Sheet 1

Sample Spaces and Events

Question (1):
Provide a reasonable description of the sample space for each of the following random
experiments.
(a) Each of three machined parts is classified as either above or below the target specification for
the part.
(b) In the final inspection of power supplies, three types of non-conformities might occur:
functional, minor, or cosmetic. A power supply is inspected and classified.
(c) In the manufacturing of digital recording tape, electronic testing is used to record the number of
bits in error in 350-foot reel.
(d) An ammeter that displays three digits is used to measure current in milli-ampere.

Question (2):
Provide a reasonable description of the sample space for each of the following random
experiments.
(a) Each of 4 transmitted bits is classified as either in error or not.
(b) The time of a chemical reaction is recorded to the nearest milli-second.
(c) Calls are repeatedly placed to a busy phone line until a connection is achieved.

Question (3):
Three bits are transmitted over a digital communication channel. Each bit is either distorted or
received without distortion. Let Ai denote the event that the ith bit is distorted, i = 1,2,3.
(a) Describe the sample space for this experiment.
(b) Are the Ai's mutually exclusive?
(c) Describe the outcomes in each of the following events: A1, A1', A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ,
(A1 ∩ A2)  A3.

Question (4):
The rise time of a reactor is measured in minutes (and fractions of minutes). Let the sample space
for the rise time of each batch be positive, real numbers. Consider the rise times of two batches.
Let A denote the event that the rise time of batch 1 is less than 72.5 minutes and let event B denote
the event that the rise time of batch 2 is greater than 52.5. Describe the sample space for the rise
time of two batches and show each of the following events on a 2-D plot: A , B', A ∩ B, A  B.

Question (5):
A sample of two circuit boards is selected from a batch. Describe the sample space for each of the
following batches:
(a) The batch contains 90 boards that are not defective, 8 with minor defects and 2 boards with
major defects.
(b) The batch contains 90 boards that are not defective, 9 with minor defects and 1 board with
major defects.

Page 1 of 2
Question (6):
Samples of a cast aluminum part are classified on basis of surface finish (in micro-inches) and
edge finish. The results of 100 parts are summarized as follows:
edge finish
excellent good
surface excellent 80 2
finish good 10 8

(a) Let A denote the event that a sample has excellent surface finish and let B denote the event that
a sample has excellent edge finish. Determine the number of samples in B', A' ∩ B, A  B.
(b) Assume that each of two samples is to be classified, use a tree diagram to represent the possible
outcomes of this experiment.

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 Sheet 2
Probability Laws and Counting Techniques

Question (1):
The probability that an integrated circuit chip will have defective etching is 0.06, the probability it
will have a crack defect is 0.03, and the probability that it will have both defects is 0.02. What is
the probability that a newly manufactured chip
(a) will have either an etching or a crack defect?
(b) will have neither defect?

Question (2):
At a particular department store, there are two types of ovens. Consider the decisions made by six
distinct customers.
(a) Suppose that the probability is 0.4 that at most two of these individuals purchase an electric
oven. What is the probability that at least 3 purchase the electric oven?
(b) Suppose that the probability that all six purchase the electric oven is 0.06, while 0.14 is the
probability that all six purchase the gas oven. What is the probability that at least one of each type
is purchased?

Question (3):
If each coded item in a catalogue begins with 3 distinct letters (a-z) followed by 4 distinct non-zero
digits (1-9), find the probability of randomly selecting one of these coded items with the first letter
a vowel {a, e, i, o, u} or the last digit is even.

Question (4):
A three-digit number is formed at random from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, where each digit
can be used only once. What is the probability of getting
(a) an odd number?
(b) a number less than 300?

Question (5):
A conference on bioinformatics includes six talks for six different speakers (3 biologists and 3
engineers). However, the three biologists must speak first, in any order, followed by the 3
engineers, in any order. How many different schedules are possible for the six talks in this
conference?

Question (6):
In how many ways can 6 people be lined up to get on a bus,
(a) if 3 specific persons insist on following each other?
(b) if 2 specific persons refuse to follow each other?

Question (7):
Among the 12 solar collectors on display at a trade show, 9 are flat-plate collectors and the others
are concentrating collectors. If 4 of the solar collectors are randomly selected, what is the
probability that at most two are concentrating collectors?

Page 1 of 2
Question (8):
A manufacturer supplies cheap motors in batches of size 25. A buyer, before taking a batch, tests
at random a sample of 5 motors and accepts the lot if they are all good. What is the probability that
(a) he will accept a batch containing five defective motors?
(b) he will reject (not accept) a lot containing only one defective motor?

