL ∕HL = (20 000∕1000)∕0.30 = 66.7 h−1

6.8.
See Section 6.7.3 and Figure 6.5.

Chapter 7

7.1.
𝜏 = V ∕F = 0.1∕0.01 = 10 min

For CSTR, by use of Equation 7.6

0.12 × 10 = xA ∕(1 − xA ) xA = 0.55

For PFR, by use of Equation 7.10

1.2 = − ln(1 − xA )xA = 0.70

7.2.

1) As for PFR, the fractional conversion is same, and xA = 0.70.

For the first reactor of CSTR
t = V ∕F = 0.05∕0.01 = 5 min
0.12 × 5 = xA ∕(1 − xA ) xA = 0.375 CA10 = 0.625 kmol m−3

For the second reactor xA = 0.375

(CA10 − CA20 )∕CA10 = 0.375 CA20 = 0.390 kmol m−3

xA2 = 0.61

2) CSTR xA = 0.55, PFR xA = 0.70

7.3.
( ) ( )
dCA 4 1 dCA ∗
Ef = 4πR2 Deff ∕ πR3 kCAb =
dr r=R 3 3𝜑 2 dr∗ r∗ =1
16 Answers of Problems

dCA ∗ ∕dr ∗ (at r ∗= 1) = 3𝜙 coth 3𝜙 − 1

Ef = (3𝜙 coth 3𝜙 − 1)∕3𝜙2 (7.20)

7.4.
a)
R = 0.2 cm, k = 0.001 s−1 , Deff = 1.2 × 10−6
𝜙 = 0.2∕3 × [0.001∕(1.2 × 10−6 )]0.5 = 1.92
Ef = (3𝜙 coth 3𝜙 − 1)∕3𝜙2 = 0.43 or from Figure 7.4.
b) Decrease 𝜙 by decreasing R, decreasing k (decreasing the amount of catalyst in
a sphere) and/or increasing Deff .

7.5.
a) From Equation 3.28
Vmax CA 2.0 × 10−5 × 0.1
rP = = = 1.82 × 10−5 kmol m−3 s−1
Km + CA 0.010 + 0.1
After 10 min 0.01 kmol m−3 will be reacted, and thus the conversion
xA = 0.11
b) If we use the same amount of the enzyme for immobilization,
𝜙 = 0.005∕3 × [2.0 × 10−5 ∕(0.010 × 1.0 × 10−6 × 10−4 )]0.5 = 7.45

CAb ∕Km = 0.10∕0.010 = 10

From Figure 7.5 Ef = 0.50
The initial reaction rate is 1.82 × 10−5 × 0.50 = 9.1 × 10−6 kmol m−3 s−1
c) From Figure 7.5, the Thiele modulus 𝜙 must be smaller than 3.0. Therefore,
d = 2R should be smaller than 0.004 m = 0.4 cm.

7.6.
From the slope of the first straight line in Figure 7.13
dCL ∕dt = qo Cx = 8.2 × 10−3 mM l−1 s−1
 Answers of Problems 17

0.013

0.012

0.011

0.010

0.009

0.008
dCL/dt+q0Cx

0.007

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0.000
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
CL
From the curve after re-start of aeration, we obtain the following table

time, s CL dC L /dt dC L /dt + qo C x

30 0.020 3.8 × 10−3 12 × 10−3

35 0.039 2.7 × 10−3 10.9 × 10−3
45 0.063 1.87 × 10−3 10.1 × 10−3
55 0.082 1.21 × 10−3 9.4 × 10−3
75 0.108 0.44 × 10−3 8.6 × 10−3
100 0.119 — —

According to Equation 7.29 dC L /dt + qo C x is plotted against C L as shown

in this figure. The slope of the straight line is −K L a. From this figure
K L a = 0.038 s−1 = 137 h−1

