Lecture 23

Sinusoidal steady-state analysis

Chapter 9 - Sinusoidal Steady-State
Analysis
 Chapter 9.1: The Sinusoidal Source
 Chapter 9.2: The Sinusoidal Response
 Chapter 9.3: The Phasor
 Chapter 9.4: The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain
 Chapter 9.5: Kirchhoff's Laws in the Frequency Domain
 Chapter 9.7: Source Transformation and Thevenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits
 Chapter 9.8: The Node-Voltage Method
 Chapter 9.9: The Mesh-Current Method
Problem Solving
Assessment Problems 9.1 and 9.2.
Example
The current in these components is 𝑖𝑖 = 50 cos(1000𝑡𝑡 + 45°) mA.
Find
a) ZR
b) ZL
c) I
d) VR
e) VL

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Problem Solving
Assessment Problems 9.3 and 9.4.

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Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
 The Sinusoidal Source
 The Sinusoidal Response
 The phasor
 The passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency domain
 Kirchhoff's Laws in the Frequency Domain
 Source Transformation and Thevenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits
 The Node-Voltage Method
 The Mesh-Current Method

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Circuit Analysis Techniques in the Frequency Domain

All the DC circuit analysis techniques:

1. KVL, KCL;
2. Series, parallel, ∆-Y simplifications;
3. Source transformations;
4. Thévenin, Norton equivalent circuits;
5. Node-Voltage Method, Mesh-Current Method;

are still applicable to sinusoidal steady-state analysis if the voltages, currents, and
passive elements are replaced by the corresponding phasors and impedances.

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Equivalent Impedance Equations

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Voltage and Current Division

Voltage division:
𝑍𝑍j
𝐕𝐕𝐣𝐣 = 𝐕𝐕𝒔𝒔
𝑍𝑍eq

Current division:
𝑍𝑍eq
𝐈𝐈𝐣𝐣 = 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬
𝑍𝑍j

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Example: Series RCL
Given 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 750 cos 5000𝑡𝑡 + 30° V, find 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 .

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Assessment problems 9.5 (homework) and
9.6

Fig. 9.15
Admittance
1 1
𝑌𝑌 = = 𝐺𝐺 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 (remember 𝐺𝐺 = )
𝑍𝑍 𝑅𝑅

Admittance is a complex number whose real part, G, is called conductance and whose
imaginary part, B, is called susceptance.

For passive circuit elements in parallel

Yab = Y1 + Y2 + …. + Yn

Circuit Element Admittance Conductance Susceptance

Resistor G G 0
Inductor j(-1/ωL) 0 -1/ωL
Capacitor jωC 0 ωC

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Example: Admittance (see book page 365)
is(t) = 8 cos(200000t) A

a) Construct frequency-domain
equivalent circuit
b) Find the equivalent
admittance
c) Use equivalent admittance to
find phasor voltage V.
d) Find the phasor current I.
e) Find the steady-state
expression for v and i.

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Assessment problems 9.7 and 9.8

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 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent
Circuits
with
Phasors

• Just as in resistive circuits, Thévenin voltage 𝐕𝐕𝐭𝐭 is equal to

the 𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 of the two-terminal circuit

• 𝐈𝐈𝐧𝐧 is equal to the 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 when short circuit

• 𝑍𝑍𝑡𝑡 can be found as:

• Alternatively, 𝑍𝑍𝑡𝑡 can be found by zeroing the independent

sources (if no dependent sources), and reading the
equivalent impedance as seen from the terminals.
Example 1
Find the Thévenin and Norton equivalent
circuits.
 Example 1
Find the Thévenin and Norton equivalent
circuits.
𝐕𝐕𝐭𝐭 , 𝑍𝑍𝑡𝑡 , 𝐈𝐈𝐧𝐧 =?

1. Zero the sources 

calculate 𝑍𝑍𝑡𝑡

1 1 100 1 − 𝑗𝑗 100(1 − 𝑗𝑗)

𝑍𝑍𝑡𝑡 = = = = = 50 1 − 𝑗𝑗 =
1 1 𝑗𝑗 1 𝑗𝑗 1 + 𝑗𝑗 1 − 𝑗𝑗 1+1
+ +
100 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗 100 100
−50
= 502 + 502 ∠ arctan = 50 2∠(−45°)Ω
50
2. Calculate Isc
𝐈𝐈𝐯𝐯 𝐈𝐈𝐜𝐜 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
KCL:
𝐈𝐈𝐯𝐯 = 𝐈𝐈𝐜𝐜 + 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬 + 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
𝐕𝐕
𝐬𝐬 100∠0°
𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 = 𝐈𝐈𝐯𝐯 − 𝐈𝐈𝐜𝐜 − 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 0 − 1∠90° = − 1∠90°
100
−1
= cos0° + 𝑗𝑗sin0° − cos90° + 𝑗𝑗sin90° = 1 − 𝑗𝑗 = 12 + 12 ∠ arctan = 2∠ −45° A = 𝐈𝐈𝐧𝐧
1
Example 1
Find the Thévenin and Norton equivalent
circuits.
2. Calculate 𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨
𝐕𝐕𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 = 𝐈𝐈𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑍𝑍𝑡𝑡 = 2∠ −45° 50 2∠ −45° = 100∠ −90° V = 𝐕𝐕𝐭𝐭
Example 2: Find 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎 by help of source transformation

