Aspirating Detection System

Protec Aspirating Detection System

Generic Design & Installation Guide

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 1 of 50

Document Revision Details
Issue Modification Detail Author(s) Approved Date
0 Original Issue MAC / AGD CH 02/05/2018

GENERIC ASPIRATING SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDE

This Design Guide has been produced by Protec Fire & Security Group to assist when designing Protec
Fire & Smoke Aspirating Detection Systems for various applications.

The aim of the Design Guide is to provide a basic design concept to enable the designer to provide a
considered, compliant and correctly functioning detection system using Protec Aspirating Systems
solutions.

Aspirating detection systems now cover an extensive number and variety of applications. Each different
aspirating system application will have many varying dimensions, airflows, background particle levels,
sensitivity requirements and performance requirements, etc. Therefore, each application needs to be
designed specifically for its own layout and risk.

Aspirating system applications may contain different combustible materials and therefore differing
amounts and types of fire and smoke particles may be created in these areas. For this reason, it is
important to select the correct detection technology for the risk.

All aspirating systems designers should be fully qualified, competent and conversant with the technical
operation and differences of the various aspirating technologies and detectors. Designers should also
familiarize themselves with all aspects of local applicable codes and standards.

Please Note:
The information provided within this Design Guide should be used in conjunction with
your Local Standards and Fire Codes. Local regional industry practices where relevant
should also be observed.

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Table of Contents
Document Revision Details.................................................................................................................................. 2

GENERIC ASPIRATING SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDE ................................................................................................ 2

Definition of a Protec Aspirating Detection System ........................................................................................ 4
Introduction to Protec Aspirating Detectors .................................................................................................... 5
Main Aspirating System Components ............................................................................................................... 6
Protec Aspirating Detector Power Supply Units .............................................................................................. 8
Protec Aspirating System Sampling Pipe and Accessories ........................................................................... 10
Typical Aspirating System Applications ........................................................................................................... 12
Pre Design Considerations ................................................................................................................................ 13
‘Types’ of Aspirating Detection Systems .......................................................................................................... 15
Other Aspirating Detection System Design Considerations ........................................................................ 24
Aspirating Detector Comms Networks ............................................................................................................ 30

GENERIC ASPIRATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION GUIDE ................................................................................. 32

Sampling Pipes (General)................................................................................................................................... 33
Sampling Hole Identification............................................................................................................................. 40
Environmental & Condensation Considerations ............................................................................................ 41
Intumescent Fire Stop Collar ............................................................................................................................. 42
Sampling Pipe Dust Management ................................................................................................................... 43
Extended or Capillary Sampling Pipes ............................................................................................................. 45
Sampling Pipe ‘Maintenance Test Points’ Installation ................................................................................... 46
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................................................ 48

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Definition of a Protec Aspirating Detection System
Aspirating detectors provide an ‘active’ detection system that sample air from a given area or fire zone
to detect the presence of combustion particles or smoke.

These combustion and/or smoke particles are transported to the detector via an integral aspirator that
continuously draws air from a network of supervised sampling pipes, each containing small holes more
commonly known as sampling points.

Having identified an increase in airborne combustion/smoke particle levels this information is presented
as a number of staged alarms via both the detector display and outputs and is often integrated into the
main building fire alarm system.

Introduction to aspirating ‘Cloud Chamber Detection’ Technology

It is known that particles smaller than the wavelength of visible light occur spontaneously as a material
is overheated and in numbers far above those present in a normal ambient environment. Cirrus Pro/
Cirrus CCD and Cirrus HYBRID detectors utilise the ‘Wilson Cloud Chamber’ principle to detect these sub-
micron particles that are generated at the incipient and all other stages of fire.

A sample of air from the protected space is delivered to the detector via a centrifugal blower, a portion
of which is diverted into a humidifier. At approximately 100% relative humidity, the sample is directed
to the Cloud Chamber where, because of cooling due to rapid vacuum expansion, water condenses onto
all the airborne particles within the sample.

Consequently, these thermally generated particles cause many droplets to form into a cloud, which is
then detected by the measuring system of the Cloud Chamber. The density of the cloud formed is
directly proportional to the number of particles present.

The result is a continuous signal that corresponds to the particle concentration. This signal is used to
provide a staged alarm sequence with four alarm levels.

Introduction to aspirating ‘Optical’ & ‘Optical/CO’ Technology

One alternative technology to cloud chamber based aspirating detectors is ‘Optical Smoke’ sensing
aspirating detectors. Lasers or LED light sources can be used to identify small amounts of visible smoke
particles created as material combusts. Generally speaking all optical aspirating detectors should first
take the sampled air through a filter to try to remove airborne dust, as this is often the cause of
unwanted alarms.

The filtered air then passes into the optical chamber in front of the light source, where reflected light
from the visible smoke particles (known as light scatter) is measured by a photo collector.

The optical signal strength (amount of scattered light) is then reported as a measurement of %obs/m
on the detector display.

In addition to ‘Optical Smoke’ sensing, some aspirating detectors also include CO (Carbon Monoxide)
sensing elements. Through complex algorithms, the monitoring for CO can help avoid unwanted alarms
caused by ‘Optical’ only detectors. It should be noted that the CO monitoring in aspirating detection
systems is generally only suitable for smaller rooms due to dilution.

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Introduction to Protec Aspirating Detectors

Aspirating FIRE Detection utilising Cirrus Pro ‘Cloud Chamber’ Aspirating Fire Detectors

Protec Cirrus Pro Series aspirating fire detectors utilise the ‘Wilson Cloud Chamber’ as its primary source
of detection. This unique ‘Cloud Chamber’ technology enables the Cirrus Pro detectors to be one of the
earliest and most versatile fire detection technologies currently available. In addition, the Cloud
Chamber technology ensures that Cirrus Pro detectors provide the least possible potential for ‘false
alarms’ caused by dust, steam, condensation, humidity, high airflow and temperature changes; which
can create problems for other aspirating detector technologies. The unique cloud chamber
measurement scale is in particles per cm3 (PCM3). Protec Cirrus Pro 200 aspirating fire detector is fully
compliant with EN54 Part 20.

Aspirating SMOKE Detection utilising ProPointPlus ‘Optical & CO’ Aspirating Smoke Detectors

Protec ProPointPlus aspirating smoke detectors utilise ‘optical’ LED Scatter Chamber Detectors (SCD’s)
within each of the four detector sampling ports. Each SCD can be individually pre-set to Class A - high
sensitivity (3 holes per pipe), Class B - enhanced sensitivity (5 holes per pipe), Class C - normal sensitivity
(8 or 12 holes per pipe) and Prison Cell mode settings. The SCD smoke sensor identifies the visible smoke
particles generated as material over-heats. All ProPointPlus aspirating smoke detectors are fully
compliant with EN54 Part 20.

Aspirating FIRE & SMOKE Detection utilising Cirrus HYBRID Aspirating Fire & Smoke Detectors

Protec Cirrus HYBRID aspirating detector contains two separate detection elements to detect two
different phenomenon associated with fire (fire particles and smoke particles). The Cirrus HYBRID
detector includes as its primary sensor, a ‘Cloud Chamber’ fire detector. This is supplemented by high
sensitivity ‘Optical’ detectors provided within each of the four detector sampling ports.

Fire detection – The Cloud Chamber detector identifies invisible sub-micron particles generated during
the combustion process when an over-heat condition occurs. The Cloud Chamber measurement scale
is in particles per cm3 (PCM3) and provides the ‘Fire’ detection element of the Cirrus HYBRID detector.

Smoke detection – Optical smoke sensors identify visible smoke particles generated as material
continues to over-heat. The optical measurement scale is percent obscuration per meter (%Obs/m) and
provides the ‘Smoke’ detection element of the Cirrus HYBRID detector.

Combined Fire and Smoke Scale – Cirrus HYBRID detectors indicate these two separate detection
element scales (PCM3 & %Obs/m) individually, however as its primary display these two scales are
combined and integrated on a bespoke scale known as Combined Fire and Smoke (CFS). All Cirrus
HYBRID aspirating fire and smoke detectors are fully compliant with EN54 Part 20.