Question (9):
(a) A wireless garage door opener has a code determined by the up or down setting of 12 switches.
How many possible codes are possible? How many possible codes are there which contain exactly
5 switches set to be up?
(b) In how many ways can 5 starting positions on a basketball team be assigned to any of 8 men
who can play any of the positions?
(c) How many distinct words (not necessarily meaningful) can be obtained as permutations of the
letters of the word "infinity"?

Question (10):
(a) In how many different ways can a true-false test consisting of 9 questions be answered?
(b) Six professors are to give talks at a certain conference. Each one will give two talks. In how
many ways can their talks be scheduled?
(c) A manufacturing process consists of 10 distinct operations. However, 5 machining operations
must be completed before any of the remaining 5 assembly operations can begin. Within each set
of five, operations can be completed in any order. How many production sequences are possible?

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 Sheet 3
Conditional Probability

Question (1):
Disks of polycarbonate plastic from a supplier are analyzed for scratch and shock resistance. The
results from 100 disks are summarized as follows:
Shock resistance
high low
scratch high 70 9
resistance low 16 5

What is the probability that

(a) a disk has low shock resistance?
(b) a disk has high shock resistance and high scratch resistance?
(c) a disk has high shock resistance if it has low scratch resistance?

Question (2):
Consider the data on wafer contamination and location in the sputtering tool shown in the
following table. Assume that one wafer is selected at random from this set. What is the probability
that this wafer
(a) is from the center of the sputtering tool?
(b) contains four or more particles and is from the center of the sputtering tool?
(c) is from the center of the sputtering if it contains 4 or more particles?

No. of contamination Location

particles Center edge
0 0.3 0.1
1 0.15 0.05
2 0.1 0.05
3 0.06 0.04
4 0.04 0.01
5 or more 0.07 0.03

Question (3):
A lot of 100 semi-conductor chips contains 20 that are defective. Two chips are selected randomly.
What is the probability that
(a) the first one selected is defective?
(b) the second one selected is defective given that the first one was defective?
(c) both are defective?
(d) the second one is defective?
(e) the first one selected was defective given that the second one is defective?
(f) How does the answer to part (b) change if chips were replaced prior to the next selection?

Page 1 of 3
Question (4):
A batch of 500 containers for frozen orange juice contains 5 that are defective. Three contains are
selected at random from the batch. What is the probability that
(a) all three containers are defective?
(b) the third one selected is defective?
(c) the first one was defective if the third container is defective?

Question (5):
(a) Suppose that P(A|B) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.5. Determine P( A  B ) , P( A'  B ) .
(b) If P(A|B) = 1, does this imply that A = B ? Draw a Venn diagram to explain your answer.

Question (6):
(a) Suppose that P(A|B) = 0.2 , P(A|B') = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.8. Determine P(A) and P(B|A).
(b) Suppose A and B are mutually exclusive events. Construct a Venn diagram that contains the
three events A, B and C such that P(A|C) = 1 and P(B|C) = 0.

Question (7):
A computer system uses passwords that are exactly seven characters and each character is one of
the 26 letters (a-z) or 10 integers (0-9). You maintain a password for this computer system.
(a) Suppose a hacker selects a password at random, what is the probability it is your password?
(b) Suppose the hacker knows that your password begins with a vowel {a,e,i,o,u}, what is the
probability your password is selected?

Question (8):
The probability is 1% that an electrical connector that is kept dry fails during the warranty period
of a portable computer. If the connector is ever wet, the probability of a failure during the warranty
period is 5%. If 90% of the connectors are kept dry.
(a) What proportion of connectors fail during the warranty period?
(b) If a connector fails during the warranty period, what is the probability that it was kept dry?

Question (9):
Computer keyboard failures are due to faulty electrical connects (12%) or mechanical defects
(88%). Mechanical defects are related to loose keys (27%) or improper assembly (73%). Electrical
connect defects are caused by defective wires (35%), improper connections (13%), or poorly
welded wires (52%). Find the probability that a failure is due to
(a) loose keys.
(b) improperly connected or poorly welded wires.

Question (10):
Software to detect fraud in consumer phone cards tracks the number of metropolitan areas where
calls originate each day. It is found that 1% of the legitimate users originate calls from two or more
metropolitan areas in a single day. However, 30% of fraudulent users originate calls from two or
more metropolitan areas in a single day. The proportion of fraudulent users is 0.1%. If the same
user originates calls from two or more metropolitan areas in a single day, what is the probability
that the user is fraudulent?

