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87 views19 pagesMAT 1151 Calculus & Linear Algebra
MAT 1151 Calculus & linear algebra, Leading University
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
87 views19 pagesMAT 1151 Calculus & Linear Algebra
MAT 1151 Calculus & linear algebra, Leading University
Uploaded by
Nahin ur Roshid DurjoyCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 19
@
Names Ma.Abadon Rahman (Linon) Book Ref. 3 on
ae pifntal Colealan 5251 cir
Beets ni (ing) Malhunokes, SUST. oe G.c.pAsY EN MURHERIE
2.Caloulus - 9h Edition.
= Thomas/Finneg +
Counse THe: Caleulus and Linear Algebra.
Counse Nog MAT- 4151.
Objeclives :
1. Know about function, its domain, range and hoato draw graph of a fonetion.
2. Evaluate o vasiiely of limits (limits ab infinity s one sided limits and limits of
indelenminote form.
3. Identify ciseontinuitien in fmetions prenented algebnoicall, on, graghieally.
4: Apply ciferentiation +40 prcblams Such an vieloled nictten ,gnaphing Y-ophimizatia
5. Diffenentiole sums, product, quotients of composite polynomi ala, tramerndenk
chon.
6. know abort succeamive differentiation and expansion: of funetions.
9. fied maximum minimum point of 0 funetion.
2 Indefinile ond Definite integral. :
9, Evalucte inkegsal differant Kind of method an substitution malhod, inlegrotion.
by posts, neduetion formula.
to. Evaluate. double and ipl, inhegnal ond find couc and volume of sunfieso
Coleulun Tn Computer Seience Y Engineening ¢-
Caleulua is used For machine leaping » dota mining » Seientfie computing,
image. ‘processing and creating the avdghien and Phy sie enginen fon video
gamer, including the 90 visualn fon simulotions,
echat is Caleulus a
~ Coleulun is the mathmaties ef motion and cha
On growth, hone vortabl. foneen ara at on
Coleulus is the rught mathemation +5 opply.
This oan ‘rus. in sth beginnings of the subjects and il ie rue today.
* Salegnal ¥ differntal ealeulun ome crucial
hotoogh & eapaciton.
Tntegral ealeuluy ig also a main Comsidenation in ealevlating the exact
length of o pooen eable neeunany fon connceting Substations that oxce.
miley oper gpm each othen.
nge. @hine these is motion
K Produeing oecelanation,
fon calevlating volkage or, eusval Finetions A fone: from asel p to aset Ris o sult thal ova a
unique element $%) in R to each elemuint x In D. (tre: $s '
Tn this def, D= DIS) (read *D #5 $1) 1¢ te domain of the June. $ and
Ris a set eontaining dha range of £.
Examples:
4. Find the domain ard mange of 0 function, ¥ =V-72-1
Solution: Te Sonmula/fmetinn I-NI5z given anaal y-value fon every % in
the closed interval rom ~4 404. Beyond this domain, 1x2 is negative ond
its square mest ig nol a sual numba «
Tha value of 4-42 y
From 0-402 on the aven domain, and the squome ro
of there valuen ‘do the? Same The range d “
Vi® 1s, [ot],
2. Showthol the domain of the Jonetion, J =
Also, show thal. fom x3 x9 ¢ C41), Fay G Gaye 4 (Ape 1
Solution: +: Loox ig defined Fon positive Value of x only, .
FOO is defined only han, X50
+k
te Ohen both x0 and a4 90.
on, I-xo and lax do
inequalities au satisfied fon -1¢xc1.
Tuo, the domain “of $0) iy ¢-152).
hog +x is -iB hea Sonekon clefined by
d-$@, such that fF is bijective (te. both one-one and onto)
‘Then, Ahene exists oo unique Jme. 9: 8-9 A, Sech hat Sony es gly)
VxeA ard V¥EB- Th such cane, a Sitvation g is said to be the
invense of J and we avite, J-fts psa.
Demin AF Rong of $
Range of J? Domain of 4-2 acer) —— ce a ce —-
Example? Find the inverese of the function, $(%) = An tea Teepe
| iSelulion: Let,
'
| B= dog (x4vea),
| => ef. x+NaaT
> (eh x)= 1
> ot ange at
a ety =2x-0°.