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Main Aspirating System Components
Protec Aspirating System Detectors technical summary.

Cirrus Pro 200 Fire Detection

Maximum area of detection allowed: 2000m2 or a single zone or fire compartment
Maximum total length of sampling pipe: Approx. 200m (subject to calculation program)
Maximum number of pipes: 4
Maximum number of sampling holes: EN54 Class A – 36 holes/pipe Gain 9 @ 15%
EN54 Class B – 36 holes/pipe Gain 8 @ 15%
EN54 Class C – 36 holes/pipe Gain 7 @ 15%
All designs subject to calculation program
verification.
Sampling pipe I/D: 15mm – 25mm
Supply Voltage: 20 – 29 volts DC
Current consumption: 317mA quiescent – 357mA in alarm
Dimensions: W – 360mm, H – 215mm, D – 144mm

For the aspirating system detector technical summary on Cirrus Pro models not detailed above please refer
to Protec Fire & Protec Fire & Security Group individual product data sheets

ProPointPlus Smoke Detection

Maximum area of detection allowed: 2000m2 or a single zone or fire compartment
Maximum total length of sampling pipe: Approx. 200m
(subject to calculation program)
Maximum number of pipes: 4
Maximum number of sampling holes: EN54 Class A – 3 holes per pipe
EN54 Class B – 5 holes per pipe
EN54 Class C – 8 holes per pipe
All designs subject to calculation program
verification
Sampling pipe I/D: 15mm – 25mm
Supply Voltage: 20 – 29 volts DC
Current consumption: Fan speed dependant
Dimensions: W – 380mm, H – 250mm, D – 137mm

Cirrus HYBRID Fire & Smoke Detection

Maximum area of detection allowed: 2000m2 or a single zone or fire compartment
Maximum total length of sampling pipe: Approx. 260m
(subject to calculation program)
Maximum number of pipes: 4
Maximum number of sampling holes: EN54 Class A – 36 holes @ 200 CFS
EN54 Class B – 44 holes @ 400 CFS
EN54 Class C – 44 holes @ 600 CFS
All designs subject to calculation program
verification
Sampling pipe I/D: 15mm – 25mm
Supply Voltage: 20 – 29 volts DC
Current consumption: Fan speed dependant
Dimensions: W – 380mm, H – 250mm, D – 137mm

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Important Note:
The above details reflect the general parameters where EN 54 approved products are required. All
aspirating detection systems designs are subject to the local area/country design, installation and
performance codes/requirements. Additionally, ALL system designs must be verified using Protec
‘ProFlow’ sampling pipe calculation program.

‘ProFlow’ sampling pipe calculations confirm acceptability of operational parameters such as type of
detector, lengths of sampling pipes, quantity and diameter of sampling holes or capillary sampling
points.

Portable Aspirating Detector

Cirrus Pro Locator

Maximum area of detection allowed Hand held portable unit for localised testing
Maximum total length of sampling pipe N/A
Maximum number of pipes 1
Maximum number of sampling holes N/A
Sampling pipe I/D N/A
Supply Voltage 100v – 240v 50/60Hz
Battery Life Standard 2h 30m – Extended 3h 0m
Dimensions W – 350mm, H – 260mm, D – 120mm

Protec Cirrus Pro Locator is a portable air sampling detector. The detector uses Cloud Chamber
Detection (CCD) technology for very early warning fire detection. The unit is typically used to assist in
the local identification of a potential fire source within a room, cabinet or general space. Many data
centres have a Cirrus Pro Locator as supplementary equipment to the main room detection system to
further aid in locating the actual origin of alarm from within electronic racks.

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Protec Aspirating Detector Power Supply Units

9300/EN/18 9300/EN/24 9800/EN/38 9800/EN/65

The system designers should ensure a suitable and compatible power supply is used for each aspirating
detector. Protec Series 9000 3Amp & 8Amp power supplies are a self-contained supply designed to
power Protec aspirating detectors and charge the associated batteries simultaneously.

The charger uses power factor correction to ensure a near unity power factor, and switch-mode
technology to provide a lightweight and efficient unit.

The designer should ensure the power supply is sized correctly to suit the alarm load, the quiescent load
and alarm standby periods. The following tables provides quiescent and alarm power consumption
figures for Protec aspirating detectors.

Cirrus Pro Detector Power Consumption

STANDING ALARM LOAD
DESCRIPTION UNIT UNIT
Cirrus Pro 100 263 302
Cirrus Pro 200 317 357
Cirrus Pro 200D 414 455
Cirrus Pro 200DSC 487 570
Cirrus Pro 200SC 417 521
Cirrus Pro 200+ 410 430
Cirrus Pro 200D+ 474 529
Cirrus Pro 200DSC+ 564 662
Cirrus Pro 200SC+ 417 521
Cirrus Pro X4 779 856
Cirrus Pro X4ND 699 776
Cirrus Pro RDP 80 80

Important Note:
The designer should check the particular model of the above detectors is compliant with the relevant
approvals requirements for the particular project, as not all detectors carry all global product approvals.

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ProPointPlus Detector Power Consumption

ProPoint Plus

Blower Speed (%) Quiescent Alarm

SCD 1x SCD 2x SCD 3x SCD 4x SCD 1x SCD 2x SCD 3x SCD 4x

100 360 400 425 455 410 450 475 505
95 347 387 411 440 397 437 461 490
90 334 374 397 425 384 424 447 475
85 321 361 383 410 371 411 433 460
80 308 348 369 395 358 398 419 445
75 295 335 355 380 345 385 405 430
70 282 322 341 365 332 372 391 415
65 269 309 327 350 319 359 377 400
60 256 296 313 335 306 346 363 385
55 243 283 299 320 293 333 349 370
50 230 270 285 305 280 320 335 355
45 220 259 274 293 270 309 324 343
40 210 248 263 281 260 298 313 331
35 200 237 252 269 250 287 302 319
30 190 226 241 257 240 276 291 307
25 180 215 230 245 230 265 280 295
20 170 204 219 233 220 254 269 283
15 160 193 208 221 210 243 258 271
10 150 182 197 209 200 232 247 259
5 140 171 186 197 190 221 236 247

Cirrus HYBRID Detector Power Consumption

CirrusHYBRID

Blower Speed (%) Quiescent Alarm

SCD 1x SCD 2x SCD 3x SCD 4x SCD 1x SCD 2x SCD 3x SCD 4x

100 522 590 626 685 622 690 726 785
95 504 572 608 649 604 672 708 749
90 485 558 595 640 585 658 695 740
85 463 545 572 604 563 645 672 704
80 449 531 554 590 549 631 654 690
75 431 495 535 567 531 595 635 667
70 417 481 522 549 517 581 622 649
65 404 467 504 535 504 567 604 635
60 390 454 485 517 490 554 585 617
55 376 440 472 504 476 540 572 604
50 372 417 454 485 472 517 554 585
45 363 408 445 472 463 508 545 572
40 349 395 431 458 449 495 531 558
35 335 381 417 445 435 481 517 545
30 322 367 422 435 422 467 522 535
25 317 363 395 417 417 463 495 517
20 308 354 372 395 408 454 472 495
15 299 345 358 381 399 445 458 481
10 295 335 345 367 395 435 445 467
5 290 317 331 358 390 417 431 458

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Protec Aspirating System Sampling Pipe and Accessories

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Typical Aspirating System Applications

High Sensitivity Detection applications include:

• Clean Rooms
• Control Rooms
• Computer Rooms
• Data Storage Facilities
• Archive Storage

General/Enhanced Sensitivity Detection applications include:

• Roof Voids
• Warehouses
• Atria
• Production Facilities
• Power & Utility Plants

Harsh Environment applications include:

• Cold Storage Facilities
• Chilled Storage Facilities
• Food Production Facilities
• Specialist Production Areas
• Dusty Production Plants

Special Risk applications include:

• Electrical Control Cabinets
• Prison Cells
• Power Plants
• Conveyor Systems
• Flight Simulators

Sensitive applications include:

• Heritage Buildings
• Cathedrals
• Museums
• Art Galleries
• Cultural Centres

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Pre Design Considerations
Expectations of the completed aspirating detection system
Prior to the detection system design and in the absence of a specification, the designer should consult
with the client to confirm the expectations from the completed aspirating detection system. These
consultations should include such things as the ‘type’ of detection system to be installed, the compliance
with applicable local area codes and standards, the ‘realistic’ sensitivity of the detector for the given
application and a possible and suitable performance test for the completed installation, if required.
Detector Sensitivity
The sensitivity of the required detection system is dependent upon a number of issues including the
application of the detection system, the ‘type’ of aspirating detection system employed, the ambient
background particle levels, local area codes and performance test requirements.