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 Example 2: Find 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎 by help of source transformation

Replace the series combination of the voltage source (40 ∠0°) and the impedance of 1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω with the parallel combination of

40(cos 0°+𝑗𝑗 sin 0°) 40 1−𝑗𝑗𝑗 40−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

a current source and the impedance 1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω . The current source is 𝐈𝐈 = = = = 4 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 A
1+𝑗𝑗𝑗 1+𝑗𝑗𝑗 1−𝑗𝑗𝑗 1+9

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Example 2: Find 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎 by help of source transformation

1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 9 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗 1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 9 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗 9 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 9 18 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

𝑍𝑍 = 1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 ∥ 9 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗 = = = = = 1.8 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 Ω
1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 9 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗 10 10 10

1.8 Ω

𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 Ω
Example 2: Find 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎 by help of source transformation
1.8 Ω

𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 Ω

Current source ∥ 1.8 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 Ω

Source transformation: voltage source in series with the impedance: 𝐕𝐕 = 𝐈𝐈𝑍𝑍 = 4 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 1.8 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 = 36 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 V
Example 2: Find 𝑽𝑽𝟎𝟎 by help of source transformation
Total series impedance:

1.8 Ω + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 Ω + 0.2 Ω + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.6Ω + 10 Ω − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω = 12 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω

Current 𝐈𝐈0 :

(36 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
𝐈𝐈0 = =
(12 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
(36 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (12 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 432 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 192 624 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
= = ==
(12 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) (12 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) 122 + 162 400
. = 1.56 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.08 A

𝑽𝑽0 = 𝐈𝐈0 10 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 1.56 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.08 10 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 =

= 15.6 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗.64 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗.8 + 20.52 = 36.12 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗.84

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 Assessment Problem 9.10

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 Assessment Problem 9.10
𝐕𝐕1 = 240∠53.13°
𝑣𝑣1 = 240(cos 53.13° + 𝑗𝑗 sin 53.13°) = 240 0.6 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.8 =
= 144 + 𝑗𝑗192 V

𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 = 96 cos 4000𝑡𝑡 − 90°

𝐕𝐕2 = 96∠ − 90°
𝑣𝑣2 = 96(cos −90° + 𝑗𝑗 sin −90°) = 96 0 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗 =
= −𝑗𝑗96 V

rad
𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 𝑗𝑗 4000 15 × 10−3 H = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω
s

−𝑗𝑗 −𝑗𝑗
𝑍𝑍𝐶𝐶 = = = −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 rad 25 −6
4000 × 10 F
s 6

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 Assessment Problem 9.10
𝐕𝐕1 = 240∠53.13°
Frequency-domain equivalent circuit
𝑣𝑣1 = 240(cos 53.13° + 𝑗𝑗 sin 53.13°) = 240 0.6 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.8 =
= 144 + 𝑗𝑗192 V

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 = 96 cos 4000𝑡𝑡 − 90°

𝐕𝐕2 = 96∠ − 90°
144 + j192 V

𝑣𝑣2 = 96(cos −90° + 𝑗𝑗 sin −90°) = 96 0 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗 =

= −𝑗𝑗96 V
−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω −j96 V
rad
𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 𝑗𝑗 4000 15 × 10−3 H = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω
s

−𝑗𝑗 −𝑗𝑗
𝑍𝑍𝐶𝐶 = = = −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 rad 25 −6
4000 × 10 F
s 6
 Assessment Problem 9.10
𝐕𝐕1 = 240∠53.13°
Frequency-domain equivalent circuit
𝑣𝑣1 = 240(cos 53.13° + 𝑗𝑗 sin 53.13°) = 240 0.6 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.8 =
= 144 + 𝑗𝑗192 V

𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 = 96 cos 4000𝑡𝑡 − 90°

𝐕𝐕2 = 96∠ − 90°
144 + j192 V

𝑣𝑣2 = 96(cos −90° + 𝑗𝑗 sin −90°) = 96 0 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗 =

= −𝑗𝑗96 V
−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω −j96 V
rad
𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 𝑗𝑗 4000 15 × 10−3 H = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω
s

