2.1.

Propaganda Literature aims to sway

others and advocate for a specific political
stance.
M1: LITERARY APPRECIATION Example:
- "Noli Me Tangere" (Touch Me Not) by Dr.
OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Jose Riza is a political novel that exposes the
injustices committed by Spanish Catholic friars
and the ruling government. Similarly,
- "El Filibusterismo" (The Reign of Greed) by
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO Dr. Jose Rizal serves as a sequel to "Noli Me
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Tangere" and continues to reveal the abuses
and corruption within the Spanish government.
- "Dasalan at Tocsohan" by Marcelo H. Del
Literature Pilar, also known as Plaridel, is a satirical work
- comprises written works of artistic or that criticizes the hypocrisy of the friars.
intellectual significance, such as plays, essays,
poems, and novels. 2.2 Revolutionary Literature aims to incite
- medium to portray the dynamics, emotions, and political revolution and advocate for complete
ideas prevalent in a particular society, reflecting societal change. Example:
its cultural and historical context - "Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa" (Love of
Country) by Andres Bonifacio, who is regarded
MAJOR MILESTONE IN HISTORY OF as the Father of the Philippine Revolution.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Seeks to awaken Filipinos' sense of nationalism
1. Pre-colonial Period (Before the Spanish Period) and self-reliance, encouraging them to fight for
This period showcases indigenous literature and their country.
oral traditions, such as folk speeches (proverbs
or salawikain, riddles or bugtong, and tanaga), 3. American Colonial Period (1898-1946):
folk songs or awiting-bayan (lullaby or oyayi and Anglo-American culture, beliefs, and way of life,
love song or kundiman) and folk narratives introducing modern short tales and critical
(myths or mito, legends or alamat, fables or essays that explored various social, political, and
pabula, and epics). cultural issues.

2. Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898): They also emphasized the use of English as a
This period produced religious and secular medium of instruction and western literary trends
literature, Example: like: romanticism (emphasizes emotions,
imagination, and individuality) and
1. Doctrina Christiana the first book printed in the
realism (focuses on accurate observations of
Philippines, and everyday life).
2. Florante at Laura an epic poem by Francisco
Balagtas 4. Japanese Occupation Period (1941-1945):
During WWII, Japanese occupation of the
But despite the powerful influence of Spanish Philippines led to a decline in literary activities,
culture, this period also paved the way for the but resistance literature emerged, expressing
growth of Filipino literature and the emergence struggles against Japanese oppression. Ex:
of nationalistic sentiments, also known as the "The Voice of Bataan" (1943) by Carlos Bulosan - a
Golden Age of Philippine Literature, where collection of poetry that expresses the spirit of defiance
Filipino nationalists expressed their sentiments and resilience in the face of oppression, and captures
through various literary works: the anguish and determination of the Filipino soldiers
during the fall of Bataan to Japanese forces.
 literature throughout the periods.
Another is the circumvention literature, which LESSON 1.2: GEOGRAPHIC,
is produced during times of censorship or
LINGUISTIC, AND ETHNIC
oppression, and often operated partially
concealed or underground. Ex: DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE
"Matsing" (Monkey) by Amado V. Hernandez, which LITERATURE
demonstrates the resilience of Filipino writers in finding
creative ways to express their dissent and critique the The development and richness of Philippine
oppressive government regime without directly
Literature are influenced by geographic,
challenging the strict censorship.
linguistic, and ethnic dimensions, alongside its
5. Post-War and Contemporary Period (1946- historical background.
present):
1. Geography (geographic dimension)
5.1. Post-War Period (1946-1965): The Philippines' diverse archipelagos and
Philippine literature, post-independence, regions have shaped literature through various
explores national identity, patriotism, and war traditions, including epics by Lumad people in
effects. Ex: Nick Joaquin's "The Summer Mindanao and oral chants by Igorots in
Solstice" (1972) delves into the conflict between Cordillera, showcasing the country's rich cultural
Filipino culture and Spanish colonization, heritage.
highlighting self-discovery and individual power.
2. Language (linguistic dimension)
5.2. Martial Law Era (1972-1981): Language diversity in Philippine literature has
Under Ferdinand Marcos' authoritarian rule, significantly influenced development, with over
Philippine literature became a form of resistance 170 languages and dialects spoken. Throughout
against oppression. Jose Y. Dalisay Jr.'s precolonial, colonial, and contemporary periods,
"Killing Time in a Warm Place" (1992) is an different linguistic communities have produced
example of Protest Literature, expressing unique literary works with distinct forms, styles,
disapproval or objection. and themes.

