CLASSX Real

number
s:-

EUCLI
DSDi
vi
sionLemmaandAl
gor
it
hm
Eucl
id’sdi
visi
onlemmat el
l
susaboutdi
visi
bil
it
yofinteger
s.Itst
atest
hatanyposit
ive
i
nteger“a’canbediv
idedbyanyot
herposit
iveint
eger‘b’i
nasuchawayt hati
tleavesa
remainderr ( wherer<b),Wemayrecognizethi
sast heusuall
ongdiv
isi
onprocess;

Eucl
i
d’sdiv
isi
onlemmaprovi
desastepwi
seprocedur
etocomput
etheHCFofanyt
wo
+vei
nteger
swhichisknownasEucl
i
d’sdi
visi
onalgor
it
hm.

Eucl
id’
sdi
vi
sionlemma:st
atest
hat
,foranyt
woposit
ivei
nteger
ssayaandb,
ther
e
exi
ststwouniquewhol
enumber
ssayqandr ,sucht
hat

a=bq+r,
wher
e0≤r<b

Herea=Di vi
dend, b=Divi
sor,q=Quot i
entandr=Remi nder
I
tcanbewr itt
enas
Div
idend=(Divi
sor×Quot i
ent)+Remi nder
Note:ALemmai sapr ovenstatementusedf orpr
ovi
nganot herst
atement
.
Eucli
d’sDi
vi
sionAlgorit
hm :
Eucli
d’sdi
visi
onal gor
it
hm isat echniquetocomplet
et hehi
ghestcommonf act
or(HCF)
oftwoorthreegiven+v eint
egers.

Accor
dingt
othi
s,t
heHCFofanyt
woposi
ti
vei
nteger
saandbwi
tha>bi
sobt
ainedas
fol
l
ows.

St
epIAppl
ythedi
vi
si
onl
emmat
ofi
ndqandrwher
ea≠bq+r
, 0≤r<b.

St
epI
IIfr
=0,
theHCFi
sbI
fr≠0appl
yEucl
i
d’sl
emmat
obandr.

St
epI
IICont
inuet
hepr
ocesst
il
lther
emai
nderi
szer
o.Thedi
vi
soratt
hisst
agewi
l
lbe
HCF(
a,b)

Met
hodsofFi
ndi
ngHCFoft
hreenumber
sbyusi
ngEucl
i
d’sDi
vi
sionAl
gor
it
hm

Exampl
e:Fi
ndt
heHCFof180,
252and324byusi
ngEucl
i
d’sDi
vi
sionLemma.

St
epIAr
ranget
hegi
vent
hreenumber
sbea,
b,csucht
hata>b>c.

Gi
vennumber
sar
e180,
252and324.

324>252>180.

StepI
IHCFoftwonumbersaandbbyEDAsayd
Nowonappl y
ingEDLf
or324and252.weget
324=(252x1)+72
Here72≠0
Soagainappl
yEDLwit
hdivi
dend252andnewdi
vi
sor72,
weget
252=72x3+36
Her
eremai
nder=36≠0

Soagai
nappl
yi
ngEDLwit
hnewdi
vi
dend72andnewdi
vi
sor36,
weget
72=36x2+0.
Her
eR=0.
SoHCFof324and252i
s36.

StepI
II
:-Now,fi
ndt heHCFoftwonumber
s(remai
ningnumbers)andd
(HCFofaandbbyEDA.
Soapplyi
ngEDLfor180and36.
Weget180=36×5+0
R=0
SoHCFof180and36i s36
StepI
VTheHCFobt ainedi
nstep3isr
equi
redHCFofgivent
hreenumbers
HenceHCFof324, 252and180is36.

Fundament
alTheor
em ofAr
it
hmet
icPr
imeandComposi
tenumber
s’
Anumberiscal
ledapri
menumberifi
thasnofactorothert
han1andt henumberi
tsel
f
e.
g.2,3,
5,
7,
13,
19….arepri
menumbers.
Anumberiscal
ledacomposi
tenumberi
fithasatleastonefact
orot
herthan1and
i
tsel
f.
e.
g.4,6,
8,
10,
….188ar
ecomposit
enumbers.