Aspirating detectors have a large sensitivity range. This enables the detectors to be installed in
applications as diverse as a ‘Cleanroom’ requiring the very highest sensitivity available through to a
’polluted’ warehouse/production area, where detector sensitivity is often determined or restricted by the
background environmental operating conditions.

By utilising the range of the detector sensitivity, it is possible that from a single aspirating detector up
to four alarms can be generated at different points along the fire growth curve as detailed in the
example below.

Example 1: Computer Room Installation using a ‘cloud chamber’ based aspirating detector

Pre-alarm condition - May be given when the detector is operating at a very high sensitivity level.
This condition would most likely initiate a visual check only of the protected
space. It should be noted that there may not be any visible smoke present
at this time. (0% obs/ft.)

Fire 1 condition - May be given when the fire condition is continuing to develop. This alarm
level may ‘shut-down’ any forced ventilation to enable any point/spot
detectors to be more efficient.

Fire 2 condition - May be given when the fire condition is continuing to further develop. This
alarm could provide a signal to ‘evacuate’ the building to protect any
personnel that may be affected by the alarm condition.

Fire 3 condition - May be given when the fire condition is continuing to further develop. This
alarm level could provide a signal to a ‘fire suppression’ system to
suppress/extinguish the fire condition.

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Example 2: Warehouse Installation using a ‘cloud chamber’ based aspirating detector

Pre-alarm condition - Local area visual investigation, area may contain invisible fire particles and
visible smoke particles.

Fire 1 condition - Evacuate signal sent to main building fire alarm system – possible similar
cause and effect outputs to point type smoke detector installations.

Fire 2 condition - Not Used

Fire 3 condition - Not Used

Background Particle Levels

The actual sensitivity setting of the detector for each specific application can be affected by the ambient
background particle level in the area of detection. This ambient particle level may be influenced by many
sources including; the height of the area, the proximity to outside air, any production or manufacturing
processes that may be carried out within the environment and the influence of forced air ventilation or
air penetrating from adjoining areas.

It is important to remember this ambient background particle level may not be consistent throughout
the period of a day, week other time span. With this in mind, the sensitivity of some aspirating detectors
can be configured to suit the variable background levels in a number of ways; including different time
zone settings typically described as ‘day/night’ settings and by each day of the week to allow for
differences between working days and none working days.

Detector Settings often referred to as ‘Detector Class’

Aspirating Detection Systems are generally designed in compliance with standards such as EN54-
20:2006 Section 7 and in such cases are classified as a Class A, Class B or Class C Systems. This
classification assumes that the final operational environment is suitable for this design and proposed
detector sensitivity, both at commissioning stage and more importantly, when the building becomes
fully operational. Where the client’s environment cannot provide a background level that allows the
correct sensitivity, the application may be considered to be of an ‘Undefined Detector Sensitivity’ and sit
outside Class A, B or C.

Class A Detection System

Definition: - Aspirating smoke detector providing very high sensitivity. These systems are often employed
in areas so that evasive measures can be initiated before any significant damage is incurred to areas
containing mission critical or high value artefacts or operations.

Class B Detection System

Definition: - Aspirating smoke detector providing enhanced sensitivity. These systems are often
employed in areas where fire and smoke particles are difficult to detect. This would include areas where
there is dilution from high airflow movements or where there are high ceiling spaces.

Class C Detection System

Definition: - Aspirating smoke detector providing normal sensitivity. These systems are often employed
as an alternative to point type smoke detectors or beam detectors, for reasons such as; building
deflection or where perhaps servicing is made easier using aspirating system pipe installations.

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Undefined Detector Sensitivity
Definition:- Aspirating smoke detector providing sensitivity applicable to the operational environment.

Aspirating detection systems are sometimes employed in difficult or harsh environments applications. This
is usually after consideration is given to other detection technologies such as point type heat and smoke
detectors, beam detectors, flame detectors or linear heat detection etc. When aspirating detection systems
are employed in these difficult applications, it is important to consider the effectiveness of the detector
sensitivity, as this is usually determined by the varying background ambient environment.

The amount of ambient dust, humidity, temperature, steam, vehicle emissions and other pollutants will all
influence the operational sensitivity of the aspirating detector. Therefore, the detector sensitivity is
essentially configured to accommodate these ambient background conditions within the End Users
operational environment and as importantly, to avoid where possible unwanted alarms from none fire
events.
To allow the correct sensitivity setting of these detection systems, it is important to introduce an extended
‘soak test period’, where the background pollutant variations can be determined. Having logged this
information for an appropriate time period, the alarm thresholds can then be configured to avoid
unwanted alarms.

Having established the ambient background environment and detector alarm thresholds, a suitable
‘performance test’ is recommended. Any tests should be agreed by all concerned parties and appropriate
health and safety procedures should be adhered to. See Note below on ‘Requirement for Aspirating
Detection System Function and Performance Testing.’

‘Types’ of Aspirating Detection Systems

It is generally accepted that there are five concepts of Aspirating Detection System design.

Primary Detection Sampling System

Definition:- A system utilising the airflow created by the air conditioning and ventilation system to carry
the sampled air to the sampling points.

Secondary Detection Sampling System

Definition:- A system where the air sampling points are sited and spaced as if they are point type smoke
detectors.

Localised Detection Sampling System

Definition:- A system where the air sampling points are arranged and spaced to provide monitoring of
specific pieces of equipment.

Duct Detection Sampling System

Definition:- A system where the air sampling is provided within the ducting of a ventilation system.

In-Cabinet Detection Sampling System

Definition:- A system where the air sampling is provided either directly inside or adjacent to a specific
piece of electronic hardware or control equipment.

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Primary Detection Sampling Systems
Primary Detection Sampling Systems are designed to monitor the airflow movement within a room by
strategically positioning the sampling pipe directly in the airflow. This type of detection is usually
supplementary to other forms of detection, as it would have limited detection response when the forced
airflow is not operational.

Due to the cumulative effect (air with combustion particles entering more than one sampling point), the
sensitivity of such a system when monitoring a single point of extract or supply, may be directly related
as equal to the sensitivity of a central detector. Consultation should be sought with Protec Fire & Security
Group or its nominated representative where detection is taken from multiple supply and extract points
on the same detector.

Aspirating detectors can operate at very sensitive levels when used as a means of Primary Detection
and as such, are often used to ‘shut-down’ mechanical ventilation systems to enable ‘point type’
detectors to operate more efficiently.

Note: Primary detection is usually regarded as supplementary to other forms of detection due to its
limited response capability once the air movement ceases. With this in mind, the aspirating system
designer should confirm with local area/country design codes to identify other additional relevant forms
of detection within the protected areas.

Primary Detection Example

(All sampling points located
directly in the airflow of the
room at the return air grille
of each handling unit)

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Secondary Detection Sampling Systems
Secondary Sampling Systems are designed so that the air sampling points are sited and spaced as if
they are ‘point type’ smoke detectors in line with local standards and codes.

This design concept may offer an extremely good alternative to ‘point type’ detectors or ‘beam’ detectors
when installed in high applications. For these high level applications, it may be necessary to install some
vertical or multi-level sampling points as some smouldering fires produce little heat energy to carry
particles to the high level detection points.

Care should be taken with this design option to ensure that ceiling ‘apex’ areas, voids and compartments
are covered correctly.