5.3. Post-Martial Law Period (1981-2000): 3. Ethnicity (ethnic dimension)

After 1981's lifting of Martial Law, Philippine The ethnic dimension of Philippine literature is
literature experienced a creative resurgence, influenced by the diverse cultural traditions of
focusing on social issues, cultural identity, indigenous peoples, influenced by external
globalization, and feminist perspectives. N.V.M. factors like Spanish colonization, and has
González's "Bread of Salt" (1958) highlights the contributed significantly to the country's rich
working class's harsh realities and societal literary heritage.
change.
Philippine literature is indeed vast and diverse,
5.4. Contemporary Period (2000-present): with its own unique blend of geographical,
Philippine literature is diverse, addressing social linguistic, and ethnic elements. In addition, here
inequality, human rights, LGBTQ+ narratives, are the noted literary forms, representative texts
cultural hybridity, and technology impact. and notable authors from each region:
Indigenous voices are gaining recognition, as
seen in Lualhati Bautista's "Gapô" novel, which LUZON:
exposes prison injustices. The Luzon Island is the birthplace of Philippine
culture and is home to various ethno-linguistic
In general, the literary history of the Philippines groups such as Ilocano, Kapampangan,
mirrors the cultural and historical journey of the Bicolano, Tagalog, and Pangasinense. Here are
nation, presenting a wide array of viewpoints some literary forms, representative texts, and
and voices that have influenced Filipino notable authors from the different regions in
Luzon:
A. NCR (National Capital Region): F. Region V (Bicol Region):
The NCR, also known as Metro Manila, The Bicol Region has a mix of oral traditions and
significantly influenced the Philippines' history writing inspired by legends, environmental
and development. Literary works from NCR spirits, and supernatural beings, like The Story of
highlight Spanish colonial oppression, Filipino Daragang Magayon.
rootedness, and the impact of modernity on
human relationships, as seen in Andres Literature includes humorous stories, songs, and
Bonifacio's "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Mga lullabies that reflect the local culture and
Tagalog" and Jose Corazon de Jesus' "Aking superstitions, like Katurog na Neneng.
Bayan."
VISAYAS:
B. Region I (Ilocos Region): Literature in the Visayas region encompasses a
Ilocano and Pangasinense ethno-linguistic range of languages including Cebuano,
groups in the region have rich oral literature Hiligaynon, and Waray. Here are some
traditions, with notable works like "Biag ni Lam- examples of literary forms, texts, and renowned
ang" and Pangasinense featuring characters authors from the region:
like Princess Urduja and Juan de la Cruz Palaris.
A. Region VI (Western Visayas Region):
C. Region II (Cagayan Valley Region) and The region's primary language is Hiligaynon,
CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region): encompassing the culture of the Ilongo people in
Iloilo, Guimaras, Capiz, and Negros Occidental.
These regions have rich oral traditions, both Literature in this region is known as "Panayanon
ritualistic and non-ritualistic. literature," encompassing riddles, proverbs,
ditties, chants, poems, tales, and epics.
They are known for their long heroic narratives in
verse, such as the Hudhud (Ifugao), which is During the Spanish colonial period, religious
primarily performed and recited during the rice and reform literature emerged, while American
planting season and other important cultural colonial short stories followed Formalist
rituals, and Ullalim (Kalinga) epics, which is guidelines. The Cory Revolution in 1986 marked
often accompanied by musical instruments such a turning point in Hiligaynon literature, with
as the gongs and bamboo flutes that recounts support from the Cultural Center of the
the heroic deeds and ancestral stories of the Philippines and the National Commission for
Kalinga people. Culture and the Arts.

