1. Eighty grams of brass (c = 0.

092 cal/g-K) at 292°C is

added to 200 g of water ( c = 1 cal/g-K) at 14°C in
an insulated container of negligible heat capacity.
What is the final temperature of the system?
𝑄𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0

𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =0

80 0.092 T − 292 + 200 1 T − 14 = 0

7.36 𝑇 − 2149.12 + 200 𝑇 − 2800 = 0

207.36 𝑇 = 4949.12

𝑻 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 ℃
Note: brass lost heat and water gained heat
2. 160 g of water at 10°C is added to 200 g of iron (c =
0.11 cal/g-°C) at 80°C and 80 g of marble ( c = 0.21
cal/g-°C) at 20°C. What is the final temperature of
the mixture?
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄𝐹𝑒 + 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 0

𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝐹𝑒 + 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑙𝑒 =0

160 1 T − 10 + 200 0.11 T − 80 + 80 0.21 T − 20 = 0

160 𝑇 − 1600 + 22 𝑇 − 1760 + 16.8 𝑇 − 336 = 0
198.8 𝑇 = 3696
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟗 ℃
3. An espresso stand prepares steamed milk by
bubbling steam at 140°C through a cup of milk at
30°C, raising the temperature of the milk and its
container to 50°C. What mass of steam is required to
heat 220 g of milk (essentially water) in a cup of
mass 100 g given the following data:
specific heat of milk = 1 kcal/kg-°C
specific heat of the cup = 0.20 kcal/kg-°C
specific heat of the steam = 0.48 kcal/kg-°C
heat of vaporization of water = 540 kcal/kg
boiling temperature of water = 100°C
Steam at 140°C At 100°C, it starts to Below 100°C, it is now
is in gaseous condense and change in liquid phase
phase until it phase. Hence, the Latent (water). But the mass
reaches 100°C Heat of Vaporization. remains the same.

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (140−100℃ሻ − 𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (100℃ሻ + 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (100−50℃ሻ = 𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 + 𝑄𝑐𝑢𝑝

𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (140−100℃ሻ − 𝑚𝐿𝑣 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 100℃ + 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (100−50℃ሻ = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 + 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑐𝑢𝑝

𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 0.48 100 − 140 − 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 540 + 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 1 50 − 100 = 220 1 50 − 30 + 100(0.20ሻ(50 − 30ሻ

−19.2 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 540 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 50 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 4400 + 400

609.2 𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 4800
𝒎𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟖 𝒈
▪ There are THREE ways in which heat can move:

▪ Conduction

▪ Convection

▪ Radiation
▪ Convection currents

cause the cooler breezes

you experience by a
large body of water.

▪ These currents also

cause the movement of

magma within the earth.

4. An iron plate 2 cm thick has a cross sectional area of
5000 cm2. One face is at 150 °C and the other is at
140 °C. How much heat passes through the plate
each second? For Iron k = 80 W/m-K.
5. Two metal plates are soldered
together as shown in the figure. It
is known that A=80 cm2, L1=L2=3
mm, T1=100°C, T2=0°C. For the
plate on the left KT1=48.1 W/m-K
for the plate on the right KT2=68.2
W/m-K. Find the heat flow rate
though the plates and the
temperature T of the soldered
junction.
6. An unclothed person whose body has a surface
area of 1.40 m2 with an emissivity of 0.85 has a skin
temperature of 37 °C and stands in a 20 °C room.
How much energy does the person lose per minute?
▪ Most materials expand when their temperature

increase.
▪ The decks of bridges need special joints and

supports to allow for expansion.

▪ A completely filled and tightly capped bottle of

water cracks when it is heated.

▪ You can loosen a metal jar lid by running hot

water over it.

 LINEAR VOLUME
EXPANSION EXPANSION
T1

Lo

T2

L
T2>T1
 LINEAR VOLUME
EXPANSION EXPANSION
Vo @ T1
T1
Lo
L
T2
V @ T2
T2>T1 L
T2>T1
L  L o T V  Vo T
L =  L o T V =  Vo T
L L − Lo V V − Vo
 = =  = =
L o T L o T2 − T1  Vo T Vo T2 − T1 
Where: 𝛼 = coef. of linear expansion (1/K) Where: 𝛽 = coef. of volume expansion (1/K)
ΔL = change in length (m) ΔV = change in volume (m3)
L & Lo = final & initial length (m) V & Vo = final & initial volume (m3)
T2&T1= final & initial temperature (oC) T2&T1= final & initial temperature (oC)
7. A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape that is exactly
50.000 m long at a temperature of 20 °C. What is its
length on a hot summer day when the temperature is 35
°C?
8. The surveyor uses the measuring tape (in Example 7) to
measure a distance when the temperature is 35°C; the
value that she reads off the tape is 35.794 m. What is the
actual distance?
9. A glass flask with volume 200 cm3 is filled to the brim with mercury at
20 oC. How much mercury overflows when the temperature of the
system is raised to 100 oC? The coefficient of linear expansion of the
glass is 0.40x10-5 K-1.
Solution: Mercury overflows
(ΔVover)
Mercury,
expanded Glass flask, expanded
volume(ΔVHg)
volume (ΔVglass)