Note:-1isneitherpri
menorcomposi te.
2,i
st hesmal l
estprimenumber.I tistheonlyevennumber.
Thesmal lestcompositeevennumberi s4andsmal l
estcompositeoddnumberis9.
Pri
menumberhav eonlytwof act
ors1andi tsel
f.
FactorofaNumber
I
fanumberdi videsanothernumberexact l
y(wit
houtleav
inganyremainder)
,thant
he
numberwhi chdivi
desiscall
edaf actorofthenumberthathasbeendivi
ded.

e.
g1,
2,
3,
4,
6,
12ar
ethef
act
orsof24.

Fundament
alTheor
em OfAr
it
hmet
ic

AccordingtotheFundamentaltheorem ofari
thmeti
c,everycomposit
enumbercanbe
writ
ten(fact
orized)asthepr
oductofprimesandt hi
sf act
ori
zati
onisuni
que,apar
tfr
om
theorderinwhi chthepri
mefactor
soccur .

Fundament
alTheor
em ofAr
it
hmet
ici
sal
socal
l
edUni
quef
act
ori
zat
ionTheor
em.

Composi
tenumber=Pr
oductofpr
imenumber
s.

OR

Ani
ntegergr
eat
ert
han1,
eit
herbeapr
imenoorcanbewr
it
tenasapr
oductofpr
ime
f
act
ors.

HCFandLCM
ByPr
imeFact
ori
zat
ionMet
hod:

Themet hodoff indingHCFandLCM oft woormor eposit

ivenumbersbyusing
Fundament altheorem ofarit
hmeti
ciscall
edprimefact
ori
zati
onmethod.Inthi
smet hod
wef i
rstexpresst hegiv
ent woormoreno’sastheproductofpri
mefactorssepar
ately
,t
hen
1.HCFoft woormor enumbers=Pr oductoft
hesmal l
estpowerofeachcommon
pri
mef actorinvolv
edi nt
henumbers.

2.LCM oftwoormorenumber
s=Pr
oductsofthegr
eatestpowerofeachpr
ime
fact
ori
nvol
vedi
nthenumber
s,wi
thhi
ghestpower.

Rel
ati
onbet
weennumber
sandt
hei
rHCFandLCM .

1.Foranyt
wo+v
einteger
saandb,
ther
elat
ionbet
weent
hesenumber
sandt
hei
r
HCFandLCM is

HCF(a,
b)×LCM (
a,b)=a×b

a×b
HCF(
a,b)=
LCM (
a,b)
Or

a×b
LCM (
a,b)=a×b .
HCF(a,b)
2.Foranythr
eeposi
ti
vei
nteger
sa,
bandc,
ther
elat
ionbet
weent
hesenumber
s
andthei
rHCFandLCM i
s

a×b×c×LCM(a,b,c)
HCF(a,
b,c)=
LCM(
a, b)
×LCM (
b,c)
×LCM ( a)
c,

Or

a×b×c×HCF(a,b,c)
LCM (
a,b,
c)=
HCF(a,b)
×HCF(
b,c)
×HCF(c,
a)
Revi
sit
ingRat
ional
andI
rr
ati
onal
Number
s,Deci
mal
Expansi
onofRat
ional
numbers.

Real
number
s:

Anumberwhichiseit
herr
ati
onalori
rr
ati
onaliscal
l
edarealnumber.Di
ff
erent
component
sofrealnumberscanbeunderst
oodwi t
hthehel
poffoll
owi
ngflow
di
agr
am

Real
number
s

Rat
ional
number
s I
rr
ati
onal
number
s
 11-34
-
3, 7, , ,….
0, 2,5 3, 6, 2 5……
2 57

I
nteger
s Noni
nteger
s

11 -
5-3
.
.-2,
-
1,0,
1,
2…. , ,
2 75

Negat
ivei
nteger
s Whol
eno’
s(non-
negat
ivei
nteger
s)

….
.-
3,-
2,-
1 0,
1,2,
3….
.