D. Region III (Central Luzon Region): B. Region VII (Central Visayas Region):
Literature in the fertile central plains of the The Cebuano region is home to native Cebuano
Philippines, known as the rice basket, is speakers who have a vibrant oral tradition called
influenced by the region's geography, flora, and "Cebuano literature." Despite formal education
fauna, with influences from Spanish and native- during the American Period, new artistic styles
speaking elites. emerged, experimenting with different forms and
refining the language to capture its subtleties
E. Region IV-A (CALABARZON) and Region and musicality. Notable examples include "Kon"
IV-B (MIMAROPA): by Gardeopatra Quijano and "Flower by the
The literature in the Philippine independence Wayside" by Hilda Montaire.
movement, influenced by notable figures like
Jose Rizal, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario Mabini,
and Miguel Malvar, showcases the region's
geographic features and rural life through poems
like "Ang tubig ma’y malalim..." and
C. Region VIII (Eastern Visayas Region)
"Soliranin sa Pamamangka."
The region's literature primarily consists of LESSON 2: LITERARY
Waray and Cebuano, with Eastern Visayan APPROACHES
literature often discussing Waray literature. Key
literary forms include tigotigo, amoral love,
drama, and fiction. Early publications like An
Kaadlawon and Eco de Samar y Leyte Literary texts are the written works that
contributed to Waray literature growth, with entertain readers through storytelling, whether
notable poems like "Pilipinas" and "Andres they are fiction or nonfiction, such as poetry,
Bonifacio" by Casiano Trinchera. short stories, and essays. However, they also
have a deeper purpose of conveying meaningful
messages that can influence thoughts and
III. MINDANAO
interactions.
Mindanao Literature, despite its rich oral tradition
and colonial influence, is often overlooked due to
To fully comprehend and appreciate a literary
shallow research and lack of scholars. The
text, it is essential to read critically; critical
region is home to thirty-three ethno-linguistic
reading refers to the practice of actively
groups, each with unique literature and cultural
analyzing and evaluating a text to gain a deeper
influences.
understanding and to form a well-informed
opinion. There are various approaches to use.
In Region IX, the most widely spoken dialect is
Cebuano, while Region X is a mixture of
1. Previewing the text: Before reading, gather
migrants from Cebu, Iloilo, and other areas.
information about the reading, consider its
Region XI is considered a cultural melting pot,
purpose, examine the title, identify the author,
with a diverse range of ethnic groups and
and understand the text's structure.
majority populations.

2. Summarizing the main points: Condensing

Central Mindanao is renowned for its Muslim
a text helps understand its key ideas and
faith and is inhabited by the Manobo people.
arguments by outlining main points in a logical
order, providing a clear overview of its structure.
The Caraga Region has a historical legacy that
can be traced back to the 15th century, and the
3. Analyzing the evidence, assumptions,
BARMM (Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in
sources, and author bias: Examine a text by
Muslim Mindanao) is a region characterized by
examining evidence, author assumptions,
its diversity, with Muslims, Lumads, and
reliability, credibility of sources, and potential
Christians coexisting.
bias, and consider how it may influence the text.
In general, the folk literature of Muslim cultural
4. Re-reading the text multiple times: The first
communities in Mindanao shares similarities with
reading can focus on gaining a general
other forms of literature, although the style and
understanding, while subsequent readings allow
manner of expression may differ.
for a deeper analysis of the content.

5. Taking notes while reading: Annotating or

making notes on the text aids in comprehension,
highlighting key terms, important ideas, and
confusing sections, serving as a reference for
future analysis.

6. Responding to the text through writing or

discussion: Engaging in a written or discussion
response to a text can deepen one's
understanding, revealing new perspectives and a. Authorial Intent Perspective: Explores the
solidifying existing knowledge. author's intentions and personal experiences
in creating the work. Example: Exploring Rizal's
7. Posing questions about the content: intentions and motivations in writing "Noli Me
Asking questions about a text helps understand Tangere," considering his experiences as a
its meaning and purpose, considering the Filipino nationalist, medical doctor and traveler
author's intentions, the main argument, and any that may have shaped the narrative, characters,
ambiguities or gaps in the provided information. and themes in the novel, and his desire to
expose the injustices and abuses of the Spanish
8. Reflecting on personal responses: colonial regime.
Examining how the text resonates with your own
beliefs, values, and experiences can provide a b. Psychological Perspective: Examines the
unique perspective and deepen your author's personal experiences and emotions
understanding of the material. reflected in the text. Example: Examining any
psychological conflicts or tensions present in the
9. Evaluating the logic and credibility of the characters and how they may reflect Rizal's own
text: The text's arguments must be evaluated for internal struggles or observations of human
logical coherence and credibility, considering behavior.
reliability, accuracy, and potential biases.
2. Sociocultural Context
10. Comparing and contrasting related 2.1 Historical Context: This approach
readings: Comparing similar texts can enhance examines the historical period in which they
your comprehension of a subject by identifying wrote it to understand the societal, political, and
similarities and differences, providing a broader cultural influences that may have shaped the
perspective and revealing fresh insights. author's perspective and the themes explored in
the text.
By employing these approaches, readers can
appreciate texts with a critical mindset, enabling 2.2. Societal Context: This approach examines
a more thorough analysis and interpretation of how a literary work reflects and comments
the text. on the society in which it was produced it. It
involves analyzing the text's portrayal of social
LESSON 2.1: CONTEXTUAL classes, gender roles, race relations, or political
ideologies, and understanding how the society
APPROACHES
saw and understood these elements.