Question (11):
An inspector working for a certain manufacturing company has a 99% chance of correctly
identifying defective items and 0.5% chance of incorrectly classifying a good item as defective.
Page 2 of 3
The company has evidence that its production line produces 0.9% of nonconforming items.
(a) What is the probability that an item selected for inspection is classified as defective?
(b) If an item is selected at random is classified as non-defective, what is the probability that it is
indeed good?

Question (12):
The probability that a lab specimen contains high levels of contamination is 0.1. Five samples are
checked. Assume that the samples are independent. What is the probability that
(a) none of them contains high levels of contamination?
(b) at least one sample contains high levels of contamination?
(c) exactly two of them contain high levels of contamination?
(d) the fifth specimen is the second one containing high levels of contamination?

Question (13):
In a test of a printed circuit board using a random test pattern, an array of 10 bits is equally likely
to be 0 or 1. Assume the bits are independent. What is the probability that
(a) all bits are 1s?
(b) exactly five bits are ones?
(c) the fifth 0-bit is the tenth bit in the test pattern?

Question (14):
The following circuit operates if and only if there is a path of functional devices from left to right.
Assume that devices fail independently and the probability that each device operates is as shown.
What is the probability that the circuit operates?

0.8
0.9 0.9

0.99 0.8
5
0.85
5
0.8

Question (15):
The following circuit operates if and only if there is a path of functional devices from left to right.
Assume that devices fail independently and the probability of failure of each device is as shown.
What is the probability that the circuit operates?

0. 1 0.2 0.1

0.05 0.05 0.1

Page 3 of 3
 Sheet 4
Discrete Random Variables

Question (1):
Let the discrete random variable X be equally likely to assume any of the values 3, 5, or 7.
(a) Determine the cumulative distribution function and sketch it.
(b) Compute the mean and variance of X.

Question (2):
The range of the discrete random variable X is {0,1,2,3, x} , where x is unknown. If each value is
equally likely to occur and the mean of X is 6, determine x.

Question (3):
Patient response to a generic drug to control pain is scored on a 3-point scale, where a 3 indicates
complete relief. Historically, the distribution of the scores is known to be

1 2 3
0.1 0.5 0.4
Two patients, assumed to be independent, are each scored. What is the probability mass function
of the total score?

Question (4):
The probabilities that a PhD thesis will be favourably reviewed by three independent examiners
are 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. Define the random variable X to denote the number of examiners
that approve the thesis. Find the probability distribution of X and its mean.

Question (5):
Given that f ( x)  k 4  x is a probability distribution for a random variable X that can take on the
values x  0, 1, 2,3 .
(a) Find the constant k such that f(x) is a valid probability mass function
(b) Find the cumulative distribution function F(x)
(c) Find the mean of X.
(d) Find the standard deviation of X.
(e) Find P(X > 2).
(f) Repeat parts (a), (c) and (e) if X can assume any non-negative integer.

Question (6):
Assume that each of your calls to an airline reservation system has a probability of 0.2 of
connecting; that is, of not obtaining a busy signal. Assume that your calls are independent. Find the
probability mass function for the number of trials made to achieve your first connection to this
airline reservation system.

Page 1 of 2
Question (7):
The probability of a successful optical alignment in the assembly of an optical data storage product
is 0.8. Assuming that the trials are independent, find the probability mass function for the number
of trials required to achieve the first successful alignment.

Question (8):
The number of errors found in an eight bit byte is a discrete random variable X with the given
cumulative distribution function.
0 , x  1
 0 .7 , 1  x  4

F( x )  
 0 .9 , 4  x  7
1 , x  7
(a) Find the probability mass function of X.
(b) Determine P( 2  X  5) .
(c) Find E( 2 X  4) .
(d) Find V( 2 X  4)

Question (9):
The thickness of wood paneling (in inches) that a customer orders is a random variable X with the
following distribution function:
0 , x  1 / 8
0.2, 1 / 8  x  1 / 4

F( x )  
 0. 8 , 1 / 4  x  3 / 8
1 , x  3 / 8
(a) Find P(X < 1/4).
(b) Find V(X + 2).

Question (10):
In a semi-conductor manufacturing process, four wafers from a lot are tested. Each wafer is
classified as 'pass' or 'fail'. Assume that the probability a wafer passes the test is 0.8 and that wafers
are independent. Find the probability mass function for the number of wafers that pass the test in
the sample drawn.