7.7.
1) mole fraction of oxygen in equilibrium with air
2.0 × 10−5 × 0.21 = 4.2 × 10−6
0.233 mol m−3
18 Answers of Problems

the oxygen transfer rate

= 80 × 0.233
= 18.64 mol m−3 h−1
2) 7460 g dry cells m−3

7.8.
(Re) = (2 × 1010 × 0.32 )∕(9.8 × 10−4 ) = 1.86 × 105
From Figure 7.8 the power number Np is 6.
By use of Equation 7.32
P0 = 6 × 1010 × 23 × 0.35 = 118 W
By use of Equation 7.34
log(PG ∕P0 ) = − 192 (1∕3)4.38 (Re)0.115 (0.3 × 22 ∕ 9.8)0.653
× [0.6∕(60 × 2 × 0.33 )]
= − 192 × 0.00813 × 4.04 × 0.254 × 0.185 = − 0.296

PG ∕P0 = 0.506, PG = 60 W
The superficial gas velocity U G
UG = 0.60∕(60 × 0.452 × π) = 0.0157 m s−1
By use Equation 7.36b
kL a = 0.002 (60∕0.572)0.7 0.01570.2
= 0.002 × 26.0 × 0.436 = 0.023 s−1 = 82 h−1
(If Equation 7.37 is used

(kL ad2 ∕DL ) = 0.060 (Re)1.5 (0.3 × 22 ∕9.8)0.19 [9.8 × 10−4 ∕(1010 × 2.1 × 10−9 ]0.5
(9.8 × 10−4 × 0.0157∕7.0 × 10−2 )0.6 (2 × 0.3∕0.0157)0.32
= 0.060 × 8.02 × 107 × 0.671 × 21.5 × 0.00639 × 3.21 = 1.42 × 106
kL a = 1.42 × 106 × 2.10 × 10−9 ∕0.32 = 0.0331 s−1 = 119 h−1 )

7.9.
To keep the k L a value constant, PG /V and U G should be kept constant. Under
turbulent condition PG /V is proportional to N 3 L2 . Therefore,
23 × 0.32 = N 3 × 0.62 N = 1.26 s−1 = 76 rpm
aeration rate 0.6 × 4 = 2.4 m3 min−1
 Answers of Problems 19

(If we calculate k L a by use of Equation 7.37

kL a = 0.060 (4.67 × 105 )1.5 (0.6 × 1.262 ∕9.8)0.19 [9.8 × 10−4 ∕(1010
× 2.1 × 10−9 )]0.5 (9.8 × 10−4 × 0.0157∕7.0 × 10−2 )0.6
× (1.26 × 0.6∕0.0157)0.32 × 2.10 × 10−9 ∕ 0.62 = 0.0338 s−1 = 121 h−1 )

7.10.
(Bo) = gD2 𝜌∕𝜎 = 9.8 × 0.32 × 1000∕(7.5 × 10−2 ) = 11 800
(Ga) = gD3 ∕𝜈 2 = 9.8 × 0.33 ∕10−12 = 2.65 × 1011
UG = 10∕(3600 × 0.152 × π) = 0.0393 m s−1

(Fr), Froude number = UG ∕(gD)1∕2 = 0.0393∕(9.8 × 0.3)1∕2 = 0.0229

ε∕(1 − ε)4 = 0.20(Bo)1∕8 (Ga)1∕12 (Fr)1.0

= 0.20 × 3.23 × 8.95 × 0.0229 = 0.132
ε = 0.090

(kL aD2 ∕DL ) = 0.60(Sc)0.50 (Bo)0.62 (Ga)0.31 𝜀⋅ 1.1

= 0.60 × 21.8 × 334 × 3.48 × 103 × 0.071 = 1.08 × 106
kL a = 1.08 × 106 × 2.10 × 10−9 × 0.32
= 0.0252 s−1 = 91 h−1

(dvs ∕D) = 26(Bo)−0.50 (Ga)−0.12 (Fr)−0.12

= 26 × 0.00922 × 0.0426 × 1.57
= 0.0160
dvs = 0.0160 × 0.30 = 0.0048 m = 4.8 mm

Chapter 8

8.1.
1∕KL = 1∕kL1 + 1∕kM + 1∕kL2
20 Answers of Problems

20

15
1/KL

10

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
1/u 0.33
Since the liquid film mass transfer coefficients of both sides increase by one-
third power of the averaged flow rate,
1∕KL = 1∕(cons × u1∕3 ) + 1∕kM
If 1/K L is plotted against 1/u1/3 , a straight line will be obtained and the intersection
with y-axis gives 1/k M .
Thus, 1/k M = 16.8 s cm−1 is obtained as shown in the figure.
kM = 0.060 cm s−1