−𝑗𝑗 −𝑗𝑗
𝑍𝑍𝐶𝐶 = = = −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω
Voltage to current source transformation 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 rad 25 −6
4000 × 10 F
s 6
𝐕𝐕1 144 + j192 V 144 + j192 V (−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
𝐈𝐈1 = = = =
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω (−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗)
−𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 11520
= = 3.2 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 A
3600
𝐕𝐕2 −𝑗𝑗96 V
𝐈𝐈2 = = = −𝑗𝑗4.8 A
20 Ω 20 Ω
Assessment Problem 9.10
Equivalent impedance:
1
𝑍𝑍eq = = 12 Ω
1 1 1 1
+ + +
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω 30 Ω −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Ω 20 Ω

Adding the current sources:

12 Ω 𝐈𝐈 = 𝐈𝐈1 + 𝐈𝐈2 = 3.2 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 A − −𝑗𝑗𝑗.8 A = 3.2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 A

𝐕𝐕0 = Z𝐈𝐈 = 12 Ω 3.2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗.4 A =

= 38.4 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗.8 V
The circuit is reduced to 28.8
𝑣𝑣 = 38.4 2 + 28.8 2 ∠arctan = 48∠36.87°
38.4

The steady − state expression: 𝑣𝑣0 𝑡𝑡 = 48 cos 4000𝑡𝑡 + 36.87°

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
 The Sinusoidal Source
 The Sinusoidal Response
 The phasor
 The passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency domain
 Kirchhoff's Laws in the Frequency Domain
 Source Transformation and Thevenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits
 The Node-Voltage Method
 The Mesh-Current Method
 Node Voltage analysis with Phasors
Example 3
Find the 𝑣𝑣1 (𝑡𝑡) in the steady state using Node
Voltage technique.
 Node Voltage analysis with Phasors
Example 3
Find the 𝑣𝑣1 (𝑡𝑡) in the steady state using Node
Voltage technique.
𝑣𝑣1 (𝑡𝑡) =?
1. Step: Write all elements as impedances and sources as phasors
Sources:
𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 2 sin 100𝑡𝑡 = 2cos(100𝑡𝑡 − 90˚)  𝐈𝐈𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 = 2∠ − 90˚ = −𝑗𝑗2
𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 1.5 cos 100𝑡𝑡  𝐈𝐈𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 = 1.5∠0˚ = 1.5
Impedances:
𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 ∗ 0.1 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 10∠90˚
−𝑗𝑗 −𝑗𝑗
𝒁𝒁𝑪𝑪 = = = −𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 5∠ − 90˚
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 100 ∗ 2000𝜇𝜇
𝒁𝒁𝑹𝑹 = 𝑅𝑅 = 10
Example 3
Find the v1 in the steady state using Node
Voltage technique.
2. Step: apply the techniqes for resistive circuits
(treat impedances as resistances)
𝑰𝑰𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 2∠ − 90˚ = −𝑗𝑗2
Node voltages analysis 𝑰𝑰𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 = 1.5∠0˚ = 1.5
𝐕𝐕 𝐕𝐕 −𝐕𝐕
Node 1: 𝑍𝑍𝟏𝟏 − 𝐈𝐈𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 + 𝟏𝟏𝑍𝑍 𝟐𝟐 = 0 𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 10∠90˚
𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶
𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐 −𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕 𝒁𝒁𝑪𝑪 = −𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 5∠ − 90˚
Node 2: + 𝑍𝑍𝟐𝟐 − 𝐈𝐈𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 = 0
𝑍𝑍𝐶𝐶 𝐿𝐿 𝒁𝒁𝑹𝑹 = 10
𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 −𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐
Node 1: + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 + =0 multiply with –j10 (to get the common denominator)
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 −𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋
𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐 −𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐
Node 2: + − 1.5 = 0 multiply with –j10 (to get the common denominator)
−𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋

Node 1: −𝑗𝑗𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 + 20 +2𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 − 2𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐 = 0

Node 2: 2𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐 − 2𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 − 𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐 + 𝑗𝑗15 = 0

Node 1: 𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 2 − 𝑗𝑗 + 𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐 −2 = −20

Node 2: 𝐕𝐕𝟏𝟏 −2 + 𝐕𝐕𝟐𝟐 = −𝑗𝑗15
Example 3
Find the v1 in the steady state using Node
Voltage technique.
Node 1: 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 2 − 𝑗𝑗 + 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 −2 = −20
Node 2: 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 −2 + 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = −𝑗𝑗15

Matrix equation: 2 − 𝑗𝑗 −2 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 −20 𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 14 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗

