MOLE CONCEPT

STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
ATOMIC MASS
 It is the mass of one atom.
 It is actually a relative mass because atoms are
extremely small and atomic masses are very very small.
 Initially Hydrogen being the lightest element was
arbitrarily assigned a mass of 1 and other elements
were assigned masses relative to it.
 E.g. He=4, N=14, C=12, O=16 etc.
ATOMIC MASS
 The present system of atomic masses is based on
carbon-12 as the standard.
 In this system 12 C is assigned a mass of exactly 12
atomic mass unit (amu) and masses of all other
atoms are given relative to this standard.
 One atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly
equal to one twelveth the mass of carbon-12 atom.
 Today ‘amu’ has been replaced by ‘u’ which is known
as unified mass.
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
 Many naturally occuring elements exist as more than
one isotope.When we take into account the existence
of these isotopes and their relative abundance (per
cent occurance) then we get average atomic mass of
that element.
If M1 is the abundance of isotope A1
M2 is the abundance of isotope A2
M3 is the abundance of isotope A3 etc
𝑀1.𝐴1+𝑀2.𝐴2+𝑀3.𝐴3
Then Average Atomic Mass =
𝑀1+𝑀2+𝑀3
ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASSES
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASSES
MOLECULES
MOLECULES
MOLECULAR MASS
 Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the
elements present in a molecule.
 Molecular mass of methane CH4
= 12.011u + 4(1.008 u) = 16.043u
Molecular mass of H2O is = 2(1.008u) + 16 u
= 18.02 u
MOLECULAR MASS
MOLECULAR MASS
MOLECULAR MASS VS MOLAR
MASS
MOLAR MASS
MOLAR MASS
FORMULA MASS
 Some substances like sodium chloride do not contain
discrete molecules as their constituent units. In such
compounds positive ions i.e. Na+ and negative ions
i.e.Cl- ions are present in the solid structure.
 So for such compounds the formula mass is
calculated instead of molecular mass because in solid
state sodium chloride does not exist as a single entity.
 Thus the formula mass of NaCl = Atomic mass of Na
+ Atomic mass of Cl = 23.0u+35.5u=58.5u
FORMULA MASS
FORMULA MASS
MOLE
MOLE
MOLE
What is a mole?
 One mole is the amount of a substance that contains
as many particles or entities as there are atoms in
exactly 12 gm of the 12 C isotope.
 1mole of Atoms =6.022 X 1023 numbers of atoms
 1mole of Molecules =6.022 X 1023 numbers of
molecules
 1mole of ions =6.022 X 1023 numbers of ions
 1mole of electrons =6.022 X 1023 numbers of electrons
MOLAR MASS
 The mass of one mole of a substance is called its
molar mass.
 Molar mass of water H2O = 18.02 g/mol
 Molar mass of Sodium Chloride NaCl = 58.5 g/mol
How to Calculate number
𝑮𝑰𝑽𝑬𝑵 𝑴𝑨𝑺𝑺 𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒎
of moles!
No. of Moles =
𝑴𝑶𝑳𝑨𝑹 𝑴𝑨𝑺𝑺
How to calculate number of
molecules 𝐺𝐼𝑉𝐸𝑁 𝑀𝐴𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
No. of Moles =
𝑀𝑂𝐿𝐴𝑅 𝑀𝐴𝑆𝑆

No. Of Molecules = No.Of Moles X NA

Where NA= Avogadro’s Number
= 6.022 X 1023
Calculate the number of atoms in
each of the following:
 (i) 52 moles of Ar
 (ii)52 u of He
 (iii) 52 g of He
ANSWER
 (i) 52 moles of Ar = 52 X6.022 X 1023
atoms

 (ii) 52u of He = 52/4 =13 atoms

 (iii) 52 g of He
No of moles = Given Mass/molar mass
= 52g/4g =13
No of Atoms = No.of moles X Avogadro’s no
= 13 x6.022 X 1023
Which one of the following will
have the largest number of atoms?
 (i) 1g of Au(s)
 (ii) 1 g of Na(s)
 (iii) 1 g of Li(s)
 (iv) 1 g of Cl2(g)
ANSWER
 No of Moles in 1g of Au = 1/196.97
No of Atoms in 1g of Au=1/196.97 x6.022 X 1023
No of moles in 1g of Na =1/23
No of Atoms in 1g of Na=1/23 X 6.022 X 1023
No of moles in 1 g of Li =1/6.94