Contextualizing a literary text involves

2.3. Cultural Context: This approach considers
considering the author's time, place, and
the cultural beliefs, practices, and aesthetic
experiences, as well as the reader's beliefs, to
values of the time and place in which they wrote
gain a deeper understanding of the text and its
it. It involves examining the text's use of
meaning, as demonstrated in Jose Rizal's "Noli
language, symbols, and metaphors that may
Me Tangere."
have specific cultural meanings or significance.

1. Biographical Context:
This covers the following perspectives:
This approach considers the author's life
experiences, beliefs, and background to better
a. Marxism: A theory that focuses on societal
understand how they may have influenced the
classes and their struggles, advocating for a
creation of the text.
classless society.
Examples: Examining the novel's portrayal of social and
This covers the following perspectives: economic class structures; analyzing the power dynamics
between the ruling class and the oppressed; and exploring
themes of exploitation and inequality.
 plot, character development, storytelling techniques, and
b. Feminism: Examines the role of women in their significance in relation to the novel's larger themes.
literature, looking at empowerment and
discrimination. b. Poststructuralism: Reacts to structuralism
Examples: Exploring the portrayal of gender roles and by highlighting the interpretation of texts,
societal expectations in the novel, such as the character of which can vary based on the underlying
Maria Clara, and examining the novel's treatment of structures and the way and uses of words or
women and their agency in a patriarchal society. phrases in the text. Examples: Exploring the multiple
interpretations or meanings of key concepts, events, or
c. Historicism: Considers the historical symbols in the novel; questioning the stability of meaning;
context that influenced the writing of literature. and exploring how different interpretations or perspectives
Example: Examining how historical events, social can arise from the text's underlying structures and linguistic
conditions, and cultural influences of that time shaped the choices.
narrative, themes, and characters in the novel, such as the
exploitation of the Filipino people by the Spanish 4. Literary Context:
colonizers. Placing the text within the broader literary
tradition or genre allows for a comparison and
d. Post-colonialism: Studies the cultural understanding of how it relates to other works.
legacy of colonialism and imperialism, This helps to identify common themes,
focusing on the human consequences of the techniques, and influences.
control and exploitation of colonized people and
their lands. Examples: Analyzing the consequences of This covers the following perspectives:
colonization on the characters, their identities, and the
overall narrative, and examining the cultural clashes, power a. Formalism (or New Criticism): Focuses on
dynamics, and resistance depicted in the novel. the structure of a text itself (internal elements),
without considering external influences or
e. New Historicism: Interprets literature by contexts. Examples: Analyzing the language, imagery,
considering both the author's history and the symbols, and other literary devices used in the novel;
critic's history. paying close attention to the formal elements of the text,
Example: Investigating the historical context and the such as its style, tone, rhythm, and syntax; and examining
personal history of Jose Rizal, the author of Noli Me the structure of individual chapters or sections, as well as
Tangere, and how critics have interpreted and analyzed the the overall organization and coherence of the novel.
novel throughout history- how their own historical context
may have shaped their perspectives. b. Reader-response: Emphasizes the role of
the reader in interpreting and making meaning
3. Linguistic Context: of a literary work. It explores how personal
This approach analyzes the language and experiences, beliefs, and emotions influence the
style used in the text provides insight into the reader's interpretation and response to the text.
author's literary techniques, word choices, and Examples: Paying attention to any particular scenes,
narrative structure. It helps to appreciate the characters, or events that evoke potent feelings or resonate
nuances and effects created through language. own experiences or beliefs, and reflecting on how
interpretation and response to the novel may have
This covers the following perspectives: developed or changed over time, and consider the reasons
behind these shifts.
a. Structuralism: Analyzes texts by examining
their connection to larger structures, such as By utilizing these contextual approaches,
genres, inter-textual connections, narrative readers can develop a more comprehensive
structures, or recurring patterns. Example: The text understanding of a literary text and appreciate
explores Noli Me Tangere's genre, inter-textual the layers of meaning it holds.
connections, narrative structure, and recurring patterns,
examining its fit within the genre, inter-textual connections,
 simile, etc.), but it can also provide social
commentary by shedding light on significant
matters and encouraging critical thought.

M2: MAJOR GENRES AND 21ST 2. Fiction

CENTURY GENRES narrative form of literature that is not based on
factual events and people. It includes genres
such as fantasies, mysteries, thrillers, and
others. The Philippines saw its popularity rise in
LESSON 1: MAJOR LITERARY the 19th century when "Noli Me Tangere" by
Jose Rizal was introduced.
GENRES
2.1 CONTENT: This pertains to the subject of
the storyline, which can involve taking a regular
Literary Genre storyline and transforming it into imaginative
- classification or grouping of literature that has realms and addressing broader societal issues.
common features, themes, or styles. Although primarily encompasses novels and
- way to classify and categorize various forms of short stories, it can also include other genres
literary works based on their content, structure, such as poetry and plays, but these are separate
and purpose. genres with unique elements.

