1. What is Organization? Describe different types of organization.

An organization refers to a collection of people who are involved in pursuing defined objectives.
It can be understood as a social system which comprises all formal human relationships. The
organization encompasses division of work among employees and alignment of tasks towards
the ultimate goal of the company.

There are different types of organization structures, including:

 Formal Organization Structure: This is a fixed set up where the rules, procedures, and
functions are clearly defined for every member and they are required to follow the
same.
 Line Organization: This is the simplest and oldest form of organization structure. It is
also known as military organization or departmental organization.
 Functional Organization: This type of organization structure classifies people with the
same skills and knowledge together.
 Line and Staff Organization: This type of organization structure has a direct vertical
relationship between different levels and also specialists who are capable of giving
advice to the line managers.
 Project Management Organization: This type of organization structure is formed for a
specific project or task.
 Matrix Organization: This type of organization structure is a combination of two or
more types of organizational structures.

2. What are different types of approach to Organizational Behavior.

There are several approaches to studying Organizational Behavior:

 Human Resources Approach: This approach recognizes the fact that people are the
central resource in any organization and they should be developed towards higher levels
of competency, creativity, and fulfillment1.
 Contingency Approach: The contingency approach (sometimes called the situational
approach) is based on the premise that methods or behaviors which work effectively in
one situation fail in another1.
 Productivity Approach: Productivity, which is the ratio of output to input, is a measure
of an organization’s effectiveness. It also reveals the manager’s efficiency in optimizing
resource utilization1.
 Systems Approach: The systems approach looks at the organization as a whole 2.
 Inter-Disciplinary Approach: This approach to studying organizational behavior is the
Interdisciplinary Approach1.

Each of these approaches provides a different lens through which to understand and study
organizational behavior.
 3. Describe any two types of organizational Behavior Model.

Organizational behavior models help us understand how organizational behavior works. Here
are two such models:

 Autocratic Model: This model is based on formal authority, strength, and power. Power
is vested only in the top management and the employees have to follow the orders of
their superiors. The employees are dependent on their bosses and they do not have any
freedom to express their views. The main drawback of this model is that it may lead to
high employee turnover.
 Custodial Model: This model assumes that employees will stay longer and devote their
best when they are getting paid fair. The custodial model focuses on the economic
resources with a managerial orientation of money. The employees in turn are oriented
towards security and benefits and dependence on the organization. The employee need
that is met is security and the performance result is passive cooperation.

4. What are different environment effects on behavior and what are the factors causes
to human behavior.

The environment and settings surrounding a person can have great impacts on a person’s
behavior. Here are some environmental factors that can affect behavior:

 Physical Environment: Factors including lighting, noise, and temperature are all
variables of an environment that can affect behavior. For example, a noisy environment
can lead to stress and irritation, while a quiet and comfortable environment can
encourage concentration and productivity.
 Social Environment: The social environment, including the people around us, can
greatly influence our behavior. For example, peer pressure can influence an individual’s
decision-making process, and family and cultural background can shape an individual’s
values and beliefs.
 Cultural Environment: The cultural environment, including societal norms, traditions,
and values, can also shape behavior. For example, societal expectations can influence an
individual’s career choices, and cultural traditions can influence an individual’s dietary
habits.

Human behavior is affected by a variety of factors, including:

 Physical Factors: Age, health, illness, pain, and the influence of a substance or
medication can all affect behavior.
 Personal and Emotional Factors: Personality, beliefs, expectations, emotions, and
mental health can all influence behavior.
 Life Experiences: Family, culture, friends, life events, and personal needs and wants can
all shape behavior. For example, a person who has experienced bullying may develop
 defensive behaviors, while a person who has been praised for their achievements may
develop confident behaviors.

5. Describe the relationship of organizational behavior with another fields.

Organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary field of study as it has borrowed concepts,

theories, models, and practices of physical sciences as well as social sciences. The main features
of organizational behavior are primarily based on behavioral sciences 1. Here are some fields
that have a relationship with organizational behavior:

 Psychology: Organizational behavior studies human behavior which is concerned mainly

with the psychology of the people. Psychology, especially, industrial or organizational
psychology is the greatest contributor to the field of organizational behavior 1.
 Sociology: Sociology also has a major impact on the study of organizational behavior.
Sociology makes use of scientific methods in accumulating knowledge about the social
behavior of the groups1.
 Political Science: Political science contributes to the understanding of formal and
informal political processes within the organization 1.
 Anthropology: Anthropology contributes to organizational behavior by providing
insights into the influences of culture and social customs on behavior 1.
 Economics: Economics contributes to organizational behavior by providing insights into
how economic conditions and market forces can influence behavior within the
organization1.
 Science, Technology, and Environmental Sciences: These fields contribute to
organizational behavior by providing insights into how technological changes and
environmental factors can influence behavior within the organization 1.

In essence, organizational behavior is, in fact, called an applied behavioral science 1.

6. What do you understand by perception? Describe its nature, process and importance.

Perception is a subjective, active, and creative process through which we assign meaning to
sensory information to understand ourselves and others. It can be defined as our recognition
and interpretation of sensory information.

The nature of perception is influenced by several factors, including our past experiences,
cultural background, and individual differences. It is a complex process that involves the
interaction of our senses, brain, and conscious awareness.