No of atoms in 1g of Li=1/6.94 x6.022 X 1023

No of moles in 1g of Cl2(g)=1/71
No of atoms in 1 g of Cl2(g)=2x1/71 x6.022 X 1023
So the answer is (iii) I,e, 1 g of Li
Question
 What is the mass of one 12C atom in gm?
Answer
 We know that 12 gms of 12C contains 1 mole of atoms
i.e., 6.022 X 1023 no of atoms

 So mass of 1 carbon atom = 12/6.022 X 1023 gm= 1.99 X 10-

23 gm
In three moles of ethane(C2H6),Calculate the
following
 (i) Number of moles of carbon atoms
 (ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms
 (iii) Number of molecules of ethane.
Answer
 (i) 2X3 = 6 moles of Carbon atoms = 6 x6.022 X 1023

 (ii) 3X6 = 18 moles of H atoms =18 x6.022 X 1023

6.022 X 1023
Question
 Calculate the mass of 5 moles of CaCO3.
Answer
 The mass of one mole CaCO3 = 100 Gm
 So the mass of 5 moles of CaCO3=500 gm
Question
 Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in 0.2 mole of
Na2CO3.10 H2O.
Answer
 The no of O atoms in 1 mole of Na2CO3.10H2O = 13
moles
 The no of O atoms in 0.2 mole of Na2CO3.10H2O =
13x0.2 moles=2.6 mole
= 2.6 x6.022 X 1023
=1.56 x 1024
Question
 Calculate the total no of electrons present in 18 ml of
water.
Answer
 As the density of water is 1g/ml.
The weight of 18 ml of water is 18 gm
No of moles of water =18/18 =1mole
So the no of molecules = 6.022 x 1023
But one molecule of H2O contains=10 electrons
So total no. of electrons = 6.022 x 1024
Q.
From 200mg of CO2 ,1021
molecules are removed. How
many mg and moles of CO2 are
left?
Solution
 6.023 x 10 23 molecules CO2= 44gm
 10 21 molecules of CO2 = 44 x 10 21 / 6.023 x 10 23 = 73.1
mg
 CO2 left = 200-73.1 = 126.9 mg
 Moles of CO2 left = 126.9 X 10-3/44
= 2.88 x 10-3
Question
 Chlorophyll contains 2.68% of Mg
by weight. Calculate the number of
Mg atoms in 2.00g of chlorophyll.
(Atomic Mass Mg =24)
Answer
 Mass of Mg in Chlorophyll = 2.68 x 2/100
=0.054 g
 24 gm of Mg contains 6.023 x 1023 atoms
 0.054 g of Mg contains =0.054x 6.023 x 1023 atoms/24 =
1.35x 1021 atoms
Question
 The volume of a gas in an electronic tube is 1.12 x 10-7
ml at STP. Calculate the number of molecules of gas in
the tube.
Answer
 22,400 ml (STP) of a gas contains 6.022 x 1023
molecules
 No of molecules in the gas tube=
 6.022 x 1023 x 1.12 x 10-7/22,400=
 3.011x1012
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
 The percentage of any element or constituent in a
compound is the number of parts by mass of that
element or constituent present in 100 parts by mass of
the compound.
Mass % of an element =
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
Mass % of H & O in water (H2O)
 Molar mass of water = 18.02 g
 Mass % of hydrogen = 2 x 1.008 x 100
18.02
= 11.18
Mass % of Oxygen = 16.00 x 100
18.02
= 88.79
Question
 What is the percentage of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen in ethanol ?
Answer
 Molecular formula of ethanol= C2H5OH
 Molar mass of ethanol = (2 x 12.01+6 x1.008 +16.00) g = 46.068 g
 Mass per cent of carbon = 24.02 x 100
46.068
=52.14
 Mass per cent of hydrogen = 6.048 x 100
46.068
=13.13
 Mass per cent of Oxygen = 16.00 x 100
46.068
=34.73
Question
 Calculate the mass percent of different elements
present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
Answer
 Molar mass of Na2SO4 = 2(23.0)+32.0+4x16.0 = 142
g/mol
 Mass per cent of sodium = 46 x 100 = 32.39
142
Mass per cent of sulphur = 32 x 100 = 22.54
142
Mass per cent of oxygen = 64 x 100 = 45.07
142
Question
 Calculate the percentage of water of crystallisation in
the sample of blue vitriol (CuSO4.5H2O).
Answer
 Molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O =
 63.5 +32+4x16 +5 x 18 =249.5
 Per cent of H2O = 90 x 100
249.5
= 36.07 %
EMPIRICAL FORMULA &
MOLECULAR FORMULA
 An empirical formula represents the simplest whole
number ratio of various atoms present in a compound
whereas the molecular formula shows the exact
number of different types of atoms present in a
molecule of a compound.
 E.g. The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is
H2O2 and its empirical formula is HO
EMPIRICAL FORMULA &
MOLECULAR FORMULA
 Similarly the molecular formula of benzene is C6H6
and its empirical formula is CH.
 The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6 and its
