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Mathematics Project Polynomials

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59 views12 pages

Mathematics Project Polynomials

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pratik.neel02
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HOMEWORK

Mathematics Project:
Polynomials
Name: Siken Oraon
Class: 9
Roll no.: 29
Subject: Mathematics
School: Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya
Topic: Polynomials
Introduction
What is are Polynomials?

Polynomial is made up of two terms, namely Poly (meaning


“many”) and Nominal (meaning “terms.”). A polynomial is
defined as an expression which is composed of variables,
constants and exponents, that are combined using
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division (No division operation by a variable).
Parts of a
Polynomial
A polynomial can be broken down
into several specific parts
Terms: Individual operands seperated by operators
(+ and -) are called Terms.
Operators: The mathematical symbols in use are
the operators
Constants: Constant values (specific numbers)
Coefficients: The constant part of each term is
know as coefficient
Variables: Which can take any value (specified by
letters)
Exponents: Superscripted variables or constants
(determines how many times the term is multiplied
with itself)
Polynomials on One Variable

Constant Monomial Binomial


Polynomials that are only constants Only one term 2 terms are present
eg- f(x) = 6 eg- f(x) = 2x eg- f(x) = 2x + 6

Trinomial
Polynomials with 3 terms
eg- f(x) = 2x² + 3x + 6
Degree of
Polynomial
The degree of a polynomial is defined as the highest exponent of a
monomial within a polynomial. Thus, a polynomial equation having one
variable which has the largest exponent is called a degree of the
polynomial.
eg- f(x) = x⁷ - 9x⁴ + 16x² - 3 has degree = 7
Classifications based on Degree

Constant Linear Polynomial Quadratic Polynomial


Polynomials with degree = 0 Degree of such polynomial = 1 Polynomial which has degree = 2
eg- f(x) = 6 eg- f(x) = 2x + 3 eg- f(x) = -3x² - 2x + 6

Cubic Polynomial
Polynomials with degree = 3
eg- f(x) = 7x³ - 2x² + 3x + 6
General
Representation
of Polynomial in
One Variable
Now that we know about terms and degree, we can
represent a polynomial with degree = n where n is a Natural
Number
Zeroes (Roots) of a
Polynomial
The value of x for which a given polynomial will come out to be zero (0), that value is called the
Zero/Root of the polynomial.
eg:- P(x) = x - 2
Taking x = 2, we get P(2) = 2 - 2 = 0
Hence x = 2 is the zero of the polynomial
Remainder Theorem
The Remainder Theorem begins with a polynomial say p(x), where “p(x)”
is some polynomial p whose variable is x. Then as per theorem, dividing
that polynomial p(x) by some linear factor x – a, where a is just some
number. Here go through a long polynomial division, which results in
some polynomial q(x) (the variable “q” stands for “the quotient
polynomial”) and a polynomial remainder is r(x). It can be expressed as:
p(x)/x - a = q(x) + r(x)
Essentially, we conclude that, if upon dividing p(x) by (x - a) gives a
remainder r(x) then p(a) = r(x).
Example
Divide 3x³ + x² + 2x + 5 by x + 1.
where p(x) = 3x³ + x² + 2x + 5 and a = -1
we get r(x) = 1

Now putting p(-1) = 3(-1)³ + (-1)² + 2(-1) + 5


=-3+1-2+5
= 1 = r(x)
Factor Theorem
Factor Theorem is generally applied to factoring and finding the roots of
polynomial equations. It is the reverse form of the remainder theorem.
Problems are solved based on the application of synthetic division and
then to check for a zero remainder.
When p(x) = 0 then y-x is a factor of the polynomial Or if we consider the
other way, then When y-x is a factor of the polynomial then p(x) =0
Identity 1
(x + y)² = x² + 2xy + y²

Identity 2
(x - y)² = x² - 2xy + y²

Identity 3
Some x² - y² = (x + y)(x - y)

Common Identity 4
(x + a)(x + b) = x² + (a + b)x + ab

Algebraic Identity 5

Identities (x + y + z)² = x²+ y² + z² + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx

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