8.2.
From Equation 8.5
JF = kL ln(CG ∕C) = kL ln CG − kL ln C
Slopes of the straight lines in Figure 8.4 give −k L .

Shear rate (s−1 ) kL (cm min−1 )

5000 1.18 × 10−2

2000 0.94 × 10−2
1000 0.73 × 10−2
500 0.56 × 10−2
 Answers of Problems 21

These values are roughly proportional to one-third power of the shear rate, as
expected by Equation 8.6.

8.3.

𝛾w = 8v∕d = 8 × 5.5∕0.03 = 1470 s−1

From Equation 8.7

JF = 4.20(r4 ∕L)1∕3 𝛾w ln(CG ∕C) = 4.20[(2.574 × 10−16 )∕20]1∕3 × 1470

× ln(95∕40) = 3.2 × 10−2 cm min−1

8.4.

CA = 1000 × 0.035∕342 = 0.10 g mol l−1

Π⋅ = RT C = 0.08206 × 293 × 0.10 = 2.4 atm

8.5.
The solute concentration is

2 × 20∕58.4 = 0.685 mol l−1

The osmotic pressure is

Π = RT × 0.685 = 16.75 atm

JF = 8 × 10−4 × (25 − 16.75)∕25 = 2.65 × 10−4 cm s−1

8.6.
See Section 8.5 as for the concentration polarization.

Chapter 9

9.1.
Since RM can be neglected, substitution of RC given by Equation 9.2 into
Equation 9.1 and integration will give
2ΔP
Vf2 = t
𝜇𝛼𝜌C

Therefore, V f is proportional to t 1/2 .

At 20 min 0.10 × 21∕2 = 0.14 m3

30 min 0.10 × 31∕2 = 0.17 m3
22 Answers of Problems

0.025

0.020

0.015
JF, cm min–1

0.010

0.005

0.000
.1 1 10 100
C, wt%

9.2.
The filtration fluxes (cm min−1 ) are plotted against ln C similar to Figure 8.4. From
the figure shown saturated albumin concentration 30 wt% liquid film mass transfer
coefficient
at 5 cm s−1 5.3 × 10−3 cm min−1
10 cm s−1 6.4 × 10−3 cm min−1

9.3.
t = 294 s = 4.9 min

9.4.
Elimination of dt from Equations 9.10 and 9.11 gives
2
dz dz dr dz vg 𝜔 Q
= = r=
dt dr dt dr g π(r2 − r12 )
2

Integration with boundary conditions (r = r1 at z = 0 and r = r2 at z = Z) gives

Equation 9.12.

9.5.
The terminal velocity under the influence of gravity is given by Equation 9.7
vg = [(1.25 × 10−4 )2 (1.1 − 1.0) × 980]∕(18 × 0.01) = 8.5 × 10−6 cm s−1
From Equation 9.12
𝜔 = 2π × 15 000∕60 = 1570 rad s−1
 Answers of Problems 23

By use of Equation 9.12

Q = [8.5 × 10−6 × π × 100(100 − 25) × 15702 ]∕[980 × ln(10∕5)]
= 726 cm3 s−1 = 2.6 m3 h−1

9.6.
Since the sedimentation velocity is proportional to the square of the rota-
tional speed, a rotational speed to obtain 10 times higher sedimentation is
30 000 × 101/2 = 95 000 rpm = 1580 rps

10 × (2π × 1580)2 ∕980 = 106

Chapter 10

10.1.
By use of Equation 10.3
ln(n0 ∕n) = kd t ln(1010 ∕0.001) = 3.2 t
t = 10.1 min

10.2.
For heating by direct sparging of steam in Table 10.1
T − T0 = (Hsteam − Hw at 25∘ C ) × m × t∕[cP (M + m t)]
121 − 25 = (2723 − 105) × 1000 × t∕[4.18(10 000 + 1000 t)]
t = 1.81 h

