Precalculus

Week 9

ACLC COLLEGE OF MANDAUE

SHS DEPARTMENT

UNIT 3: Trigonometry
LESSON 1: Angles in a Unit Circle

INTRODUCTION

Named as one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature

in 2012, the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National
Park is world-famous for its limestone karst mountain
landscape with an underground river. The Park was also
listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. The
underground river stretches about 8.2 km long, making it one
of the world’s longest rivers of its kind.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this unit you should be able to:

(1) illustrate the unit circle and the relationship between the linear and angular measures of arcs in a unit circle.
(2) convert degree measure to radian measure, and vice versa.
(3) illustrate angles in standard position and coterminal angles.

LEARNING OUTLINE:

(1) Linear and angular measure of arcs

(2) Conversion of degree to radian, and vice versa
(3) Arc length and area of the sector
(4) Angle in standard position and coterminal angles
LESSON CONTENT
LESSON 1: Angles in a Unit Circle
INTRODUCTION

❑ There are many problems involving angles in

several fields like engineering, medical
imaging, electronics, astronomy, geography
and many more.
❑ Surveyors, pilots, landscapers, designers,
soldiers, and people in many other professions
heavily use angles and trigonometry to
accomplish a variety of practical tasks.
❑ In this lesson, we will deal with the basics of
angle measures together with arc length and
sectors.

1. Angle Measure

❑ An angle is formed by rotating a ray about

its endpoint.
❑ The initial side of ∠ 𝐴𝑂𝐵 is 𝑂𝐴, while its
terminal side is 𝑂𝐵.
❑ An angle is said to be positive if the ray
rotates in a counterclockwise direction, and
the angle is negative if it rotates in a
clockwise direction.

❑ An angle is in standard position if it is drawn in

the 𝑥𝑦-plane with its vertex at the origin and its
initial side on the positive 𝑥-axis.

❑ The angles 𝛼 , 𝛽and 𝜃 in the following figure

are angles in standard position.

❑ To measure angles, we use degrees, minutes, seconds, and radians.

1
❑ A central angle of a circle measures one 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒, written 1° , if it intercepts of the circumference of the circle.
360
1 1
❑ One minute, written 1′, is of 1, while one second, written 1′′, is of 1′.
60 60

❑ For example, in degrees, minutes, and seconds,

❑ Recall that the unit circle is the circle with center at

the origin and radius 1 unit.
❑ A central angle of the unit circle that intercepts an arc
of the circle with length 1 unit is said to have a
measure of one radian, written 1 rad.
Examples
Direction: Identify the terminal side of an angle in standard position with given measure.

1. degree measure:

135°, − 135°, − 90°, 405°

2. radian measure:

𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑, − 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝑟𝑎𝑑, − 𝑟𝑎𝑑
4 4 2 2

Solution:

❑ Converting degree to radian, and vice versa.

𝜋
1.To convert a degree measure to radian, multiply it by 180.
180
2.To convert a radian measure to degree, multiply it by 𝜋 .
❑ Special angles in standard position with the indicated terminal sides.
❑ The degree and radian measures are also given.

❑ Express 75° and 240° in 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠. 𝜋

❑ Express 𝑟𝑎𝑑 and
11𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑 in degrees.
8 6
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
Assessment
Direction: Answer the problem below. Submit your answer before the given deadline by your teacher
1. Convert the following degree measures to radian measure
(a) 60° (b) 90° (c) 150°

2. Convert the following radian measures to degree measure.

𝜋 3𝜋
(a) 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (b) 𝑟𝑎𝑑
9 4

2. Coterminal Angles

❑ Two angles in standard position that have a common terminal side are called coterminal angles.
❑ Observe that the degree measures of coterminal angles differ by multiples of 360.

1. Two angles are coterminal if and only if their degree measures differ by 360𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝜖 ℤ.
2. Similarly, two angles are coterminal if and only if their radian measures differ by 2𝜋𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝜖 ℤ.

Example
1. Find one coterminal angle with an angle that measures 410°, just subtract 360° , resulting in 50° .
Solution:

2. Find the angle coterminal with −380° that has measure

(1) between 0° and 360°, and (2) between −360° and 0°.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. A negative angle moves in a clockwise direction, and the angle −380° lies in Quadrant IV.
(1) −380° + 2 · 360° = 340° (2) −380° + 360° = −20°

3. Arc Length and Area of a Sector

𝜃
❑ In a circle, a central angle whose radian measure is 𝜃 subtends an arc that is the fraction of the
2𝜋
circumference of the circle.