Question (11):
A batch contains 4 good items and 2 defective items. Items are tested until the first defective item
is found. Define the random variable X to be equal to the number of trials needed in this
experiment. Find the probability mass function of the random variable X.

Page 2 of 2
 Alexandria University 3rd Year Power 2016
Faculty of Engineering Probability and Statistics

Sheet 5
Special Discrete Probability Distributions

Question (1):
A congested computer network has a 5% chance of losing a data packet. Assume that packet losses
are independent events. An e-mail message requires 100 packets.
(a) What is the probability that at least two packets must be re-sent?
(b) What is the mean and standard deviation of the number of packets that must be re-sent?
(c) If there are 10 messages and each contains 100 packets, what is the probability that at least
one message requires two or more packets be re-sent?

Question (2):
The space shuttle flight control system called PASS (Primary Avionics Software Set) uses four
independent computers working in parallel. At each critical step, the computers vote to determine
the appropriate step. The computer will ask for a roll to the left when a roll to the right is
appropriate is 0.001. What is the probability that exactly two computers will ask for a roll to the
left when a roll to the right is appropriate?

Question (3):
Batches that consist of 50 coil springs from a production process are checked for conformance to
customer requirements. The probability that a coil spring does not conform to requirements is 0.1.
(a) What is the mean number of non-conforming springs in a batch?
(b) What is the probability that there are at most 2 non-conforming parts in a batch?
(c) If 3 batches are examined, what is the probability that in each of them there are at most 2
non-conforming springs?

Question (4):
Imperfections in computer circuit boards are sometimes caused by failures of diodes contained in
their components chips. The probability that a diode fails is 0.03. There are 7 chips on board. Each
chip contains 10 diodes. A chip fails if more than 2 of its diodes fail. What is the probability that
three of the chips on board fail?

Question (5):
Samples of 20 parts from a metal punching process are selected every hour. Typically, 5% of the
parts require rework. Let X denote the number of parts in sample that require rework. A process
problem is suspected if X exceeds its mean by more than two times its standard deviation.
(a) Find the mean and standard deviation of X.
(b) Compute the probability of suspecting a problem with the punching process in a given
hour.

Question (6):
The phone lines to an airline reservation system are busy 60% of the time. Assume that the events
that the lines are busy on successive calls are independent. Assume that 10 calls are placed to the
airline.
(a) What is the probability that for at least 2 calls the lines are not all busy?
(b) What is the expected number of calls in which the lines are all busy?

Page 1 of 2
Question (7):
The number of flaws in a fiber optic cable follows a Poisson distribution with an average of 0.6 per
100 feet.
(a) Find the probability of at most 2 flaws in a 200-foot cable.
(b) Find the length of a cable (x) such that the probability of observing no flaws is equal to 0.9.
(c) Find the standard deviation of the number of flaws in a cable which is 100-foot long.

Question (8):
At a checkout counter customers arrive at an average rate of 1.5 per minute. If the number of
customers follows a Poisson distribution,
(a) Find the probability that at least 2 customers will arrive during an interval of 2 minutes.
(b) Find the length of an interval such that the probability of no customers arriving in this
interval is 0.95.

Question (9):
The number of errors in a textbook follows a Poisson distribution with a mean of 0.1 error per
page.
(a) What is the probability that there are two or less errors in 10 pages?
(b) If 10 pages are inspected, what is the probability that three of the 10 pages have exactly 2
errors per page?

Question (10):
Suppose that the number of customers that enter a bank in an hour is a Poisson random variable,
denoted as X. Suppose that P(X  0)  0.05 . Determine the mean and variance of X.

Question (11):
The probability of a man hitting a target is 1/4.
(a) If he fires seven times, what is the probability that the target is hit at least once?
(b) How many times must he fire so that the probability of hitting the target at least once is
greater than 2/3?
(c) If he fires until the target is hit, what is the probability that it will take exactly three tries to
hit the target?
(d) If he fires until the target is hit, what is the average number of tries needed to successfully
hit the target?

Question (12):
The probability of a successful optical alignment in an assembly of an optical storage product is
0.7. Assume that alignment trials are independent. Find the probability that the first successful
alignment requires:
(a) Exactly 4 trials.
(b) At most 4 trials.
(c) At least 4trials.

Question (13):
Among 6 keys only one key can open a certain door. Keys are tried one after the other (with
replacement) until the required key is found (and the door is unlocked).
a) Find the probability of making exactly 3 trials.
b) What is the expected number of trials?