Where access for maintenance of ‘point type’ detectors or ‘beam’ detectors may be either difficult or
expensive, Secondary Sampling Systems can provide a logical and inexpensive design option. It is
recommended that dedicated sampling pipe ‘test points’ are installed in accessible locations. This will
enable the integrity of the entire sampling pipe array, to be confirmed during maintenance visits. Note:
In addition to test point testing, the airflow values of each sampling pipe also require verification with
the previous commissioning/service visit values.

The design of a secondary aspirating detection system could comply with local country codes and
standards, however, the performance with regards to airflow dynamics, may be improved with
additional sampling holes drilled into the sampling pipe. This would be at virtually no additional cost to
the installation. Additionally, on some smaller installations, extra sampling holes can increase the air
flow in sampling pipes, which can allow pipes to be less susceptible to room airflow pressure changes.

Secondary Detection Example

(All sampling points located in
the position of ‘point type’
smoke detectors)

Secondary Detection Example

(All sampling points located in the position of ‘point type’ smoke detectors)

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Localised Detection Sampling Systems
For localised sampling, the pipe work and sampling points are arranged to monitor specific pieces of
equipment in an open area.

This method of detection is usually established following some type of test simulation to best recreate,
where possible, the actual application. The sensitivity of such a system is generally dependent upon the
application and environment of the specific piece of equipment.

Consideration must also be given by the end user to ensure that any future changes to the equipment
do not have a detrimental effect on the installed detection system.

Localised Detection Example - Data Storage Carousel

Localised Detection Example - MRI Scanner

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Duct Detection Sampling Systems
Aspirating Detectors may be used for duct sampling, dependent upon the risk and application.

Duct detection systems usually comprise of the aspirating detector mounted locally to the protected
duct. An ‘air inlet’ sampling pipe probe is installed into the ducting to carry the sampled air to the
detector and an ‘exhaust’ sampling pipe probe is installed into the ducting to return the sampled air to
the duct.

It is strongly recommended that Duct Sampling Systems are installed in straight lengths of ducting at a
distance of 6 times the diameter of the duct downstream of any bends, nozzles, tee’s or branches, etc.
For this reason, Duct Sampling is not recommended for flexible ducts due to the turbulence of air usually
found within this type of ducting.

For small ducts up to 1m wide, the ‘air inlet’ sampling pipe probe is mounted in the centre of the duct
with sampling holes spaced approximately 200mm apart. The ‘exhaust’ sampling pipe probe should be
mounted a minimum of 500mm downstream of the ‘air inlet’ probe and at a quarter of the height of the
duct from the top or bottom of the duct, with a minimum of 4 holes mainly concentrated towards the
middle of the duct.

For larger ducts 1m - 2 m wide, it is recommended that the ‘air inlet’ sampling pipe probe be branched
outside the duct to create two individual probes. These should be mounted proportionally within the
height of the duct, with the ‘exhaust’ sampling pipe probe mounted centrally within the duct. Again, a
minimum of 4 sampling holes concentrated mainly towards the middle of the duct should be installed.

The quantities and diameter of all sampling holes should be confirmed utilising the Protec ‘Pro Flow’
sampling pipe calculation program.

Sampling from multiple ducts is not recommended.

Sampling from ducting and ambient environments is not recommended on the same detector.

The FIA Code of Practice Issue 3 February 2012 offers some useful guidance on Duct Sampling or
alternatively for further information on this specialist type of aspirating detection system design please
contact Protec Fire & Security Group.

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In-Cabinet Detection Sampling Systems
In-Cabinet Detection sampling is where the air sampling is provided either directly inside or adjacent to
electrical cabinets, racks, consoles, switchgear, cable trays or any other electrical equipment, electronic
hardware or control equipment.

This monitoring technique may be used where the protection of specific pieces of equipment is critical
to the continued operation of communications, control or production processes.

In-cabinet detection systems should not be expected to provide detection outside of the protected
cabinet/equipment. Room detection should be provided by other dedicated aspirating detectors.

The designer should consider the quantity of cabinets protected by a single detector, as in an alarm
condition the inspection of many cabinets may be time consuming. Consideration must also be given
by the end user to ensure that any future changes to the equipment function or layout do not have a
detrimental effect on the detection system.

ABS sampling pipe is non-conducting and therefore has no effect on sensitive electronic components.
Likewise, unwanted alarms should not be experienced from electromagnetic interference.

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Above Cabinet Sampling Pipes
Sampling pipes are placed directly above the equipment, in the path of the airflow generated by the
forced or natural ventilation.

Sampling pipes should be located in the centre of the exhaust air stream or directly above the
equipment being protected. To enable optimum performance these sampling holes may need to be
placed off centre of the airflow. If there are multiple equipment exhausts then sampling points must be
located over each opening.

Where cabinet exhaust vents are large, it may be necessary to use two or more sampling pipes to
adequately detect all potential incidents. When possible, a series of tests should be performed to verify
the efficiency of the installation. If differential pressures create airflow faults, it may be a requirement
to modify the aspirating detector exhaust to rectify this.

To aspirating
detector

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In-Cabinet Sampling Pipes
This method of detection is often achieved using standard sampling pipe or ‘Capillary Sampling Points’
installed directly inside ‘locked’ electrical cabinets. If detection is provided by utilising forced airflow
through a cabinet, then consideration should be given to the overall system detection capabilities
should the forced airflow fail or be switched off.

For safety reasons, it is recommended that dedicated sampling pipe ‘test points’ are installed in ‘safe’
locations. This enables the integrity of the entire sampling pipe array to be confirmed during
maintenance visits, without the need to power down electrical cabinets to gain access to the sampling
points. To enable optimum performance, sampling holes may need to be placed off centre of the airflow.
If differential pressures create airflow faults, it may be a requirement to modify the aspirating detector
exhaust to rectify this.

To aspirating
detector

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 22 of 50

Alternative In-Cabinet Sampling Pipes Utilising Capillary Sampling Points
A more aesthetically pleasing installation may utilise the under floor void area for the main trunk pipe,
with small bore capillaries installed to the optimum detection position.

The capillary sampling pipe should be securely fixed inside the cabinets to prevent interference with the
normal operation of the cabinet.

To enable optimum performance, sampling holes may need to be placed off centre of the airflow.
Additionally, it may be a requirement to take the aspirating detector exhaust into the protected cabinets.
If differential pressures create airflow faults, it may be a requirement to modify the aspirating detector
exhaust to rectify this.

To aspirating
detector

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 23 of 50

Other Aspirating Detection System Design Considerations

Stratification Effect on Aspirating System Designs

Stratification can occur when air containing smoke particles or gaseous combustion products is heated
by smouldering or burning material. Whilst becoming less dense than the surrounding cooler air, it rises
until it reaches a level at which there is no longer a difference in temperature between it and the
surrounding air. The smoke plume, as it rises, encounters colder air from above which absorbs heat and
slows the upward movement of the smoke.

As this stratified gas layer moves away from the fire, cooling and dilution will eventually produce a well-
mixed flow of combustion products.

Stratification can also occur during hot days when the sun has heated the roof structure of a building
to a high temperature producing a much hotter air layer just below the roof. A small fire starting at
ground level may not have the thermal energy to push the smoke particles through the higher
temperature air barrier. This would result in the smoke not reaching the detection points on the roof
level until the fire is considerably larger.

Testing has indicated that a ‘cloud chamber’ based detection system such as Protec Cirrus HYBRID or
Cirrus CCD are slightly less susceptible to stratification when compared to ‘optical’ only aspirating
detectors, however this phenomenon should not be ignored and must still be a design consideration.

One option when stratification is considered to be relevant would be to allow sampling holes to be
dropped from the main ceiling detection level to a height where they would not be affected by the
stratification (these are known as extended sampling points). An alternative option would be to install
one or more (as required) vertical sampling pipes, in addition to the main ceiling detection sampling
points.

Dilution Effect on Aspirating System Designs

Dilution can affect aspirating detection systems and therfore this should be considered at design stage.
The amount of dilution is affected by the detector sensitivity and the number of sampling holes within
the protected area.