10.3.
The velocity distribution in a tube is given by Equation 2.8.
u = 2v[1 − (r2 ∕ ri 2 )]
u = v at r = 0.707ri

Thus, the flow rate Qf that passes with a higher velocity than v is given
[ ]
0.707ri 0.707ri
r2
∫o ∫0
Qf = 2πu rdr = 4πv 1 − 2 rdr
ri
Integration gives
[ ]0.707ri
r2 r4
Qf = 4ßv − 2 = 0.75πvri2
2 4ri
0
0.75
24 Answers of Problems

10.4.
v = 1.0∕(π × 0.042 ) = 200 m h−1
(Re) = (0.08 × 200 × 950)∕1 = 15 000
From Figure 10.3 Pe is approximately 2.5, and thus
EDz = (200 × 0.08)∕2.5 = 6.4
Assuming a length of the holding section of 35 m
(Pe) = vL∕EDz = 1100
(Da) = kd L∕v = 32
From Figure 10.4 the value of n/n0 is about 10−13 is equal to that required in this
problem.
35 m

Chapter 11

11.1.
By use of Equation 11.7
1.0(qA –0) = 1.0 (200–CA )
qA = 120CA 0.11
By repeated calculation
CA = 27.3 g m−3

11.2.
For 95% recovery by single-stage adsorption, w of the adsorbent is required per
1 m3 of the solution
CA1 ∕CA0 = 0.05 = 1∕(1 + 2.5w)
w = 7.6
By three-stage adsorption w′ of the adsorbent is required for each adsorption
CA3 ∕CA0 = 0.05 = 1∕(1 + 2.5w′ )3
w′ = 0.686
The ratio is 7.6/(0.686 × 3) = 3.7

11.3.
Similar to the derivation of Equation 11.2
kA pA (Ns − Na − Nb ) = kA ′ Na
kB pB (Ns − Na − Nb ) = kB ′ Nb
 Answers of Problems 25

Therefore,
apA (Ns − Na − Nb ) = Na
bpB (Ns − Na − Nb ) = Nb
where a = k A /k A ′ and b = k B /k B ′ .
Addition of these equations gives
1 + apA + bpB = Ns ∕(Ns − Na − Nb )
Substituting this to
apA (Ns − Na − Nb ) = Na
Thus,
Na = Ns apA ∕(1 + apA + bpB )

11.4.
tB = 1283∕(0.5 × 1.6 × 1.1) × [0.50 − (0.5 × 1.6 × 2.26)∕(2 × 9.2)]
= 586 h

length of adsorption zone (0.5 × 1.6 × 2.26)∕9.2 = 0.20 m

11.5.
By Equation 11.18
VR = V0 + K(Vt –V0 )
20 = 10.60 + K (39.25 − 10.60)
K = 0.33
By Equation 11.19
Hs = 50∕[16(20∕1.8)2 ] = 0.025 cm

11.6.
See Sections 11.6.3 and 11.6.4 for the resolution.

11.7.
See Section 11.7.2 for the sandwich method.

Chapter 12

12.1.
3.5 kW = 3.5 kJ s−1 = 1.26 × 104 kJ h−1
26 Answers of Problems

Therefore, heat to be removed is (1.26 + 2.5) × 104 kJ h−1

If we assume that cooling water leaves the coil at 25 ∘ C, the flow rate of cooling
water is calculated by use of the following physical properties of water at 20 ∘ C;
𝜌 = 998 kg m−3 , cp = 4.18 kJ kg−1 K−1 , 𝜇 = 0.001 Pa s, 𝜅 = 2.15 kJ h−1 m−1 ∘ C−1 . The
flow rate of cooling water is
4.18 × 10 × F = 3.76 × 104 F = 900 kg h−1 = 0.90 m3 h−1
velocity v = 1270 m h−1 = 0.354 m s−1
Reynolds number inside the tube
(Re) = (0.03 × 0.354 × 998)∕0.001 = 1.06 × 104
By use of Equation 5.8a
h = 0.023 × 2.15(Re)0.8 (Pr)1∕3 ∕0.03 = 0.023 × 2.15 × 1660 × 1.91∕0.03
= 5200 kJ h−1 m−2 ∘ C−1
Heat transfer coefficient at the surface of coiled tubes is obtained by use of
Equation 5.13. With physical properties of the broth
(Re) = (0.25 × 3 × 1050)∕0.004 = 1.97 × 105
(Pr) = (4.2 × 0.004 × 3600)∕2.1 = 28.8
h = 0.87 × 2.1 × (Re)2∕3 (Pr)1∕3 ∕1.5 = 0.87 × 2.1 × 3400 × 3.06∕1.5
= 12 700 kJ h−1 m−2 ∘ C−1
The overall coefficient based on the outer surface area U o is
1∕Uo = 1∕12 700 + 0.005∕55 + 4∕(5200 × 3)
U = 2350 kJ h−1 m−2 ∘ C−1
o