Zer
o Naturalnumbers
1 Posi
tiv
eI nt
egers
1,2,3, ………..

p
Rat
ional
number s:
-Anumbert
hatcanbeexpr
essedas wher
ep,
qar
eint
eger
sandq≠0i
s
q
cal
l
edar at
ional
number.

3 7 13 -
7
e.
g , , et
c..
5 9 15 3

p
I
rr
ati
onal
number
s:Anumbert
hatcannotbeexpr
essedi
nthef
orm wher
ep,
qar
eint
eger
s
q
and q≠0i
scal
l
edi
rr
ati
onal
number
.
-

π,2,
g 2, 3,15,
e. 0.1011011101111…….
etc.
3

Copr
imei
nteger
s:Apai
rofi
nteger
shav
ingnocommonf
act
orsot
hert
han1(
or-
1)ar
ecal
l
ed
copr
imei
nteger
s.

e.
g(1,
3),
(-2,
5),
(6,
35)et
car
ecopr
imei
nteger
s.

Theor
em :
Letpbeapr
imenumberandabeaposi
ti
vei
nteger.
Ifpdi
vdesa2t
i henpdi
vi
desa

Gi
ven:
Letpbeapr
imenumberandabeaposi
ti
vei
ntegersucht
hatpdi
vdesa2.
i

Topr
ove:
Pdi
vi
desa.

Pr
oof
:Weknowt
hatev
eryposi
ti
vei
ntegercanbeexpr
essedast
hepr
oductofpr
imes

eta=p1,
Sol p2,
…..
pn.

ep1,
Wher p2,
p3…pnar
epr
imesnotnecessar
il
yal
ldi
sti
nct
.
2
Thena =(p1,
p2…pn)p1,
p2,
…pn)
.

a2=(p1,
p2…pn)

Nowl
etpdi
vdesa2.
i

Pi
sapr
imef orofa2.
act

soneofp1,
Pi p2….
pn.

Si
ncebyusi
nguni
quenessoft
hef
undament
alt
heor
em ofar
it
hmet
ict
heonl
ypr
imef orofa2
act
ar
ep1,p2…pn

Pdi
vi
desa |
a=p1,
p2…pn|

Thuspdi
vdesa2 |
i pdi
vi
desa.Hencepr
oved.

Quest
ions:
1Mar
ks

Q1.Ar
ethef
oll
owi
ngst
atement
str
ueorf
alse?

(
i) Thenumber3ncanendwi
tht
hedi
git0f
oranyx∈N.

Q2.(
ii
)Ev
ery+v
eoddi
ntegeri
soft
hef
orm 2q+1wher
eqi
ssomewhol
enumber
.

Q3.Ev
erycomposi
tenumbercanbeexpr
essedasapr
oductof

(
A)Copr
imes (
B)Pr
imes (
C)Twi
npr
imes (
D)None.

Q4.Thedeci
mal
expansi
oni
far
ati
onal
numberi
sal
way
s
 (
A)Non–ter
minati
ng (B)Non–t er
minat
ingandnonr
epeat
ed (
C)Ter
minat
ingornon–
t
ermi
nati
ngrepeat
ed(D)None

Q5.Pr
imef
act
orsi
f4050i
s

A)2×33×5 (
( B)2×34×5 C)2×34×52
( D)2×34×53
(

fP2i
Q6.I sev
eni
ntegert
henpi
san

(
A)Oddi
nteger (
B)Ev
eni
nteger (
C)Mul
ti
pleof3 (
D)None

Q7.…………….I
sapr
ovenst
atementwhi
chi
susedt
opr
oveanot
herst
atement.