empirical formula is CH2O.
 Sometimes empirical formula and molecular formula
are same.
 E.g the empirical and molecular formula of water is
H2O and in case of ethanol it is C2H5OH or C2H6O in
case of carbon dioxide CO2 etc.
Relationship between empirical
formula & molecular formula
 The molecular formula is a simple whole number
multiple of empirical formula.
 Molecular Formula = n x Empirical Formula
n = 1,2,3....etc
Question on Empirical & Molecular
formula
 A compound containing 4.07 % hydrogen,24.27 %
carbon and 71.65 % chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96 g.
What are its empirical and molecular formula ?
Solution
 Step 1: Conversion of mass percent to gram
Let us consider the amount of the compound is 100 g. So
the weight of hydrogen is 4.07g, the weight of carbon
is 24.27 g, and the weight of chlorine is 71.65 g.
Step2 : Conversion of mass into moles of each
element
No of moles of hydrogen=4.07/1.008 =4.04
No of moles of Carbon =24.27/12.01 =2.021
No of moles of Chlorine=71.65/35.453 = 2.021
Solution continuing…
 Step 3 Division of mole value by smallest number
to get the mole ratio:
Since 2.021 is the smallest number we get the mole ratio
as H: C: Cl as 4.04/2.021:2.021/2.021: 2.021/2.021
Which gives us 2:1:1
Step 4 The empirical formula is CH2Cl
Step 5 Calculation of n factor
n = molar mass/empirical formula mass
= 98.96/49.48 =2
The molecular Formula
 The empirical formula is multiplied with the n
factor to obtain the molecular formula.
 As the empirical formula is CH2Cl and n =2
 We get the molecular formula C2H4Cl2
Question
 Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron
which has 69.9 % iron and 30.1 % oxygen by mass.
Solution
 Step 1: Let us consider the weight of the compound is 100 g.
Then weight of Fe is 69.9 g and the weight of O is 30.1g
 Step2:No of moles of Fe=69.9/56=1.248
No of moles of O =30.1/16=1.881
Step 3: Divide by the lowest number to get the mole ratio
Fe:O is 1.248/1.248:1.881/1.248
= 1:1.5
Step4 : Convert each of them with by multiplying with an
integer to whole number So empirical formula= Fe2O3
Question
 A weilding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen
only.Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives 3.38 g
of carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water and no other
product.A volume of 10.0 L(measured at STP) of this
welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate
(i)empirical formula (ii)molar mass of the gas and
(iii)molecular formula.
Solution:
 Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of C & H
No of moles of C= 3.38 = 0.076
44
No of moles of H = 2.0x0.690 =0.076
18.016
Step2: Mole ratio of C : H = 1: 1
Step3 : Empirical formula CH
Solution
 Step 4: Molar mass of the gas
11.6 x 22.4 = 26
10.0
Step 5 : Calculation of n factor
n = Molar mass = 26/13 =2
Empirical formula mass
Step6 : Molecular formula = Empirical Formula X n =
C2H2
Question
 1.60 g of an oxide of iron, on heating in a stream of
hydrogen gas, completely converted to 1.12 g of iron.
Find the empirical formula of the oxide.
Solution
 In the 1.60 g iron oxide weight of Fe=1.12g
 So weight of O = 1.60-1.12 = 0.48g
 No of moles of Fe=1.12/56=0.02
 No of moles of O =0.03
 So the mole ratio Fe =0.02/0.02 =1
 O =0.03/0.02=1.5
 So the empirical formula = Fe2O3
Question
 A compound of carbon,hydrogen and nitrogen
contains three elements in the respective weight ratio
of 9:1:3.5. Calculate the empirical formula. If its
molecular weight is 108, what is the molecular
formula.
Solution
 Let the mass of C=9g
 Mass of H=1g
 Mass of N=3.5g
 The No of moles C=9/12=0.75
 no of moles Of H =1/1=1
 No of moles of N =3.5/14=0.25
 Mole ratio = C=3 H=4 N =1
 So empirical formula =C3H4N
 n factor = 108/54=2 So molecular formula=
 C6H8 N2
Question
 A hydrated salt of iron sulphate weighing 2 g contains
0.9065 g of water of crystalisation. Find the formula of
the hydrated salt.
Solution
 The weight of FeSO4 is 2-0.9065=1.0935g
 Weight of water =0.9065g
 No of moles of FeSO4=1.0935/152=0.007
 No of moles of H2O =0.9065/18=0.05
 Mole ratio =FeSO4:H2O =0.007/0.007=1:7.14
 So the formula of the hydrated salt is FeSO4.7H2O