A mean temperature difference of 10 ∘ C is used.

The required surface area A
A = 3.76 × 104 ∕(2350 × 10) = 1.6 m2
Tube length L = 1.6/(3.14 × 0.04) = 12.7 m

12.2.
The average shear rate du/dy = 11.5 × 1 = 11.5 s−1
By use of Equation 2.6
K(du∕dy)n = 𝜇a (du∕dy) 𝜇a = 0.39(du∕dy)0.74−1 = 0.21 Pa s
(Re) = 0.36 × 1 × 1020∕0.21 = 1750 (Re)1.5 = 7.3 × 104
(dN 2 ∕g)0.19 = 0.588
(Sc) = 0.21∕(1020 × 2.1 × 10−9 ) = 98 000 (Sc)0.5 = 313
(𝜇UG ∕𝜎)0.6 = 0.094
(Nd∕UG )0.32 = 4.16
 Answers of Problems 27

kL ad2 ∕DL = 0.060 × 7.3 × 104 × 0.588 × 313 × 0.094 × 4.16

= 3.15 × 105
kL a = 3.15 × 105 × 2.1 × 10−9 ∕0.36 = 1.84 × 10−3 s−1 = 6.6 h−1

12.3.
The effective shear rate is given by Equation 12.9.
Seff = 50 UG = 50 × 150∕36 = 208 s−1
By use of Equation 2.6
𝜏 = K (du∕dy)n = 𝜇a (du∕dy)
𝜏 = 0.39(208)0.74 = 𝜇a × 208
𝜇a = 0.097 Pa s
To calculate k L a by use of Equation 7.45 we may use following values
𝜎 = 0.070 N m−1 and DL = 2.1 × 10−9 m2 s−1

Thus, (Bo) = gD2 𝜌∕𝜎 = 9.8 × 0.82 × 1020∕(7.0 × 10−2 ) = 91 400

(Ga) = gD3 ∕ν2 = 9.8 × 0.83 ∕(9.5 × 10−5 )2 = 5.56 × 108
(Fr) = UG ∕(gD)1∕2 = 0.0417∕(9.8 × 0.8)1∕2 = 0.0149
(Sc) = ν∕DL = 9.5 × 10−5 ∕2.1 × 10−9 = 45 200
kL aD2 ∕DL = 0.09 × 213 × 5256 × 2570 × 0.0149 = 3.85 × 106
kL a = 3.85 × 106 × 2.1 × 10−9 ∕0.64 = 0.0126 s−1 = 45 h−1

12.4.
(Re) = (1 × 0.12 × 1020)∕0.002) = 5100
We have almost turbulent condition.
If values of PG /V and U G are kept constant, k L a becomes constant, according
to Equation 7.36a.
If we can assume PG /P0 is roughly constant at the same U G by use of Equation
7.32, PG /V is proportional to N 3 d2 .
N 3 d2 = 13 × 0.12
πNd must be smaller than 0.5 m s−1
N × (0.5∕3.14)2 = 0.01, N = 0.39 s−1
Therefore, d = 0.5/(3.14 × 0.39) = 0.41 m
D = d × 3 = 1.2 m
28 Answers of Problems

(If it is allowed to increase U G , we can design a larger size fermentor under the
limitation of the allowable impeller tip speed of 0.5 m s−1 .)