2,
> x= SS ‘
oe SM). 2. [t-io- s2cy-x]
2e7
gs fi @- es
2ex
Example: Find the domain of the folloaing fonction»
0 fre Tea
Wi) FO) = bog BRIE). ,
ctlubene® In orden that, $= \GxayG-ay maybe de fined,
(3%-1) (F-%) mak be norenegative.
ce Bx) (q-~ do-
Ge. elthn, (3x-) >0 and (7-x) 30 -- WY
| on, @x-1) 40 and (7-46 --- Y
Frm, *>h and x27 > & LKEF-
Frm (2), 2% and 229
Bot thane +00 elections can not hold Simul tansovsl .
50, the domain of tu funetims f(x) 15, FLXEF
ti) FOo= bog (x 5x4- 6).
$0) is defined fon all neal volven of x that make x7 5x46 >0
on, (4-2) (4-3) >0- his inequally helde fon all neal valuen of a,
| exexpt those that lie bet? 2 ¥ 3, ineloding x=2 and x=3
Sordomain of def? of FO is all neal volver G x, except 24n<3. Examples Ty 2§(k) -§62) 25x, find the valve of fork).
selotion: we hove, 2 (4) - flm= ~Sk 2
Replacing x by 4, 25 (x)-Stk)- Be
7 $@) = 5x +e
J (xd) =2( (eB) aay)
. stoostea] (Ars:)
3 (aad) * Lind! '
Definition of a limits Led, fe) be defined on an open interval about wos
excep] possibly at x itself. we sey thot foo appnoachen dhe limit {a
& approacen x.» and enite, lim “fo-4,
Son every number € yo, thew exists a eorrenpond ing number §>0
Sveh thot fon all x ogix-xleg > If@-slZe-
Informel Definition of Right-hand a Left-hand Linttss
Let, Sa) be defined en an inteswal Casb) Ohow. 42b TF 40x)
approach oabitzanily elose to L an x-appnoaches a frum caithin that
intesval then oe say that fF hoo RH-L L atasand we crite,
Nien =i.
ss) 2
bet $(x) be defined on an interval Cera) oho CL a. L$ x-approed
atbitranily close to M on % approaches a from ooithin the intenval
(era)rthen we ery thal Shoo LL Mat a, we enite,
lim $00 =m.
We
Exencise? (1) Show that, Vin Sine =soon fs
x
@Fhows thot» i (histor) =0.
(D A fone. $C) is defined an Follnose-
fod= x 5 xpo-
=O 5; 20
=-% 5 X 5)
oa 2 .
=lxix(y?x{ 2 )o_1 foe
2). 2 ‘
Ex 3. Evaluate ; *) ‘ t :
@ tim 243" aie + Bee a
wm 28438
(ii) tim zie slog logx=1.
ad
x-1 ?
(itt) tim 1=0084 ops pl
+20 tan? g ey
Civ) tim S*MP sina hy a2ging 2
ha . ;
* vr nad ti :
Sai
*(y lim f
ee Wevlede eat yeniyy
Solution : (tim 2014340!
ne 20 a " Continuity ”
Definition of.continueus fune-+ A fone. Sion) is sald +0 be continiown al
& point @ if it satifien the Solloaing eonditions +
a. flxyis defined ale,
2. La $m exists.
3. lin A = fee),
noblemss Discuss the continu:
of te follows i ;
Points indicated: % 4 bleo "d etisiote
DM f= H-% 5 0exe *
atred
=4 ; .
= 5s ae
= G-x5 exer
®@ fos x 3 62x.
=O-% 5 exe at x=2.
=xd2x25 eso
@ $0 = FL j x40 j rin
.
= 3 3 X20
@ Joy =x%n 5 04x
= 2 gue | y OF me1,
= oxdx41 5 12x22 " Diffenentiability ?
DeSivkon: Te deniatine af Ho fee f tette thevantable x is the fe.
J" whose vale at x iss $exyelin\ floes -400 Provided he limil exis
Phos mR
"TS JO) exists, ce oy thet §F hana denivotive (is diffenentiable)af x.