Page 2 of 2
 Sheet 6
Continuous Random Variables

Question (1):
Suppose the probability density function of the continuous random variable X is
0.5 x  1 2  x  4
f ( x)  
0 otherwise
(a) Verify that f(x) is a valid probability density function.
(b) Find the cumulative distribution function and hence determine P( X  3.5 | X  2.5) .
(c) Determine the variance of the random variable X.

Question (2): Homework

Let the phase error in a tracking device have the probability distribution function
cos x 0  x  /2
f ( x)  
0 otherwise
(a) Find the probability that the phase error is between 0 and  / 4 or greater than  / 3 .
(b) Find the expected phase error.

Question (3):
A continuous random variable X has the given cumulative distribution function.
0 , x  1
 3
x  1
F( x )   , 1 x  2
 9
1 ,x2

(a) Determine P( X  1 | X  0.5)
(b) Find E( 2 X  4)

Question (4): Homework

Suppose the cumulative distribution function of the continuous random variable X is
0 , x  2

F( x)  0.25 x  0.5 ,  2  x  2
1 ,x2

(a) Determine P( X  1.75 | X  1) .
(b) Determine the standard deviation of the random variable X .

Question (5):
The thickness of a flange (in millimeters) on an aircraft component has the following probability
density function
10 , 0.95  x  1.05
f ( x)  
0 , otherwise
(a) Determine the cumulative distribution function of the flange thickness.
(b) What thickness is exceeded by 90% of the flanges?
 Alexandria University 3rd Year Power 2016
Faculty of Engineering Probability and Statistics

Sheet 7
Special Continuous Probability Distributions

Question (1):
The number of flaws in a fiber optic cable follows a Poisson distribution with an average of 0.6 per
100 feet.
(a) Find the probability of at most 2 flaws in a 200-foot cable.
(b) Find the length of a cable (x) such that the probability of observing no flaws is equal to 0.9.
(c) Find the standard deviation of the number of flaws in a cable which is 100-foot long.
(d) Find the probability that the distance between two flaws is between 0.5 foot and 1 foot.

Question (2):
The number of telephone calls that arrive at a phone exchange is often modeled as a Poisson
random variable. Assume that on average there are 10 calls per hour.
(a) What is the probability there are exactly 15 calls in two hours?
(b) What is the probability that the time until the next call arrives exceeds 20 minutes?
(c) Calculate the length of an interval of time such that the probability there are no calls arriving at
the phone exchange during this interval is 90%.
(d) If no calls arrived during the past 10 minutes, what is the probability that the first call arrives
within the next 20 minutes?
(e*) What is the probability that the time until two calls have arrived does not exceed 20 minutes?

Question (3):
The time between arrivals of taxis at a busy intersection is exponentially distributed with a mean of
10 minutes.
(a) What is the probability that you wait more than one hour for a taxi?
(b) What is the probability that three taxis arrive in one hour?
(c) If no taxis appeared during the last 30 minutes, what is the probability that the first taxi appears
within the next 20 minutes?
(d*) What is the probability that the time until two taxis have arrived at the intersection does not
exceed 20 minutes?
(e) What is the mean time for observing the arrival of 10 taxis at the intersection?

Question (4):
The life of automobile voltage regulators has an exponential distribution with a mean of six years.
(a) What is the probability that the voltage regulator fails within the next six years?
(b) Calculate the length of an interval of time such that the probability the voltage regulator is still
working during this interval is 0.9.
(c) If 10 voltage regulators are purchased, what is the probability that exactly 7 of them are still
functioning by the end of six years?

Page 1 of 2
Question (5):
The diameter of the dot produced by a printer is uniformly distributed between 0.0015 and 0.0025
inch. Suppose that the specifications require the dot diameter to be between 0.0017 and 0.0023
inch.
(a) What is the probability that the dot diameter meets specifications?
(b) Determine the diameter that is exceeded by 90% of the dots produced.

Question (6): Homework

Suppose the length of computer cables is uniformly distributed from 1200 to 1210 mm.
(a) If buyers' specify that cables should have a length between 1205 and 1208 mm, what
proportion of cables conform to specifications?
(b) If 10 cables are purchased, what is the probability that exactly 5 of them meet the
specifications?