(
A)Lemma (
B)Axi
om (
C)Theor
em (
D)Al
gor
it
hm

p
Q8.Thenumber0.
57 i
nthe for
m q≠0i
s
q
26 13 57 13
(
A) (
B) (
c) (
D)
45 27 99 29

Quest
ions:
2Mar
ks,
3Mar
ks,
and4Mar
ks.

1.Anumberwhendi
vi
dedby53gi
ves34asquot
ientand21asr
emai
nder.
Findt
henumber
.

2.I
nEucl
i
d’sdi
vi
sionl
emmaa=bq+r,
wher
e0≤r<b.
Whati
sa?

3.UseEucl
i
d’sdi
vi
sional
gor
it
hm t
ofi
ndt
heHCFof(
i)650and1170.(
ii
)870and225.

4.Theproductoft
woconsecut
iveposi
ti
vei
nteger
sisdi
vi
sibl
eby2.I
sthi
sst
atementt
rue
orf
alse.Giv
ereasons.

5.UseEDAt
ofi
ndt
heHCFoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hreeno’
s441,
567,
and693.

6.Pr
ovet
hat 3i
sani
rr
ati
onal
number
s?

7.Pr
ovet
hat 2i
sani
rr
ati
onal
number
?

8.Pr
ovet
hat6+ 2i
sir
rat
ional
number
.
2
9.Showt
hat(3+ 5)isani
rr
ati
onal
number
?

10.Whatisthecondi
ti
onf
orthedeci
mal
expansi
onofar
ati
onal
numbert
oter
minat
e?
Expl
ainwit
hanexample.

a
11.Expr
esst
henumber0.
3178i
nthef
orm ofr
ati
onal
number .
b
 12.Wr
it
e98aspr
oductofi
tspr
imef
act
ors.

fai
13.I srat
ional
and bi
sir
rat
ional
,thenpr
ovet
hat(
a+(b)i
sir
rat
ional
.

her4ncanendwi
14.Checkwhet tht
hedi
git0f
oranynat
ural
numbern.

15.Sat
eUni
queFact
ori
zat
ionTheor
em .

her3ncanendwi
16.Checkwhet thdi
git0f
oranynat
ural
numbern.

17.InEDL,t
hevalueofr,whena+veint
egerai
sdi
vi
dedby3ar
e0and1onl
y.I
sthi
s
stat
ementt
rueorfal
se?Justi
fyy
ouranswer
.

18.Forwhatv
al 2n×5nendswi
ueofn, th5?

19.Thepr
oductofthr
eeconsecut
iveposi
ti
vei
nteger
sisdi
vi
sibl
eby6.I
sthi
sst
atement
tr
ueorfal
se?Just
if
yyouranswer.

20.21.22.Wi t
houtact
uallyperf
ormingthelongdi
vi
sion,Stat
ewhethert
hefol
l
owing
rat
ionalnumberswil
l haveaterminat
ingdeci
malexpansi
onornot.Al
sowri
tet
he
ter
mi nat
ingdeci
mal expansi
on, i
fexist

3 31 14588
(
i) (
ii
) (
ii
i)
8 343 625
13
23.I
f i
sar
ati
onal
number,
findt
hedeci
mal
expansi
onofi
t,whi
cht
ermi
nat
es.
125

24.Expl
ain,
why(
3x5x7)+7i
sacomposi
tenumber
?

25.Expr
ess1001asapr
oducti
fit
spr
imef
act
ors?

26.I
fHCF(
6,a)=2.LCM (
6,a)=60.Thanf
indt
hev
alueofa

27.
Stat
eEucl
i
d’sDi
vi
sionLemma.

28.Fi
ndt
wor
ati
onal
number
sandt
woi
rr
ati
onal
number ween 2 and 3.
sbet

Answer
sofObj
ect
ives

01.
True

02.
True

03.Pr
imes

04.C

05.a

06.
b
07.a

08.c