Mercury Vover = VHg − Vglass

column
Vover =  Hg Vo (T2 − T1 ) −  glass Vo (T2 − T1 )
Glass flask

Vover = Vo (T2 − T1 )  Hg −  glass 
From table: Hg = 18x10−5 Co ( ) −1
 glass = 0.40x10−5 (C o )
−1

Glass flask filled w/ 

( )
glass = 3 0.4x10 −5 Co

−1  −5 o
 = 1.2x10 C

( ) −1

mercury
@ T1=20oC @ T2=100oC 
Vover = 200(100 − 20) 18 x10 −5 − 1.2 x10 −5 
Vover = 2.688cm3
THERMAL STRESS
▪ If we clamp the ends of a rod rigidly to prevent expansion or
contraction and then change the temperature, tensile or
compressive stresses called thermal stresses develop.

▪ The rod would like to expand or contract, but the clamps

won't let it. The resulting stresses may become large enough
to strain the rod irreversibly or even break it.

▪ Engineers must account for thermal stress when designing

structures. Concrete highways and bridge decks usually have
gaps between sections, filled with a flexible material or
bridged by interlocking teeth, to permit expansion and
contraction of the concrete.

▪ To calculate the thermal stress in a clamped rod, we

compute the amount the rod would expand (or contract) if
not held and then find the stress needed to compress (or
stretch) it back to its original length.
 A
F  L  F
Y= A   =
so L 
F L  o  tension AY
Lo
 L 
  =  T
L 
 o  thermal
Force (F) If the length is to be constant, the total
Tensile Stress = fractional change in length must be zero.
Area (A )
 L   L 
  +   =0
F  Lo thermal  Lo tension
F
Lo
 T + =0
L AY
F
Tensile Strain =
Change in length (L) = − Y T (thermal stress, σ)
Initial Length (L o ) A
Where:
F • F = Tensile force, (N)
Stress A
Young ' s Modulus (Y) = = • A = cross-section area, (m2)
Strain L
Lo • Y = Young’s Modulus, (Pa or N/m 2)
• 𝛼 = coef. of linear expansion, (K-1)
• ∆T = change in temperature, (C)
 F
= − Y T
A
▪ For a decrease in
temperature, ΔT is negative,
so F and F/A are positive; this
means that a tensile force
and stress are needed to
maintain the length.
▪ If ΔT is positive, F and F/A
are negative, and the
required force and stress are
compressive.
10. An aluminum cylinder 10 cm long, with a cross-section
area of 20 cm2, is to be used as a spacer between two
steel walls. At 17.2 ᵒC it just slips in between the walls.
When it warms to 22.3 ᵒC, calculate the stress in the
cylinder and the total force it exerts on each wall,
assuming that the walls are perfectly rigid and at a
constant distance apart.
11. A wire that is 1.50 m long at 20 ᵒC is found to increase in length
by 1.9 cm when warmed to 420 ᵒC. Compute its average
coefficient of linear expansion for this temperature range. The
wire is stretched just taut (zero tension) at 420 ᵒC. Find the stress
in the wire if it is cooled to 20 ᵒC without being allowed to
contract. Young’s modulus for the wire is 20x1011 Pa.
1. An underground tank with a capacity of 1700L (1.70 m3) is
filled with ethanol that has an initial temperature of
19.0oC. After the ethanol has cooled off to the
temperature of the tank and ground, which is 10.0oC, how
much air space will there be above the ethanol in the
tank? (Assume that the volume of the tank doesn’t
change.)
2. How much steam at 120 °C is needed to change 1 kg of
ice at -10 °C to water at 10°C?
3. A metal rod that is 30.0 cm long expands by 0.0650 cm
when its temperature is raised from 0oC to 100oC. A rod of
a different metal and of the same length expands by
0.0350 cm for the same rise in temperature. A third rod,
also 30.0 cm long is made up of pieces of each of the
above metals placed end-to-end and expands 0.0580
cm between 0oC and 100oC. Find the length of each
portion of the composite bar.
4. A metal rod is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 2 cm.
One end is in contact with steam at 100°C while the other
end is in contact with the ice at 0°C. It was found out that
320 grams of ice melted after 20 minutes. What is the
thermal conductivity of the metal?
5. Steel train rails are laid in 12.0 m-long segments placed
end-to-end. The rails are laid on a winter day when their
temperature is -2.0oC. a) How much space must be left
between adjacent rails if they are to just touch on a
summer day when their temperature is 33.0oC? b) If the
rails are originally laid in contact, what is the stress in them
on a summer day when their temperature is 33.0oC?