Question
 An iron compound yielded C=64.4% H=5.5% and
Fe=29.9%. What is the simple formula of the
compound?
Solution
 Let us consider the weight of the compound is 100 g
 Weight of C=64.4g
 Weight of H =5.5g
 Weight of Fe=29.9g
 No of moles of C=64.4/12=5.36
 No of moles of H =5.5/1.008=5.47
 No of moles of Fe=29.9/56=0.53
 Mole ratio of C:H:Fe=10:10:1
 So empirical formula=C10H10Fe
STOICHIOMETRY AND
STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATION
 Let us consider a balanced chemical equation
CH4(g)+2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
In this reaction CH4(g) and O2(g) are called reactants
and CO2(g) and H2O(g) are called products.
The stoichiometric coefficients of CH4(g) is 1
The stoichiometric coefficients of O2(g) is 2
The stoichiometric coefficients of CO2(g) is 1
The stoichiometric coefficients of H2O(g) is 2
What information it conveys?
 CH4(g)+2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
 One mole of CH4(g) react with two moles of O2(g) to
give one mole of CO2(g) and two moles of H2O(g).
 One molecule of CH4(g) react with two molecules of
O2(g) to give one molecule of CO2(g) and two
molecules of H2O(g).
 22.7 L of CH4(g) react with 45.4 Lof O2(g) to give
22.7L of CO2(g) and 45.4 Lof H2O(g).
 16 g of CH4(g) react with 2 x 32 g of O2(g) to give 44 g
of CO2(g) and 2 x 18 g of H2O(g).
In general
 aA+bB cC+dD
 Then no of moles of A = no of moles of B
a b
= no of moles of C = no of moles of D
c d
Or, nA/a = nB/b = nC/c =nD/d
Question
 Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the
combustion of 16 g of methane.
 Solution: The balanced chemical equation is given by
CH4(g)+2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
So no of moles of CH4(g) = 16/16 =1
According to stoichiometric equation
nCH4/1 = nO2/2= nCO2/1= nH2O/2
So nH2O/2 = nCH4/1
So nH2O = 2 Hence weight of H2O(g) =2 X 18 g = 36 g
Question
 How many moles of methane are required to produce
22 g of CO2(g) after combustion?
 Solution:The balanced chemical equation is given by
CH4(g)+2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
no of moles of CO2(g) = 22/44 =0.5
According to stoichiometric equation
nCH4/1 = nO2/2= nCO2/1= nH2O/2
nCH4= nCO2 = 0.5 mole
Question
 Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating
manganese dioxide (MnO2) with aqueous
hydrochloric acid according to the reaction
4 HCl (aq)+MnO2(s) 2H2O(l)+MnCl2(aq)+Cl2(g)
How many grams of HCl react with 5.0 g of manganese
dioxide?
Solution
 According to the balanced chemical reaction
4 HCl (aq)+MnO2(s) 2H2O(l)+MnCl2(aq)+Cl2(g)
nHCl/4 = n MnO2/1
n MnO2 = 5.0/87
nHCl = 4 x n MnO2 = 4 x 5.0/87
mass of HCl = 4 x 5.0/87 x 36.5 = 8.39 g
LIMITING REAGENT
 Many a times the reactions are carried out when the
reactants are not present in the amounts as required
by a balanced chemical reaction.One reactant is in
excess over the other. The reactant which is present in
the lesser amount gets consumed after sometime and
after that no further reaction takes place whatever be
the amount of the other reactant.Hence the reactants
which gets consumed limits the amount of product
formed and is called the limiting reagent.
 The other reactant is called the excess reagent.
How to Calculate Limiting Reagent?
 aA+bB cC+dD
 If no of moles of A > no of moles of B
a b
i.e if nA/a > nB/b
Then B is the limiting reagent
If nA/a < nB/b
Then A is the limiting reagent
If nA/a = nB/b there is no limiting reagent
Question
 50.0 Kg of N2(g) and 10.0 Kg 0f H2(g) are mixed to
produce NH3(g). Calculate the NH3(g) formed.
Identify the limiting reagent in this situation.
 Solution:
The balanced chemical reaction is given by
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2 NH3 (g)
So we have
n N2(g)/1 = n H2(g)/3 = n NH3(g)/2
n N2(g) /1 = n H2(g) /3 = n NH3(g)/2
 n N2(g) = 50000/28= 1786 mol
 n H2(g)= 10000/2 = 5000 mol
 So n N2(g) /1= 1786/1 =1786
 n H2(g) /3 = 5000/3=1666.67
 So,n N2(g) /1 > n H2(g) /3 Hence H2(g) is the limiting
agent.
 The amount of NH3(g) formed will depend on amount
of H2(g) present i.e. n H2(g) /3 = n NH3(g)/2
 n NH3(g) =2x n H2(g) /3 =2/3 x 5000 mol=56,666g=56.6
Kg
HOW TO EXPRESS CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION?