12.5.
By use of Equation 12.17
tb = (1∕𝜇) ln[1 + (Cs0 − Csf )Yxs ∕Cx0 ]
= (1∕0.24) ln[1 + (20 − 1) × 0.45∕0.01 = 28 h
12.6.
The cell productivity in chemostat is given as
DCx = Yxs [Csi − Ks D∕(𝜇max − D)]
Differentiate this equation with D and set equal to zero.
When
( √ )
Csi
D = 𝜇max 1 − 1 −
Csi + KS
( √ )
KS
= 𝜇max 1 −
Csi + KS
the productivity becomes maximum.

Chapter 13

13.1.
Summarize the difference between bioprocesses and chemical processes in terms
of process control.

Chemical processes Bioprocesses

Type of process Continuous Batch/fed-batch

Size of plant Large Small
Catalyst Inorganic catalyst Enzyme/microorganism
Type of operation Steady state Nonsteady state
Operating conditions High pressure, high Normal pressure, moderate
temperature and temperature, and neutral
acidic/basic condition pH
Sterilization Not required Required
Sensors Sufficiently available Limited

13.2.
Give the operating principle of the following sensors in a few sentences.
 Answers of Problems 29

a) Resistance thermometer
A resistance thermometer is a temperature measuring device based on the
principle that the resistance of metals proportionally increases as the temper-
ature of a metal increases.
b) Galvanic dissolved oxygen probe
A galvanic dissolved oxygen probe measures the partial pressure of oxygen by
use of an electrode based on the following reactions.
Cathode 1∕2O2 + H2 O + 2e− → 2OH−
Anode(galvanic) Pb → Pb2+ + 2e−
The resulting electric current is proportional to the oxygen flux to the cathode
through the oxygen permeable membrane that separates the electrode from a
culture medium.
c) pH electrode.
pH electrode measures hydrogen-ion activity based on an electric potential
difference between a reference electrode and a glass electrode assembled in a
sensor probe.

13.3.
Explain the reason why a proportional control (P action) results in the offset
between the set point and the measured process variable at a steady state.
Suppose the temperature control of a bioreactor using heat supply with a pro-
portional controller. When a proportional controller is tuned at a set point of
30 ∘ C, as long as the set point remains constant, the temperature will remain at
30 ∘ C successfully. Then, if the set point is changed to 40 ∘ C, the proportional
controller increases the output (heat supply) proportional to the error (temper-
ature difference). Consequently, a heat supply will continue until the temperature
gets to 40 ∘ C and would be off at 40 ∘ C. However, the temperature of a bioreactor
will not reach 40 ∘ C because a heat loss from the bioreactor increases due to the
temperature increase. Finally, the heat supply matches the heat loss; at this point,
the temperature error will remain constant, and therefore, proportional controller
will keep its output constant. Now the system keeps at balance, but the temper-
ature of a bioreactor is below its set point. This residual sustained error is called
“Offset.”

13.4.
Determine the parameters K p , T I , and T D in the PID controller by the ultimate
gain method when the ultimate gain K c and the oscillation cycle time T c are 4.0
and 30 s, respectively.
According to Table 13.2,
K p = 0.6 × K c = 2.4
T I = 0.5 × K c = 15 s
T D = 0.125 × T c = 3.75 s
30 Answers of Problems

13.5.
Calculate RQ value based on the analysis of the inlet air and the exhaust gas as
follows.
Inlet air: O2 , 20.90%, CO2 , 0.01%
Outlet gas: O2 , 18.30%, CO2 , 2.90%

From the ideal gas law, the molar mass of the gas is proportional to the volume of
the gas under constant pressure and constant temperature; therefore, the Equation
13.6 can be used as follows:
evolved CO2 (M) evolved CO2 (%)
RQ = =
consumed O2 (M) consumed O2 (%)
2.9 − 0.01 2.89
= = = 1.11
20.90 − 18.30 2.60

Chapter 14

14.1.
By use of Equation 14.1 and 𝛼 of 7 × 1011 m kg−1 ,
(0.5∕1)2 = 2Δp × 3600 × 2.5∕(7 × 1011 × 20 × 0.0012)
Δp = 2.3 × 105 Pa = 2.3 atm
14.2.
From Equation 11.23, the resolution is proportional to Z 1/2 , and thus it increase
by 21/2 .