=  =
−2 1 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 28 + 𝑗𝑗
Matlab
G=[complex(2,-1) complex(-2,0); complex(-2,0) complex(1,0)]
I=[-20; complex(0,-15)]
V=G\I
14.0000 + 8.0000i
28.0000 + 1.0000i

8
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 14 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 142 + 82 ∠arctan = 16.1∠29.7˚  𝑣𝑣1 (𝑡𝑡) = 16.1cos(100𝑡𝑡 + 29.7˚)
14
 Mesh current analysis with Phasors
Example 4
Find the 𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) in the steady state using
Mesh Current technique.
 Mesh current analysis with Phasors
Example 4
Find the 𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) in the steady state using
Mesh Current technique.
𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) =?
1. Step: Write all elements as impedances and sources as phasors
Sources:
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 100 sin 1000𝑡𝑡 = 100cos(1000𝑡𝑡 − 90˚)  𝑽𝑽𝑺𝑺 = 100∠ − 90˚ = −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = cos 1000𝑡𝑡  𝑰𝑰𝑺𝑺 = 1∠0˚ = 1

Impedances:
𝒁𝒁𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝑅𝑅𝟏𝟏 = 50
𝒁𝒁𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝑅𝑅𝟐𝟐 = 100
−𝑗𝑗 −𝑗𝑗
𝒁𝒁𝑪𝑪 = = = −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 100∠ − 90˚
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 1000 ∗ 10𝜇𝜇
𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 ∗ 50𝑚𝑚 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 50∠90˚
Example 4
Find the i1 in the steady state using Mesh
Current technique.

2. Step: just calculate as usual (as if impedances were resistances)

𝑽𝑽𝑺𝑺 = 100∠ − 90˚ = −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
Mesh currents analysis
𝑰𝑰𝑺𝑺 = 1∠0˚ = 1
There is a current source shared between two meshes  supermesh
𝒁𝒁𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 50

Supermesh: −𝑽𝑽𝑺𝑺 + 𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝒁𝒁𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 + 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝒁𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 + 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝒁𝑪𝑪 + 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 = 0 𝒁𝒁𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 100
Constraint: 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 − 𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = 𝑰𝑰𝑺𝑺 𝒁𝒁𝑪𝑪 = −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 100∠ − 90˚

− −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 ∗ 50 + 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 ∗ 100 + 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 ∗ −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 + 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 0 𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 50∠90˚

𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 − 𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = 1 Matlab

Z=[complex(50,0) complex(100,-50); complex(-1,0) complex(1,0)]
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 (50) + 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 (100 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗) = −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 V=[complex(0,-100); complex(1,0)]
I=Z\V
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 − 𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = 1 -0.5000 - 0.5000i
0.5000 - 0.5000i

Matrix equation: 50 100 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑰𝑰 −0.5 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗.5

=  𝟏𝟏 =
−1 1 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 1 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 0.5 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗.5
−0.5
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = −0.5 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗.5 = 0.52 + 0.52 ∠arctan = 0.7∠ − 135˚
−0.5
 𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) = 0.7cos(1000𝑡𝑡 − 135˚)
Assessment Problem 9.11

Read through example 9.12

11 December 2017
42
Problem Solving
AP 9.12 and 9.13

Matlab:
>> Z=[complex(4,-3) complex(-3,5) 0; complex(-3,5) complex(5,-5) -2; complex(0,3.75) complex(0,-3.75) -1]
>> V=[33.8; 0; 0]
>> I=Z\V
I=
29.0000 + 2.0000i
19.4000 + 6.0000i
15.0000 +36.0000i

11 December 2017
44
Summary
1. Write all elements as impedances and sources as phasors

Impedances 𝜔𝜔 given by
sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 90°) the source
R: 𝑍𝑍𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅
a 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜃𝜃°) 𝑨𝑨 = 𝐴𝐴∠𝜃𝜃° L:
𝑨𝑨 = 𝐴𝐴∠𝜃𝜃° 𝑎𝑎 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃° + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃°) C:
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
Multiplication of Division of
𝑦𝑦 °
𝑨𝑨 = 2 2
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ∠ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 complex number in complex number
𝑥𝑥 polar form: in polar form:

𝑨𝑨 ∗ 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝐵𝐵∠(𝜃𝜃𝐴𝐴 +𝜃𝜃𝐵𝐵 ) 𝑨𝑨 𝐴𝐴
= ∠(𝜃𝜃𝐴𝐴 −𝜃𝜃𝐵𝐵 )
𝑩𝑩 𝐵𝐵

2. Calculate as usual (Node voltage, Mesh Current, Superposition, Norten &

Thévenin etc. – use all techniques the same way as in circuits with only
resistances)
Next lecture
 Chapter 9.10: The Transformer
 Chapter 9.11: The Ideal Transformer
 Chapter 9.12: Phasor Diagrams