❑ Thus, in a circle of radius r, the length 𝑠 of an arc that subtends the angle 𝜃 is
𝜃 𝜃
𝑠= × 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = (2𝜋𝑟) = 𝑟𝜃
2𝜋 2𝜋
❑ In a circle of radius r, the lengths of an arc intercepted by a central angle with measure 𝜃 radians is given by 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃.
Example:

1. Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 10 𝑚 that subtends a central angle of 30°.

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. Since the given central angle is in degrees, we have to convert it into radian measure. Then
apply the formula for an arc length.

2. Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle 60° if the radius of the circle is 3 𝑚.

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. First, we have to convert 60° into radians. Then apply the formula for computing the area of a
sector.

End of Angles in a Unit Circle

 Precalculus
Week 10

ACLC COLLEGE OF MANDAUE

SHS DEPARTMENT

UNIT 3: Trigonometry
LESSON 2: Circular Function

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this unit you should be able to:

(1) illustrate the different circular functions; and
(2) use reference angles to find exact values of circular functions.

LEARNING OUTLINE:

(1) Circular functions

(2) Reference angles

LESSON CONTENT
Lesson 2: Circular Function
INTRODUCTION

❑ We define the six trigonometric function in

such a way that the domain of each
function is the set of angles in standard
position.

❑ The angles are measured either in degrees

or radians.

❑ In this lesson, we will modify these

trigonometric functions so that the domain
will be real numbers rather than set of
1. A Circular Functions on Real Numbers angles.
A. Circular Functions

❑ Let 𝜃 be an angle in standard position and 𝑃(𝜃) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) the point on its terminal side on the unit circle.

Define:

Example
1. Find one values of cos 135°, tan 135°, 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡(−60°), and 𝑠𝑒𝑐⁡(−60°).

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
2. From properties of 45° − 45° and 30° − 60° right triangles (with hypotenuse 1 unit), we obtain the
lengths of the legs. Thus, the coordinates of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are .

❑ Therefore, we get

❑ We may also say

B. Trigonometric Functions

Let s be any real number. Suppose 𝜃 is the angle in standard position with measure 𝑠 rad. Then we
define

From the last example, we then have:

C. Six Circular Functions

Let 𝜃 be an angle in standard position, 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) any point on the terminal side of 𝜃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 =
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 > 0. Then

2. Reference Angle
❑ We observe that if 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 are coterminal angles, the values
of the six circular or trigonometric functions at 𝜃1 agree with
the values at 𝜃2 .
❑ Therefore, in finding the value of a circular function at a
number 𝜃, we can always reduce 𝜃 to a number between
0 and 2𝜋.
❑ For example,
14𝜋 14𝜋 2𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = sin ( − 4𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠⁡
3 3 3

❑ In general, if 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 , 𝜃3 , and 𝜃4 are with

𝑃(𝜃1 ) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), then each of the 𝑥-coordinates
of 𝑃(𝜃2 ), 𝑃(𝜃3 ), and 𝑃(𝜃4 ) is±𝑥1 , while the
𝑦 −coordinate is ±𝑦1 .
❑ The correct sign is determined by the location of
the angle. Therefore, together with the correct
sign, the value of a particular circular function at
an angle 𝜃can be determined by its value at an
𝜋
angle𝜃1 with radian measure between 0 and .
2
❑ The angle 𝜃1 is called the reference angle of 𝜃.
❑ The signs of the coordinates of 𝑃(✓) depends on the quadrant or axis where it terminates.
❑ It is important to know the sign of each circular function in each quadrant.
❑ We note that the signs of cosecant, secant, and cotangent are the same as 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒, and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡, respectively.

❑ The unit circle is symmetric with respect to the x-axis, the y-axis, and the origin, we can identify the coordinates of all
the points using the coordinates of corresponding points in the Quadrant I,

Example
Direction: Use reference angle and appropriate sign to find the exact value of each expression.
11𝜋 11𝜋 7𝜋
1. sin 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 2. cos (− )
6 6 6
8𝜋
3. sin 150° 4. tan
3

Solutions:
11𝜋 𝜋
1. The reference angle of is , and it lies in Quadrant 𝐼𝑉 wherein sine and cosine are negative and positive, respectively.
6 6

7𝜋 𝜋
2. The angle − lies in Quadrant 𝐼𝐼 wherein cosine is negative, and its reference angle is .
6 6

3. 4.
Assessment
Direction: Use reference angle and appropriate sign to find the exact value of each expression. Submit your answer before
the given deadline by your teacher.

1. 3.

2. 4.

End of Circular Function