+ Tk Process of eolevlating a derivolive is colled differenti ation...
Gromples:
1A function f(x) is defined in of xe 2 by Sle x41, 02741
= Q44lLs 16%422
Sxamine the continvily and desivatility of FQ) ot x22.
2. $6) is defined in [059] by» FOo= xx, oer ed
= 2, xen
= Myr, Mer.
Examine the continuity and clggesuniability of {oO at x=2.
3. Show thad the fme. foo de fined by. f= BHI, -% Lx 40
= B-2%, 06% £34
is con}S bot net differentiabk. af x=0.
4 T¢ fojax, oceed
=m, 14442
=4-Fhr RSD
Shed thot Fo ts eonfS af wet and x=2s and thal J") exists,
bul $/C1) dees nob. 5
-successive Diffenentiaton:
B Exampb-S¢ TE yee Sinbus find Yoe
Sdlotions Given, Y= Sinbx 4 =e a sinkx + 0% cos bx. b
= (aninkx+ b eosbsx),
lok a FPCOPs be rsiny, so that, p ={o18) ax) = ton'b.
2H = 0k Sin(oxd ).
Similooclys do = re™ [a vin (I+) booster) +
=P et Sin (be 29), a0 before.
Tn a Simlor Ory, Yy= 3 Sin(bar ag) ete
and generally » ‘tn = S* 5in (x4 ng),
tee "Ce Sintx) ~ (o%8)" 2°Gin (bus n.dns't) )
£255 Exampl-2 3 Y= a eos(logx) + bSin(1og rt), show that %”'4y+%4,+ J=0- Leibnite Theonem (n-th dlenivative of Ihe product oo fmetions)?
Tf wand v oxo frnetions of x, each possessing derivativen upto
nh ordest, then the n-th dexivotive. oF their product) t-e.
(Wh= Un V+ Me Yas Me: Uys Vy ee. + Ne nce Vp te + U Vp.
chow, the soffixen of uand v denote the orden Of the dlifferentiodions
o§ van y w.nto x.
&-1. Tg y -e% x3 find Yne
Solutio: Let, y=, V=78. Now, Uy = are™,
teby Leibnile’s Theorem,
dn= TA naMto™ arty nena) 0 Sx Dining oe Gre
-ét or patid + ond x24 an(n-).ax4n(n-D(n-2) +.
&x-4: Find the valve of 4 for x20, hun, joa
Sin a Monn
Diffeuntiatings 24,-Yo (1-2) -4y,% (or) — 2 ayy,
> (1-22) Jy— 4 Yeo... w
Differentiating this n timen by Leibnite’s theosum, we get,
Cr) Ing (2N44) Hg) — CPHO2) Yq =0-
Pottig rx=0, (dnt2), ~(n%o2), (4), _
Replat nby n-2,@e get Similarly,
(ae = 1 (n-2)"40%h, (Sn-2)o =f 0-24 a} {ork of (in),
Also, Srom) ¥ (4), (4), =a
tena
Tw, (3), { (ma) | (n-a)*40%? ... (4%.a02) (2a?) a®, if nis even
onl =fem-ay°4.a2F { (n-ayrearh ... (aa) (Mara 5 If m is old,
@ (6)
24 Cramp 5619 y= SiC 5 Je) <1, Show that, (VO-XYYp—9x4,- Y <0
vee?! Oy cemary,= (nsifa,n0-
a
Solution: y = Sie
jL- xX
1
> Cr-xty y= (sin"'x)
Piffenen-tiocting ortox, 14
(#9): 24 3, 20 y= SEO way,
'. (ix?) yp - xy =2 [Dividing beth siden by 29]...
DiSferwntating oO 2 again orto x,
(1-2?) Yq 224 —Y-7CY, =O:
om, (x )4g- Se .=Oeare--. .A2)
Diff- @) n timen by Letbnite’s theomems
(192) 419-444, C29 + DOD y, (2)
3a R401} -¥, <0
on, (1-7) yg 2043) Fo — (ns) J,=0.