1.STRENGTH
2.PERCENTAGE(%)
3.MOLE FRACTION (X)
4.MOLARITY(M)
5.MOLALITY (m)
1.STRENGTH (gm/Litre)

 Strength of a solution is defined as number of

grams of solute present in one litre of a Solution.
 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Strength =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝑳𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒆
2.PERCENTAGE(%)

 It is defined as either w/w,w/v,v/v

 w/w Percentage is the number of grams of solute
present in 100 gram of Solution.
 w/v Percentage is the number of grams of solute
present in 100 ml of Solution.
 v/v Percentage is the ml of liquid solute present in 100
ml of Solution.
 For example if I say 98% H2SO4 it means 98g of H2SO4
is present in 100 gm of Solution.
 5%(v/v)of Ethanol means 5ml. of Ethanol in 100 ml.of
Solution.
3.Mole Fraction (X)

 It is defined as number of moles of a component

divided by total number of moles of all the
components.
 For example for a Binary Solution
 A + B = Solution
 Let nA be the number of moles of A
 And nB be the number of moles of B
𝒏𝑨
Then Mole Fraction of A = XA=
𝒏𝑨+𝒏𝑩
𝒏𝑩
Then Mole Fraction of B = XB=
𝒏𝑨+𝒏𝑩
4.MOLARITY(M)
 It is defined as the number of moles of solute
present in one litre of Solution.
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Molarity(M)=
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒆

𝑾.𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Molarity (M)=
𝑴.𝑽
Where W=Weight of the solute in gm
M=Molar mass of the solute in gm
V=Volume of solution in ml
5.MOLALITY(m)
 It is defined as the number of moles of solute
present in one Kg of Solvent.
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Molality(m)=
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝑲𝒈

𝑾.𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Molality (m)=
𝑴.𝒘′
Where W=Weight of the solute in gm
M=Molar mass of the solute in gm
w’=weight of solvent in gm
Molarity=10xd/M
x=percentage,d=density
M=molarmass
 Molarity= no of moles/volume in L
 No of moles =4g/40g=1/10=0.1
 Volume in litre= 250/1000=1/4=0.25
 Molarity=1/10/1/4=4/10 =0.4 M
 Calculate the molarity of a 98% H2SO4 whose density is
1.07 g/ml.
 98% H2SO4 98gm of H2SO4 in 100g of solution
 No of moles of H2SO4=98/98
 Volume in ml=mass/density=100g/1.07g/ml=100/1.07ml
 Molarity=1/100/1.07 x 1000=10.7M