The process of perception involves several steps:

 Stimulus: Perception begins with a stimulus in the environment that is detected by our
sensory organs.
  Sensation: The sensory organs translate the physical properties of the stimulus into
nerve impulses.
 Selection: We don’t pay attention to all sensory information. Our brain selects certain
stimuli to process further.
 Organization: The selected information is organized in the brain to form a meaningful
pattern.
 Interpretation: Finally, we interpret the organized information based on our past
experiences and knowledge.

Perception is important because it helps us make sense of our environment and guides our
behavior. It allows us to interpret the stimuli in our environment and respond appropriately. It
also plays a crucial role in communication, as it influences how we understand and interpret
messages from others.

7. What do you understand by attitude. Describe its process and importance.

Attitude is defined as a more or less stable set of predispositions of opinion, interest, or

purpose involving expectancy of a certain kind of experience and readiness with an appropriate
response1. Attitudes are also known as “frames of reference”. They provide the background
against which facts and events are viewed1.

The main components of attitude are1:

 Cognitive Component: Your thoughts and beliefs about the subject.

 Affective Component: How the object, person, issue, or event makes you feel.
 Behavioral Component: How attitude influences your behavior.

Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing. They can have a powerful influence
over behavior and affect how people act in various situations 2. While attitudes are enduring,
they can also change2.

The importance of attitude can be seen in various aspects such as 1:

 Career Success: Attitude plays a key role in how individuals approach their careers and
handle challenges and opportunities.
 Productivity: A positive attitude can lead to increased productivity, as individuals with
positive attitudes are more likely to work hard and strive for success.
 Leadership: Leaders with positive attitudes can inspire their teams and foster a positive
work environment.
 Teamwork: Attitude affects how individuals work in a team. A positive attitude can
contribute to effective teamwork.
 Decision Making: Attitude can influence how individuals make decisions, with positive
attitudes often leading to more optimistic and constructive decision-making processes.
  Motivation: Attitude can influence an individual’s motivation levels. A positive attitude
can boost motivation and drive.
 Interpersonal Relations: Attitude affects how individuals interact with others. A positive
attitude can lead to better interpersonal relationships.
 Stress Management: A positive attitude can help individuals better manage stress and
navigate challenging situations.

8. What do you understand by personality. Describe its different types.

Personality refers to the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently
think, feel, and behave in specific ways1. The unique constellation of the ways we approach the
world, interpret events, and act consistently across situations is our personality 1.

There are many types of personalities because individuals are not alike. Some of the different
types of personalities include:

 Type A: Highly motivated and organized, but competitive and perfectionistic 2.

 Type B: Relaxed and flexible, but not as ambitious2.
 Type C: Very conscientious, but has difficulty with emotional expression 2.
 Type D: Pessimistic, anxious, and prone to isolation and distress 2.

Another popular model is the “Big Five” personality traits, which are 3:

 Extraversion: Sociability.
 Agreeableness: Kindness.
 Openness: Creativity and intrigue.
 Conscientiousness: Thoughtfulness.
 Neuroticism: Often involves sadness or emotional instability.

These are just a few examples. The study of personality is complex and there are many theories
and dimensions to consider.

9. Describe different theories of learning.

There are several theories of learning that have been developed by various psychologists. Here
are a few of them:

 Behavioral Learning Theory: This theory is based on the idea that learning is a change in
observable behavior caused by external stimuli in the environment 1. The most famous
example of this is Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment with dogs 1.
 Cognitive Learning Theory: This theory suggests that learning involves complex mental
processing of information instead of a mere mechanical response to stimuli 1. It focuses
on how information is processed by the learner1.
  Constructivist Learning Theory: This theory posits that learners construct their own
perspective of the world, through individual experiences and schema 1. It emphasizes the
importance of learners actively constructing their own knowledge 1.
 Social Learning Theory: This theory emphasizes the importance of observing and
modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others 1. Albert Bandura is
the leading proponent of this theory1.
 Experiential Learning Theory: This theory posits that experience plays a central role in
the learning process2. It is a hands-on learning method that encourages learners to
reflect on their experiences, and apply their knowledge in real-world settings 2.

Each of these theories provides a different perspective on how learning occurs and they are all
important in understanding the complex process of learning.

10. Describe different style of leadership and also describe behavioral leadership theory.

There are several different styles of leadership, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.
Here are a few of the most common ones:

 Democratic Leadership: A democratic leader makes decisions based on their team’s

opinion and feedback1. They value collaboration and teamwork and encourage
discussions1.
 Autocratic Leadership: This is the opposite of democratic leadership. The opinions of
team members are not considered while making any business decision1. Instead, leaders
expect others to adhere to their decisions1.
 Laissez-faire Leadership: Laissez-faire means “let them do”. In this style, leaders give
their team members freedom to do their work and make decisions 1.
 Transformational Leadership: Transformational leaders inspire and motivate their team
members to exceed their own individual performance goals2.
 Transactional Leadership: Transactional leaders reward or punish team members based
on their performance2.
 Servant Leadership: Servant leaders put the needs of their team members first and help
them develop and perform to the best of their abilities 2.

Behavioral leadership theory is a management philosophy that evaluates leaders according to

the actions they display in the workplace3. It suggests that anyone can become an effective
leader by learning and implementing certain behaviors3. The theory involves observing and
evaluating a leader’s actions and behaviors when they are responding to a specific situation 3.
This theory promotes the idea that all leaders are capable of learning and developing through
adopting beneficial behaviors and performing them in their workplace 3. Behavioral leadership
theory also encourages leaders to be self-aware of their behavior and to recognize how it
affects the productivity and morale of their team3.