When combustion/smoke particles are only drawn through a single sampling hole, these particles are
diluted when they reach the detector by the clean air drawn through the remaining holes. Given that
this is the case, the more sampling holes used on the design the greater the potential for dillution.

Aspirating systems should be designed (and proven by a sampling pipe calculation program) to ensure
a similar amount of airflow is drawn through each sampling hole. Additionally, verification testing of
detector response and transport time is required for each sampling hole.

Where Protec EN54 part 20 approved aspirating detectors are used the restrictions on the number of
sampling holes has been determined as an integral part of the approval process. The following should
be applied by all designers to these designs.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 24 of 50

Cirrus Pro aspirating system designs
EN54 Class A – maximum 36 holes/pipe Gain 9 @ 15%
EN54 Class B – maximum 36 holes/pipe Gain 8 @ 15%
EN54 Class C – maximum 36 holes/pipe Gain 7 @ 15%

ProPointPlus aspirating system designs

EN54 Class A – maximum 3 holes per pipe
EN54 Class B – maximum 5 holes per pipe
EN54 Class C – maximum 8 holes per pipe

Cirrus HYBRID aspirating system designs Cirrus HYBRID aspirating system designs
Non- scanning detectors Sscanning detectors
EN54 Class A – 36 holes @ 200 CFS EN54 Class A – 36 holes @ 400 CFS
EN54 Class B – 44 holes @ 400 CFS EN54 Class B – 44 holes @ 400 CFS
EN54 Class C – 44 holes @ 600 CFS EN54 Class C – 44 holes @ 600 CFS

For other design standards and product approvals the designer should seek the technical requirements
of that standard.

Pressure Differentials between Rooms

The aspirating system designer should consider the location of the aspirating detector for a number of
reasons including (but not limited to) accessibility, security, temperature and any other environmental
conditions.

However, one consideration often overlooked is the location of the aspirating detector when related to
the protected space. This can be very important to the fundamental operation of the detector, especially
if there are air pressure differentials between these two areas. These are often (but not always), rooms
that contain some sort of forced air movement. Typical examples of these applications can include;
computer suites, cold storage facilities, chilled storage, duct sampling systems and many others, where
the detector is located in adjoining rooms/areas to the protected space.

The most common way to avoid this potential problem is to ensure the aspirating detector exhaust is
returned to the same air space protected by the sampling pipes, thereby equalising any pressure
differential.

Venturi Effect around Sampling Holes

The aspirating system designer should consider any natural or forced air movement likely to be
prevalent around the areas where the sampling holes are located. One effect of excessive natural or
forced air movement could be to create areas where a Venturi Effect would reduce or possibly prevent,
air entering the sampling points thus restricting the efficiency of one or more sampling holes.

Some applications including duct detection, in-cabinet detection where forced or natural airflows are
expected, cold storage, chill storage and cooler storage facilities are particularly vulnerable to this
potential problem.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 25 of 50

Transport Time Requirements for Aspirating System Designs
Transport Time Definition:
Definition: The time for aerosols to transfer from a sampling point to the smoke sensing element.

Maximum Transport Time

Definition: The maximum time in the aspirating detection system for aerosols to transfer from the
furthest sampling point to the smoke sensing element.

Maximum transport time requirements are given below for Class A, Class B and Class C designs with
reference to FIA Code of Practice for Design, Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance of Aspirating
Smoke Detector (ASD) Systems Issue 3 February 2012.

Class A designs – maximum transport time = 60 seconds

Class B designs – maximum transport time = 120 seconds
Class C designs – maximum transport time = 120 seconds

Maintenance Test Points

Definition: A test point, provided beyond the last sampling point, to test the integrity of the pipe network.
Such a test point is closed in normal operation and is not subject to the maximum transport time.

As ‘Maintenance Test Points’ do not form part of the sampling pipe detection system, the transport time
taken from the ‘Test Point’ to the detector is not restricted. However, the transport time taken from each
‘test point’ should be recorded and repeated on each visit with any changes in time investigated.
Additionally, when maintenance test points are used it is a requirement that the airflow value readings
be compared and confirmed with previous airflow value readings to ensure they remain the same.

For other design standards and product approvals the designer should seek the technical requirements
of that standard.

Design Verification
It is a requirement that upon completion of every aspirating system design confirmation of all the
design parameters is verified by the use of a compatible sampling pipe design calculation programme.

This programme should confirm the following:

• The model number, type and fan speed of the selected detector
• The relevant approvals of the selected detector
• The minimum and maximum pipe lengths and number of sampling holes proposed
• The airflow rates, parameters and pressures at each part of the installation
• The time taken from all the sampling holes to the detector (transport time).

This programme will confirm the sampling hole dimensions and will indicate if there are any errors with
the overall design.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 26 of 50

Requirement for ‘Commissioning/Function Testing’
Any commissioning or functionality testing required by any design code or local country legislation,
should be carried out when the installation works are fully electrically and mechanically complete.
Testing should include the individual testing/proving of ALL sampling holes of the aspirating detection
system, using only the correct test material and in conjunction with the relevant Protec product
manuals. The results of these tests should be recorded on the appropriate commissioning
documentation.

The designer should therefore confirm at design stage the possible requirements of any functionality
testing with regards to any cause and effects of the installed aspirating detection system, should this
be required.

Requirement for ‘Performance Testing’

Prescriptive or Performance Based Designs
Typically, ‘point type’ smoke detection systems usually only require compliance to an area of coverage
per device. Aspirating detection systems however should be designed to achieve an acceptable level of
fire detection for the protected area and to take into consideration other aspects such as ventilation and
forced or natural extraction points. Therefore, the designer should, where possible, request information
or acquaint themselves with any aspects of the proposed area to be protected, that could be affected
by these air movement and any other influences.

Prescriptive or Performance based designs are dependent upon the classification of the proposed
aspirating system employed. Generally, there is only one situation where a performance test can be
omitted and that is when the approved aspirating detector is deployed (and is fully compliant with the
specific requirements of the product approval), with sampling hole spacings that fall within the full
requirements of the relative prescriptive code. In all other situations, it is recommended that a suitable
performance test is specified and carried out during commissioning to verify the system.

Note: Performance test should only be carried out when the building is in its final environmental and
operational state, with any air conditioning, production machinery, environmental conditions etc. active.

The designer should therefore confirm with the client at design stage the most suitable ‘performance
test’ for the installed aspirating detection system should this be required.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 27 of 50

Typical Rules Regarding Sampling Pipe Types and Installation
Please refer to the Generic Installation Guide later in this manual.

Sampling Pipe Expansion and Contraction

Please refer to the Generic Installation Guide later in this manual.

Sampling Pipe Clips, Fixings and Labelling

Please refer to the Generic Installation Guide later in this manual.

Environmental Considerations – Condensation, Dust, Temperature etc..

Please refer to the Generic Installation Guide later in this manual.

Sampling Pipe ‘Maintenance Test Points’ Installation

Please refer to the Generic Installation Guide later in this manual.

Sampling Pipe Dust Management

Please refer to the Generic Installation Guide later in this manual.

Extended or Capillary Sampling Pipe

Please refer to the Generic Installation Guide later in this manual.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 28 of 50

Sampling Pipe Calculation Program (ProFlow)
The design of any Aspirating Detection System should be confirmed by producing a sampling pipe
calculation.

‘ProFlow 2 and ProFlow 3D’ is a ‘Windows’ based software program that allows the designer to enter the
site specific information and then to automatically check a range of possible aspirating detector,
sampling pipe sizes, sampling pipe lengths, quantity and diameter of sample holes or capillary sampling
point configurations.

These programs can allow many design configurations to be evaluated and helps the designer to choose
the most suitable layout for each individual application.

Some software ‘default’ parameters may be changed to allow compliance with local codes or project
specific problems.

The completed calculations may be saved and should be presented to the system installer to ensure the
proposed design is followed accurately. The installer should advise the designer if any part of the works
cannot be completed in line with the original proposal, whereupon a revised sampling pipe design and
calculation should be completed to ensure correct operation.