14.3.
According to the rate model, the effect of a sample volume on the dispersion of
elution curve based on time is given
𝜎 t 2 = 𝜎 t0 2 + t 0 2 /12 (Derivation is shown in Ref. [3] in Chapter 11)
The retention time including the effect of the loading time of a sample is
tR = tR0 + t0 ∕2
When Hs is defined based on the retention time, Equation 11.19 becomes
Hs Z𝜎t 2 ∕tR 2 = Z(𝜎t0 2 + t0 2 ∕12)∕(tR0 + t0 ∕2)2
14.4.
For the column packed with the small particles
Hs∕(2r0 ) = 0.22∕0.044 = 5
From Figure 13.7 2r0 u/Deff = 0.044 × u/Deff = 65
For the column packed with the large particles
Hs = 0.22∕0.075 = 2.9 and 2r0 u′ ∕Deff = 0.075 × u′ ∕Deff = 25
 Answers of Problems 31

We may assume a same value of Deff for t two cases.

Therefore, u′ /u = (0.044 × 25)/(0.075 × 65) = 0.23

14.5.
From Equations 11.9 and 11.12
CE
εu dCA
∫
za =
KL a CB CA − CA ∗

za = 0.196 m
The residual capacity is
(0.196 × 0.5) ∕0.5 × 100 = 19.6%

Chapter 15

15.1.
By use of Equation 15.5
pH = 6.10 + log{[total CO2 − spCO2 ]∕spCO2 }
7.40 = 6.10 + log{[25.2 − spCO2 ]∕spCO2 }
spCO2 = 1.203 s = 0.0314(mmol l−1 )∕(pCO2 mmHg).
Thus, pCO2 = 38.3 mmHg

15.2.
Number of follow fiber
n = 43 000∕(3.14 × 0.025 × 13) = 42 000
Average blood velocity through the follow fiber
v = 4000∕(60 × 3.14 × 0.012 × 42 000) = 5.06 cm s−1
Oxygen concentration difference in mol l−1
(Cw − Cs ) = [(710 − 36) × 2.82 × 10−5 × 1000]∕[22 400 × 310∕273]
= 7.47 × 10−4 mol l−1
Hemoglobin concentration
CHb = (150 × 40∕42)∕68 000 = 2.10 × 10−3 mol l−1
Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin at 36 mmHg 70%
Unsaturated concentration of hemoglobin 0.63 × 10−3 mol l−1
Oxygen diffusivity is given by Equation 15.10
DO2 = 1.76 × 10−5 cm2 s−1
32 Answers of Problems

The dimensionless length given by Equation 15.7 is

z+ = (7.47 × 10−4 × 1.76 × 10−5 × 13)∕(0.63 × 10−3 × 0.022 × 5.06)
= 0.134
By use of Equation 15.6 trial will give η
𝜂 = 0.450
By use of Equations 15.8 and 15.9
f = 0.636 and Q∕Q0 = 0.364
Oxygen saturation at the exit 1 − 0.3 × 0.364 = 0.891
89%

15.3.
Kinematic viscosity is obtained from Figure 15.4b.
𝜇 = 0.034 × 1.05 × 0.1 = 0.00357 Pa s
Blood flow is laminar and by use of Equation 2.9,
ΔP = 32 × 0.00357 × 5.06 × 13∕0.022
= 1.88 × 104 Pa = 0.019 MPa = 0.19 atm

15.4.
By use of Equation 15.27
Cl = w∕CBi = QB (CBi − CBo )∕CBi = QD (CDo − CDi )∕CBi
= 200(100 − 20)∕100 = 500 × 32∕100 = 160 cm3 min−1

15.5.
By use of Equations 15.31, 15.33, and 15.34
Z = 200 ∕ 500 = 0.4
NM = 0.030 × 10 000∕200 = 1.5
E = (1 − exp 0.9)∕(0.4 − exp 0.9) = 0.709
Dl = QB E = 200 × 0.709 = 142 cm3 min−1