4 major genres: poetry, fiction, creative non- 2.2 STRUCTURE: The narrative structure of a
fiction, and drama. story includes elements like plot, character
development, setting, narrative style, tone,
1. Poetry language, and techniques. It follows Freytag's
the oldest literary genre, uses words and rhythm pyramid, focuses on exposition, rising action,
to evoke emotions and convey meaning. climax, falling action, and resolution, and can
Depending on the poet, it can have different range from serious to light-hearted.
styles (traditional forms like sonnets or haikus, or
free verse with no specific rules), focuses, and Here are the common point of view (POV)
interpretations. In the Philippines, popular and narrative techniques in fiction:
examples are Hinilawod and Aliguyon, which 1. Point of View: This is the viewpoint
illustrate the creativity of our forebears. from which the story is told. It can be a
first-person, where the narrator tells
1.1 CONTENT: These are subjects or themes their own story, or a third-person, where
explored, such as love, nature, or social issues. someone else narrates the story.
It reflects the poet's perspective and emotions,
offering insights into the human experience. 2. Narrative Techniques: There are three
common techniques: Flashbacks, when
1.2 STRUCTURE: This includes the layout of a story shows something that
lines, stanzas, and overall form, which influences happened in the past or gives
its rhythm (the beat of stressed and unstressed background information,
syllables in a line of poetry), rhyme scheme Foreshadowing, when an author hints
(pattern of rhymes in a poem), and overall flow or gives clues about what will happen
(with a harmonious combination of sounds, later in the story, building anticipation
syllables, and pacing). These elements enhance and suspense, and Nonlinear
the impact of the poet's message. storytelling, which deviates from the
usual order of events, jumping back
1.3 PURPOSE: Usually, to express and evoke and forth in time or providing alternate
deep emotions, thoughts, and ideas through the timelines to create complexity, mystery,
use of creative and artistic language (metaphor, and different perspectives.
 4. Framed Structure: Places the main
narrative within a larger context. May
2.3 PURPOSE: This provides an escape from include a prologue and epilogue for
reality, letting readers engage with captivating additional background or reflection.
stories that evoke emotions, foster empathy, and 5. Hybrid Structure: Combines different
promote personal development. It can also make structural approaches or experiments
social commentary, highlighting important issues with unconventional forms. Can include
and prompting critical thinking. elements of fiction, poetry, or other
genres.
3. Creative Non-fiction
includes true stories or events that are not solely These structural approaches can also
for scholarly purposes. It can include memoirs, be used in fiction storylines and drama.
personal essays, magazine articles, and
narratives in literary journalism. Recognized in
the Philippines as stories that are "true stories 3.3 PURPOSE: The purpose is to entertain,
well told." inform, and engage readers by presenting
real-life stories and experiences in a
3.1 CONTENT Same with fiction that focuses on creative and artful way. It allows writers to
a storyline, but involves real people, places, and explore personal truths, share unique
events, and is presented as engages readers perspectives, and evoke emotions from
and brings the subject to life. readers, which can also educate, raise
awareness, challenge norms, and inspire
Unlike traditional nonfiction, nonfiction writers critical thinking and self-reflection.
can use literary techniques like dialogue and
descriptive language to enhance narratives and 4. Drama
connect with the audience. - genre involving action, dialogue, and
performances in theater, television, radio,
3.2 STRUCTURE: It is flexible and tailored to the and film. Types include comedy, tragedy,
needs of the story. The author's choices are melodrama, and musical dramas, guided by
important for shaping how readers experience stage directions.
the story and understand the intended message
or themes. Here are the common structural 4.1 Content:
approaches: Dramas engage the audience through
conflicts, emotions, relationships, and
values, covering societal issues, human
1. Chronological Structure: Follows a nature, personal struggles, and
linear timeline or the order they historical events, addressing various
happened. Often used for personal themes and subjects.
narratives.
4.2 Structure:
2. Thematic Structure: Organized follows a common storyline structure,
around specific themes or ideas instead including exposition, rising action,
of strict chronology. Explores different climax, falling action, and resolution,
aspects related to the theme. using dialogue, monologues,
soliloquies, and stage directions.
3. Braided Structure: Interweaves
4.3 Purpose:
multiple storylines or perspectives.
This aims to entertain, enlighten, and
Creates a complex
evoke emotional responses, which can
also address social issues, challenge
norms, and offer different perspectives.