Gave
Example 25 Tf y= Cos (msi x). Show tho, tb (x2) g,-% +m? y <0
xompl- 23 Tf y= eos (msivi'x).Show tho H(A Ys Cmax; g¢ OME Y=0
Also, find the value of y, Ohen, x =0.
Solution: Given, ¥ = Coa(msin'x) - bee ee eee
Diffeonticcting to.x-toxs Yy = —MSin(msin' x)» =
' > (1-0) 9m? Sin? (msinilx) =m™t1-€05~(m Sila Y= mG
Differentiating again Oe 25}
CP) 24-Yyt 4 2x) = mo (-29°y)).
> C12) Yo — y+ My = 9 [Dividing beth siden by 2a] 6
Differentiating (9 ntimen by Leibnite’s Arorem, oe get,
(2) Ineo, dae (22) 4N¢, Ynl-2) a {Ypai %+ Ng dn" Lan yco
= (1-x*) Soey 2M Xn) PLOY, — NY, +m By =o.
UX) Yngn “AMD Rg, F OPEDY HO Laat parts From WARD, Oe have. Y=1,4,=0,9,=-m% hen X=0-
Potting n= 1,93 Svecessively in @), we get,
g=- Gh, = (5k 0 =o,
44 = (2m y = —m*(2%m*).
ds= (32 n)¥, = 0 .
Ie= (AE a Yq = — 0 (2% nb) (4% m2),
Thus, =0 5 when nis odd iand,
dn = —m™( 2% m2) (4E m).-. {ray nt han, n is even.
Exampk-9 Tf yoo a how that an equation eonne eting. Yn dnsard
Yarg. 1S given by, (1-%*) fay, — (2an41)9,;,% -(n%41) 9, =0.
“|
Salulion: Given, Y= eo %
-o
pee co ee _—
“are “(Ge Ae”
> (at) yoy. ©
Diffaranbioding ) again o.v4o x,
Ci-x?)- 2414, + C2%) - 29-4) =o
= Gx) eee 6)
Diffemuntiating (@) ntimen by Leibnite Yeonem, coe have,
G-2) Snot Mey Ina, (-2)4N¢, Yn (2)~xy
nti PC,’ Yq!) -¥,70
Oy (1-2). Ipag— 24 DIng — C41). Ip <0. Ww
|
Rolle’s Theonem (stament) Tf ® JG) Is Continuovs in the elosed intel az xb.
© SIs exists in the open intenval ac ach.
® S@)= 5. ‘
ee of x (say e) belaen aand b
(ie. adecb) such thal f'ce)=0. |
Excmpl-23 Explain aheathen Rille’s Thassem is applicable to the fmetion
J@= EE io ang interval gontaining ‘the origin. |
slotion: Henes J) =Ix\ = ic 5 %>0
O3 x0
ele take
Let vs comiden on intenval -azx2a, whene a>0 obviously this interval eonbie
the origin. Heme, §ca) = $(-a) = a.
And Sinee, Wm ye Sch) -0= im 50a and 4.00) =0,
$0 is cont? at x=0 and so of all points in -aex ea.
wow, L4(o)= le SCo+m- SO) _ lim ha,
hoo
“(= lim (o4n)- 40 jj hook
and RY Pa Sedo al i.
LI OY#RS (0) , $00 15 mek denivabl at x= 0, $0 it is not derivable
at all points in —adx 4a. Second condition of Rolle’s the” is no} Salish
Henee, Rollés Theorem is not opplicab $0 Jlxy=1X\ in Eaud] ie. in ang—
intescval Gortaininy the origin .
Example- 4: Verify Relle’s Shessem fon the fme-on:
Dlolion: Given, $2) = x2 5U+G
$0) is polynomial Function
continuous in 12%24.
HO)= 2x-5, exists in exe4. fn0- $4)
—Thus, 500 satisfies all the Ihnee conditions of Rolls Theostem.
“Then, thene exists at leak one point x= ¢ in 4 £x £4, Sveh that fe 0
i. 2-5-0 9 C- Hs whieh lien in texza.
oe
SO)~ KEE X+ Cin exer
at is eontinuovs at eveny point, so ib is
“Fos, Rolle’s theoswm js veatified. Mean Value Theonems Tf W 409 1s continuous in the closed interval ax 2b
WD J exists is the open interval azxeb,
then thee is a} haat one value of x (say x= ¢) belesenn a and b (te ace)
Sueh that, $(8)-$)= (b-0)- $’Ce).