In addition, the calculation information should also be presented to the commissioning or test engineer
to allow the detector to be configured correctly. The engineer can then confirm, through actual
sampling pipe and sampling hole testing, the correct aspirating detection system operation, in line with
the design proposals.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 29 of 50

Aspirating Detector Comms Networks
Cirrus Pro RS485 Networks
Cirrus Pro detectors may be networked together to form an information highway between all connected
detectors and displays. The RS485 network may consist of up to a maximum of 32 Cirrus Pro detectors
and up to 32 Cirrus Pro displays. Each network device (detector or display) is given a network number
for individual identification on the network.

If a Cirrus Pro detector identifies either an ‘alarm’ or ‘fault’ condition, this information is given on all the
required displays. A ‘network fault’ is provided at each display if a network connected device has lost
communications with the main network.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 30 of 50

Cirrus HYBRID and ProPointPlus RS485 Networks
Cirrus HYBRID & ProPointPlus detectors may be networked together to form an information highway
between all connected detectors. The RS485 network may consist of up to a maximum of 32 Cirrus
HYBRID/PPP detectors. Each network device (detector or display) is given a network number for
individual identification on the network.

If a network detector produces either an ‘alarm’ or ‘fault’ condition, this information can be viewed from
the Protec Asp. RDP. A ‘network fault’ is produced at each display if a network connected device has lost
communications with the main network. Each network must contain a Protec Asp. RDP.

TCP/IP Networks
Cirrus HYBRID and ProPointPlus aspirating detectors can be incorporated onto dedicated aspirating
system IP networks or general building IP networks. Network cabling for this type of installation utilises
Cat 5 cable.

Please note that Cirrus Pro RS485 networks are NOT compatible with Cirrus HYBRID and ProPointPlus
RS485 networks.

For further information on networking of any Protec aspirating detectors please refer directly to Protec
Fire & Security Group.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 31 of 50

GENERIC ASPIRATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION GUIDE
Following on from the generic application design guides, detailed previously in this document, there
are a number of generic installation procedures and techniques that should be adhered to, in order to
provide a high quality and fit for purpose aspirating detection system.

Many of these are detailed in the following pages and all parties including the specifiers, designers,
installers, commissioning and future servicing engineers, should all be fully aware of these.

All Protec aspirating systems should be fitted with in-line sampling pipe filters. Ideally, these should be
installed in a position above the aspirating detector. If this is not possible, the filter should be installed
at a serviceable position between the aspirating detector and the first sampling hole. The exact type of
filter (standard or heavy duty) should suit the actual application.

Protec would recommend the installation of a sampling pipe socket union above the in-line pipe filter
to allow any filter removal if necessary without disruption to the main sampling pipe installation.

Ideally a 1m length of vertical sampling pipe should be installed above the aspirating detector to allow
linear airflow directly into the aspirating detector.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 32 of 50

Sampling Pipes (General)
All sampling pipe should be smooth bore, nominal diameter, airtight and able to withstand the required
nominal pressure. Recommended pipe materials include uPVC, ABS, Copper and Galvanised Steel. The
use of other sampling pipe material, particularly flexible type pipes should be confirmed with Protec
Fire & Security Group or its nominated representative prior to installation.

The selected sampling pipe should be suitable for the environment in which it is to be installed. As an
example, uPVC sampling pipe and accessories should not be installed in temperatures below 5 oC. Care
should be taken in the selection of sampling pipe with regards to the sampling pipe bore diameters. All
sampling pipe installations shall be confirmed as suitable using the ‘ProFlow’ sampling pipe calculation
program.

For most standard applications Protec recommend industry standard ABS sampling pipe.

General Information
ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) is a homogenous material with good chemical resistance and high
impact strength. Other advantageous features are its suitability for use at low temperatures (-40°C) and
its ease of jointing.

Standards
Protec supplied Aspirating Pipe and Fittings are produced under a strict quality control system approved
to EN ISO 9001. Protec supplied Aspirating Products have been Tested by LPCB to EN 54-20 Clause 5.7,
EN 61386-1 Class 1131. LPCB Test Report No- TE250773

Individual products are in accordance with the appropriate British Standards.

Fittings (inch) BS 5391 Part 1, EN 1452 Part 3, EN 54-20 Clause 5.7, EN 61386-1 Class 1131
Fittings (Metric) Din 8063, Kiwa 549, ISO 727
Pipe BS 5391 EN 61386-1 Class 1131
Adhesive BS 4346 Part 3

Colour
Protec supplied ABS products are manufactured in Red, White and Grey Colours.

Temperature
ABS is suitable for use over a wide temperature range from -40°C to +70°C.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 33 of 50

Jointing of sampling pipe and their accessories
Protec supplied ‘Solvent Cement’ for ABS sampling pipe is specially formulated to chemically weld pipes
and fittings together. The solvent cement chemically melts the two surfaces to be joined, so that when
they are fitted together, they form a homogenous mass, which then cures to form a weld. Note: This is
not a glued joint. It is therefore important to choose the correct type of adhesive, as another type may
be detrimental to the integrity of the system.

Jointing ‘always’:-
a) Cut the pipe at right angles to its axis, and to the required length using the correct cutting tool.
b) Dry fit the pipe to the socket of the fittings. When the pipe is fully home in the socket, draw a
line around the pipe at the edge of the socket. Where this is not possible, measure the socket
depth and draw a line at the corresponding point along the pipe. This will give a visual indication,
to ensure that the pipe is fully pushed home in the socket.
c) Apply the solvent cement with a suitably sized brush or the brush provided in the adhesive lid.
Ensure that the area of the pipe up to the visual indicator is completely covered with an even
layer of cement. This part of the operation must be done quickly and neatly, as the solvent must
still be wet when the pipe and fitting is pushed together.
d) Push the pipe and fittings together and hold in place for up to 30 seconds. When the joint is
made, a bead of solvent cement will form around the outer joint of the pipe and socket. This
excess cement should be wiped away leaving the outer part of the joint clean.

Jointing ‘never’:-
a) Make joints in rain or wet conditions
b) Use dirty brushes or cleaning rags, which are dirty or oily.
c) Use the same brushes with different solvent cements.
d) Dilute or thin solvent cements with cleaner.
e) Leave solvent cement tins open. The contents will evaporate and the cement performance will be
weakened.
f) Use near naked lights, or smoke whilst jointing. Solvents are highly inflammable.
g) Make joints in a confined space as solvents emit hazardous vapours which are dangerous when
inhaled.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 34 of 50

Sampling Pipe Expansion and Contraction

Expansion or contraction of plastic pipe is caused by temperature change occurring within the pipe wall.
When the operating temperature of a pipe is greater than when it was installed, then the pipe will
expand. If the operating temperature is lower, then it will contract.

There are two factors to consider when calculating expansions or contractions in pipes.
1) Ambient temperature of the (air temp) environment when installing the pipe.
2) Change of temperature of pipe contents or environment following installation.

Any change of the above factors will affect the mid-wall temperature of the pipe, thus causing either
expansion or contraction. The designer should make provision for pipe expansion and contraction
based upon the type of pipes used and the temperature variations expected within the protected
environment.

Calculation Expansion/Contraction

1) The change in length due to contraction or expansion in a pipe system is determined by the following
formula:

∆L = ∆T x L x □

Where ∆L Expansion (∆Le) or contraction (∆Lc) in mm

∆T Difference in temperature between the installation and the operating
temperatures in oC (= T operate –T install)
L Length of pipe when installed
□ Relevant coefficient of expansion

Example:
Using information on the tables below, find the expansion and contraction on a 25mm diameter ABS
pipe system, installed at 10oC. The maximum and minimum operating temperatures are 30oC and 8oC
respectively. The overall length of the installation is 30m.

Step 1) Calculate temperature change for expansion and contraction:

∆T = 30 - 10 = +20oC.
∆T = 8 - 10 = -2oC.