Question (7):
The life of a semiconductor laser operating at a constant power is normally distributed with a mean
of 5000 hours and a standard deviation of 200 hours. Assume that lasers fail independently.
(a) What is the probability that a laser fails before 4500 hours?
(b) What is the probability that the life of a laser exceeds 5000 hours?
(c) If five lasers are used in a product, what is the probability that three of them are still operating
after 5200 hours? (Hint: (1.0)  0.8413, (1.5)  0.9332, ( 2.5)  0.9938 )

Question (8):
The time until recharge for a battery in a laptop computer under common conditions is normally
distributed with a mean of 260 minutes and a standard deviation of 50 minutes.
(a) What is the probability that a battery lasts more than 4 hours?
(b) What is the probability that the battery is recharged in less than 260 minutes?
(c) If the battery has been recharged 110 minutes ago, what is the probability it will need to be
recharged within the next 150 minutes?
(Hint: (1.25)  0.89435 , (1.5)  0.933193 , (0.4)  0.655422 , (1.2)  0.88493 )

Question (9):
The length of a plastic case that holds a magnetic tape is normally distributed with a mean length
of 90.2 mm and a standard deviation of 0.1 mm.
(a) What is the probability that the length of a part is less than 90 mm?
(b) If seven parts are examined, what is the probability that exactly 3 of them will have a length
exceeding 90.3 mm?
(Hint: (1.0)  0.841345 , (1.25)  0.89435 , (1.5)  0.933193 , ( 2)  0.9772 )

Page 2 of 2
 Sheet 8: Joint Probability Distributions

Question (1):
The joint probability mass function of the two random variables X and Y is given in the table
below.
X 0 1 2
y
0 0.25 0.125 0
1 0.125 0.25 0
2 0 0 0.25

(i) Find the marginal distributions of X and Y and hence determine whether X and Y
independent random variables?
(ii) Compute P( X  Y  3) .

Question (2):
Given the joint probability distribution function of the two discrete random variables X and
Y
f ( x, y )   ( x  y ), x  1, 2; y  0, 1
(i) Determine the value of  .
(ii) Find P( X  2, Y  1) .
(iii) Are X and Y independent?
(iv) Find E(5X  2), V(5X  2) .

Question (3):
Two dice, one green and one red, are thrown and X is the sum of the two faces and Y is the
number on the green face. Find the joint probability distribution of X and Y.

Question (4):
An engineering statistics class has 40 students and 60% are electrical engineering majors,
10% are industrial engineering majors and 30% are mechanical engineering majors. A
sample of three students is selected randomly for a project team. Let X and Y denote the
number of industrial engineering and mechanical engineering majors in the sample,
respectively.
(i) Determine the joint probability mass function of X and Y.
(ii) Determine the marginal distributions of X and Y. Are X and Y independent?
(iii) Determine the expected number of industrial majors in the sample.

Question (5):
Two components of a minicomputer have the following joint probability density function for
their useful lifetimes X and Y:
x e  x(1  y ) , x  0 and y  0

f ( x, y )  

0 elsewhere
(i) Find the marginal distributions of X and Y and hence determine whether X and Y are
independent or not.
(ii) What is the probability that the lifetime of at least one component exceeds 3?
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Question (6):
Two random variables X and Y have the following joint distribution
24xy , 0  x  1; 0  y  1; x  y  1
f ( x, y )  
0 elsewhere
(i) Verify that f ( x, y ) is a valid joint probability density function.
(ii) Find P( X  0.5 , Y  0.25) .
(iii) Find the marginal distributions of the random variables X and Y. Are X and Y
independent?

Question (7):
Suppose that the thickness in micrometers of a substrate ( X 1 ), an active layer ( X 2 ) and a
coating layer ( X 3 ) of a chemical product are independent and normally distributed random
variables with parameters: 1  10000,  2  1000,  3  80, 1  250,  2  20 and
 3  4 , respectively. The specifications for the thickness of the substrate, active layer and
coating layer are 9200  x1  10800 , 950  x 2  1050 and 75  x 3  85 , respectively. What
proportion of chemical products meets all thickness specifications?

Question (8):
Let X and Y be independent random variables with the following probability density
functions
fX(x) = 0.5, 40  x  42 fY(y) = 0.1, 90  y  100
= 0, elsewhere = 0, elsewhere
Determine the probability P(Y < 95 | X + Y > 135)

Question (9):
A point is chosen uniformly at random from the triangle that is formed by joining the three
points (0,0), (0,1) and (1,0); that is, f ( x, y )  k over this region. Let X and Y be the
coordinates of a randomly chosen point.
(i) Determine the joint probability density function of X and Y.
(ii) Find the conditional pdf for X given Y = y and hence find P(0.5  X  1 | y  0.25) .

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