Step 2) Now calculate expansion and contraction,

Expansion ∆Le = ∆T x L x □□□ 20 x 30 x 0.100 = 60mm
Contraction ∆Lc = ∆T x L x □□□ -2 x 30 x 0.100 = -6mm

Step 3) In order to provide for the correct solution, it is necessary to take the greater
value, regardless whether it is due to expansion or contraction.
i.e. ∆L = 60mm.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 35 of 50

Coefficient of Linear Expansion for Plastics

Material Coefficient Length/Temp oC Equipment

x (10-5 m/moC) mm/m oC

PVC – U 7.8 0.78

ABS 10.1 0.100

P.P 15.0 0.150

P.E 20.0 0.200

The meaning of the above coefficients is for example: ABS will expand 0.100mm per metre, for
every 10oC raised in mid-wall temp above the installation temperature.

Expansion in mm from 1oC to 20oC for 1 metre Length Pipe

C
0
ABS
1 0.100
2 0.200
3 0.300
4 0.400 For the temperature range not on
5 0.500 the chart, add the factors.
6 0.600
7 0.700
8 0.800 i.e. for ABS @ 37oC
9 0.900 Add 20oC = 2.000
10 1.000
11 1.100 17oC = 1.700
12 1.200
13 1.300 37oC = 3.700
14 1.400
15 1.500
16 1.600
17 1.700
18 1.800
19 1.900
20 2.000

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 36 of 50

Coefficient of Linear Expansion for other Materials

Mild steel

Stainless Steel

Copper

PVC-u

ABS
Polypropylene

_______________________________________________________________________________
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Comparison of thermal expansion of plastics and metals

How to Allow for Expansion or Contraction

Any change of length in a pipe system, whether it is expansion or contraction, will require compensation,
so that any stresses generated by the change will not cause damage to the system, this can be achieved
by installing Flexible Expansion Loops.

Recommendations for installation of 1m sampling pipe expansion loops:

250mm
125mm 125mm
Protec Product Code:
N-37-545-71

Nearest Sampling Pipe Clip

100cm Expansion
Loop

Expansion Loop Support Clip

Expansion Loops are designed to compensate for linear expansion or contraction within a pipe system.
It is recommended that sampling pipe clips be installed generally as per the detail above. The weight of
the expansion loop should be supported to prevent excess stress on any coupling connections.
Sampling pipe expansion loops should not be installed in an orientation that allows any
moisture/condensation to be held within the loop.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 37 of 50

Flexible Loops when used to navigate structural obstructions

Protec Product Code:

N-37-545-71

Flexible loops may be used to navigate pipe through difficult pipe routes and provide a simple and
relatively inexpensive installation option. The flexibility of these bends also permits expansion or
contraction to be compensated when multiple directional changes are required within a pipe system.
(example pipe directional changes around structural steelwork).

The weight of the flexible section should be supported to prevent excess stress on any coupling
connections. Flexible sections should not be installed in an orientation that allows any
moisture/condensation to be held within the section.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 38 of 50

Sampling Pipe Clips, fixings and Labelling
All pipe clips/brackets need to be made with the inside diameter of the bracket marginally larger than
that of the pipe outer diameter. This allows for free lineal movement of the pipe, and avoids inhibiting
expansion or contraction. They should also be smooth, to avoid damage to the outer surface of the pipe.
It should be noted that many of the ‘caddie’ type knock-on girder clips do not allow for lineal pipe
movement as they ‘grip’ the sampling pipe and therefore, should not be used.

The Protec supplied sampling pipe clip for 25mm ABS sampling pipe is a
two position ‘locking’ clip. The first locking position is really for 27mm
sampling pipe but may be used for 25mm sampling pipe if the clip is
installed facing upwards. The second locking position ‘holds’ the
sampling pipe within the clip more firmly but still allows for lineal
movement of the sampling pipe through the clip caused by expansion
and contraction of the sampling pipe due to temperature changes. The
clip may be installed in any orientation in this locking position.

Bracket Spacing Intervals

ABS sampling pipes require regular support and the spacing of clips or brackets depends on the pipe
used, temperature, and density of the material carried within the pipe carried. The exact type and
spacing of sampling pipe fixings should be determined utilizing sampling pipe manufacturers
recommendations. For ‘general’ ABS pipe installations, Protec would recommend a maximum of
1000mm spacing between sampling pipe clips. When temperature change is expected and therefore,
expansion and contraction, Sampling pipe clips (as above) which allow lateral movement should always
be used. ‘Girder’ or other similar rigid type clips that retain sampling pipe without allowing for lateral
movement should not be used.

The system designer/installer should check that the sampling pipe installation is secured adequately to
the building structure. Many types of sampling pipe and capillary pipe fixings are available and it should
be ensured that the type & method selected is suitable for both the application and the environment.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 39 of 50

Sampling Hole Identification
Aspirating detection systems are now installed in an ever increasing variety of different applications,
many of which replace standard point type smoke detectors or optical beam detectors. Often these
applications include high ceiling spaces, where it is almost impossible to identify where the sampling
holes are located and more importantly, if the sampling hole is the correct size.

For this reason Protec would recommend ‘HIT’s’ Hole Identification Tags.

Each HIT is colour coded to identify its specific sampling hole diameter. This colour coding allows
accurate identification of the various sampling hole locations and true hole size for the benefit of
commissioning & servicing engineers, clients and even project auditors.

A build-up of dust around a standard drilled sampling hole is common place due to the friction created
by the airflow through the sampling hole. Each HIT incorporates a chamfered hole entry which is proven
to significantly reduce this dust loading effect.

To assist the installers a common, 8mm diameter drill is all that is required for every sampling hole
location.

HIT Product Codes:

Product Code Description

37-534-68 2.0mm - Purple HIT
37-535-69 2.5mm - Grey HIT
37-536-70 3.0mm - Yellow HIT
37-537-71 3.5mm - Blue HIT
37-538-72 4.0mm - Green HIT
37-539-73 4.5mm - Black HIT
37-540-74 5.0mm - White HIT
37-541-75 6.0mm - Brown HIT

As an alternative Sampling Hole Warning Labels could be used.

Warning Label
Sampling hole warning labels are used to clearly identify the location of each
sampling hole. Protec part code N23-039-37.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 40 of 50

Environmental & Condensation Considerations
It is very important to consider the effects of condensation on some aspirating detection systems with
regards to the aspirating detector, the sampling pipe installation and the future servicing of such a
system.

Condensation with regards to the aspirating detector

Many aspirating detectors may cause false (unwanted) alarms when installed in environments where
condensation may be permanent or be created due to changing environmental conditions of the
protected area. This is particularly a problem for most ‘optical’ based aspirating detectors.

Condensation with regards to the sampling pipe installation

Where condensation is permanently present or can be expected, the complete sampling pipe
installation should be installed to allow a gradient where by any condensation formed inside the
sampling pipe will, through gravity, drain to its lowest point where it can then be managed using a
dedicated condensation drain point.

Sampling Pipe Condensation Traps

Where high levels or permanent condensation is anticipated a ‘Sampling Pipe Condensation Trap’ may
be placed within the sampling pipe installation. This trap should be located close to the aspirating
detector, in a position that is ‘off centre’ from the detector sampling pipe inlet port. It must also be
installed in the vertical plane to allow any condensation formed within the sampling pipe to be held in
the sampling pipe condensation trap. A sampling pipe condensation trap will be required on each
sampling pipe where condensation may be expected.

Typical Condensation Traps

Protec part
code 45-023-04
Protec part code: 37-584-14-BIS Standard
45-023-04-C
self-draining.

Typical Condensation Trap Installations.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 41 of 50

Sampling Pipe Holes.
Normally sampling holes are drilled into the sampling pipe on the bottom (or lower) face of the sampling
pipe. However, where condensation may be present it is an advantage to drill the sampling holes on the
side wall of the sampling pipe ensuring as much free space as possible remains around the area of the
sampling hole. This should prevent any sampling holes becoming blocked when condensation is formed
by water droplets and even ‘streams’ of condensation droplets within the sampling pipe.

‘Revised’ location of drilled sampling hole

within sampling pipe when condensation may Possible
be expected. Thereby, not allowing any condensation.
condensation to restrict or block any
sampling holes.

Please note: The above techniques of condensation management are for guidance only, other
alternatives may be more suitable for each specific application and therefore, the designer should
consider the best solution for the application.

Intumescent Fire Stop Collar

Sometimes, during the installation of a network of sampling pipes it is necessary to pass through a fire
resistant wall or structure (such as a plant-room, ceiling slab or lift shaft). If this is necessary, then it is
good practice to install two ‘Intumescent Fire Stop Collars’ one either side of the breach of the fire
resistant wall/structure on each sampling pipe that penetrates the fire wall as per the detail below.

Intumesent Fire Stop

Collar used on each side
of fire wall or structure.

Fire resistant wall Sampling pipe.

or structure.

MED2201 Generic Design & Installation Guide Issue 0 Page 42 of 50

Sampling Pipe Dust Management
In-line Filters
All optical based aspirating detectors can provide unwanted (false) alarms from dust. Due to the sub-
micron combustion particle size detected within Cloud chamber based aspirating detectors, they cannot
false alarm from dust. However, when airborne dust is excessive, this dust needs to be ‘managed’ to
prevent any internal blockages of the actual detector.

The type of dust filter required is dependent upon the expected amount of dust for the specific
application. One option for dust management is the Protec 3 stage in-line dust filter which contains a
fine particle filter (greater than 5 micron), a medium particle filter (greater than 10 micron) and a course
particle filter (greater than 16 micron). Protec part code 61-986-F01. Other variants on filter grading are
available on request.

An alternative to the above where excessive dust can be expected is the Protec Heavy Duty in-line
sampling pipe dust filter. Protec part number (45-023-04 Standard, 45-023-04-C self-draining).

Typical installation of Heavy Duty In-line sampling pipe filter.

Protec recommend the installation of suitable in-line pipe ‘dust filters’ in all sampling pipes installed.

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Pipe Purging Systems
In some applications, it may be necessary to install manual or automated sampling pipe cleaning
systems.

If a manual system is used, the designer should consider a purpose made connection point close to the
detector to allow the connection of a pipe cleaning device (compressor/vacuum).

If an automated system is used, the designer should consider the location, connection to the sampling
pipe and operation of the purging system.

In either option detailed above, the designer should consider the time interval between pipe purging
actions and the pipe pressures that are used for the purging process, with regards to the suitability of
the sampling pipe and accessories. Additionally, the designer should consider the pipe installation fixing
are correctly specified for any additional stresses that may be created by the frequent operation of the
purging system.

Extreme example of pipes Protec Cirrus Pro detector with typical

being impeded by excessive pipe purging unit connection
dust

Pipe purging units contain programmers which allow pre-determined time periods between purging
operations. These can typically be hourly, daily, weekly monthly etc.

Important Design Note: The designer should also consider that pipe purging, where air is forced up the
pipe local to the detector and into the application; should not be used in food preparation or other
sensitive area application where dust from inside the pipe may contaminate the product, process or
area. In this case, the pipe should be cleaned by a vacuum type process where the vacuum is used to
draw air from the protected space to a location before the actual aspirating detector.

For further information on pipe purging systems please contact Protec Fire & Security Group.

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Extended or Capillary Sampling Pipes
All extended or capillary sampling pipe and fittings should be low-pressure loss and be of a smooth bore
to prevent turbulence of flow. The selected extended or capillary sampling pipe should be suitable for
the environment in which it is to be installed.

Particular attention should be made to the length of either extended or capillary sampling points as
these can create flow restrictions and therefore all designs should be verified by sampling pipe
calculations. It is imperative all sampling holes in extended or capillary sampling points should be drilled
out to the correct hole size, based on the sampling pipe calculations.

A list of approved capillary sampling pipe accessories is available on the ‘Protec Sampling Pipe’ data
sheet.

Extended Sampling Point

Capillary Sampling Points

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Sampling Pipe ‘Maintenance Test Points’ Installation
Definition: A test point provided beyond the last sampling point, to test the integrity of the pipe work.
Such a test point is closed in normal operation and is not subject to the maximum transport time.

Where sampling pipes are installed at high levels or within enclosed voids or compartments it may be
necessary to install sampling pipe ‘Test Points.’

These ‘Test points’ should be installed at the end of each sampling pipe array. Test Points are used to
provide a dedicated orifice into the sampling pipe in order that the entire length of pipe can be tested
during system servicing. Once testing is complete the ‘Test Point’ should be re-sealed as it does not form
part of the sampling pipe detection system. If sampling holes cannot be accessed for testing purposes
during service visits and the dedicated sampling pipe Test Point is used to test the pipe continuity, then
additionally the detector airflow values shall be checked to confirm there is no change in flow values
from the commissioned status.

As ‘Test Points’ do not form part of the sampling pipe detection system the transport time taken from
the ‘Test Point’ to the detector is not restricted. However, the transport time taken from each ‘test point’
should be recorded and repeated on each visit with any changes in time investigated.

All sampling pipe ‘Test Points’ should be installed in safe and secure locations and should be made from
a material suitable for the environment in which it is to be installed.

End Cap Test Point Capillary Test Point

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References
1. British Standards BS5839-1:2017
2. FIA Code of Practice Issue 3 February 2012
3. Protec Generic Design & Installation Guide
4. Protec Design Guides & Disclosures (located on www.protec.co.uk)

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Disclaimer
Any recommendation provided by Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd is merely an indication of the system
design considered to be good practice to provide the most suitable solution to meet the needs of the
common application environments described.

In some cases the recommendations or system design provided may not suit the unique set of
conditions experienced in a particular application environment. Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd has no
knowledge of nor has undertaken any survey or inspection of any particular conditions of any particular
site, installation or environment to meet any particular application. Any design undertaken or
recommendation provided are based upon the information provided by the Client and is carried out in
good faith. In the event of the Client failing to provide Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd with all details
necessary to provide an accurate design Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd shall incur no responsibility or
penalty for any failure associated with or arising from any design produced nor shall Protec Fire &
Security Group Ltd be liable for any damages arising whether in contract or tort. Furthermore, Protec
Fire & Security Group Ltd is unable to provide any warranty as to the suitability or performance of any
such recommendation in respect of the system design outlined herein. Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd
has not assessed the recommendation on system design for compliance with any local codes or local
standards that may apply nor have any tests been conducted to assess the suitability (or otherwise) of
any recommendations or system design provided by Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd.

Any person or organization accessing or using a recommendation or system design should, at its own
cost and expense, procure that any such recommendation or system design complies in all respects
with the provision of all legislation, Acts of Parliament, regulations, rules and by-laws for the time being
in force and all orders or directions which may be made or given by any statutory or any other
competent authority in respect of or affecting the recommendation or system design in any jurisdiction
in which it may be implemented.

Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd systems/products must only be installed, configured and used strictly
in accordance with Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd’s General Terms and Conditions of Sale, User
Manuals and product documents available from Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd. Protec Fire &
Security Group Ltd accepts no liability for the performance of the recommendation or system design or
for any products utilised in the implementation of the recommendation or system design, other than as
detailed within Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd’s General Terms and Conditions of Sale, Use, manual
and product information documents.

No statement of fact, drawing or representation made by Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd either in this
document or orally in relation to this recommendation or system design is to be construed as a
misrepresentation, undertaking or warranty.

Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd excludes any liability for all direct, indirect and consequential damages
however arising to the maximum extent permitted by law. For the purposes of this clause, consequential
damages shall include, but not be limited to, loss of profit or goodwill or similar financial loss or any
payment made or due to any third party.

Recommendations on system design are provided exclusively to assist in the design of systems using
Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd products. No portion of this recommendation or system design can be
reproduced without prior approval in writing from Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd. Copyright and
any associated intellectual property rights in any such recommendation or system design or
documentation remains the property of Protec Fire & Security Group Ltd.

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 BLANK PAGE

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Aspirating Detection System

Protec Fire & Security Group, Protec House, Churchill Way, Nelson, Lancashire, BB9 6RT
© 2018 Protec Fire & Security Group
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