Proofs Cons Va) ; ,
. “S2 Conside the Jone lefined in (arb) by, YOD= H)-f0)- PX{4o44
lene, 9 is continuous in w2x2b; Sine Sox) and ce
VG) =- $10) SOA) cists in gered, Since $6) exist in fi)
Also, ¥(a=0, Ylb=o. -. Wlay=YCb),
Hener, by Rolle’s theorem , Y'@) vanishen for ot lank one value fx
(Saye) belween a and b such that Y’Ca=0- :
ve. 0 =- fle) + HOS)
a
Uhener, 5 (b)- F(a) = (b-a) Sle) , Lace zb}, Cloplen-s0: Maxima and Minima(fimelins of « Single Voniable) ,
bg Detemmination °f Maxima and Minima :
W Tp be a point in th inlenval in hich the funetion fox» is defined and j
$'Ce)=0 ond §%(e) #0 then fe) is, y nt ee
ti) @ maximum if $"Ce) is negative and
(i) A minimum if f"(c) is posihve.
Wich. be an intenion point of the interval of definition of the fnedion So)
and ler fea $M(e)a--= 4" *(ey=0 and F(e)+03
den Tf n be even, $0) is a maximum 07, a minimum according
an {r(e) is negative on, positive, %
ard (iy if be odd, fe) is neithen a minimum non, a manimvm.
Example- 4: Find Jon chat volver of %> the followin expnession is
maximum and minimum nespectively : 2x a122436-X— 20
Find olso the marimumn and minimum volves of the expnession.
Sohn et Gl = axe ol tet 26 oc 20
- JIO= Cx% 40x + 363 hich exists fon all valuen gx.
we Ipay=
Na, colen jf) is A moxlewm 07) ® minimum > J/(0 =0- |
2
a, =e 7 = — = => x=1 G6
we should heave, 6% a
$9) = 12x-42 = G (2x-F).
. SM (a) = -3060-
_ eo
Henee, the given expression is monimum fon x-1 ard min fn X26.
the given expnession ome
Agoio,
AK. moximum and minimum volves of
miespectively $()=-3 and f$(=-129-
Garp Ghee thal, SOs Ae Gat 244 4 hen neither a marxinn
non a minimum :
2
Selvtion: Heme, F'00 = 3h Gx+9)= 3} (1-449:
aloays positive and can mewn be Zeno.
cahieh is
then a maximum non a minimum.
2 FO) hon Nei
P3204
Wueramph! 2, 396s F. Chapleac-11 5 Indeleatminarle Fonms (Evaluation of Centain Limits,
£354 €x.2. Evelvate Lt eXeteox
x0 R= Sink |
Zalotion Thi. mequined limit, as if stands, being of tha fonm 0.
. oO
Li Nekoxn Ub eXpo%o [form 2]
x20 X= sinx “a 7 -C05X :
oh XE [fonm 2]
07 + Sink
-U eer
0 Cosy ae :
=2. tsinex tt (¢ Hho & Nim eax =1]
Geo. Tg Ut Sh? 05% he fire, fink An valve of ® and the Vienit -
o
Silollong Te given limit 5 being of the Jonm 9»
LE 20GB AX+A COS -
330
ohn, 130 Fe clenminalon ax%o shinee, in ovden thal the linthing sabe. 4
the expnession moy be finite the noreneton (2.082% +0.€03%)
Should be 0, an x50.
Q+a=0 SQa=-9,
when, a=—2,4he given limit becomen,
att _Singx—2Sina_ [ fonm 2 J
xX 20 Pe
Lt _2ees2x-2e%% _ (fom 2]
~ ae Bae
EL 4Singx+-2Sin% [ram 2)
KO Gx
ot BCH +2CGH
APO
= -& =-1,
G
mt 2.
(e%2) . dant x
7-359. Ex. NW. Evaluate a
Simi = %
p40 Ex. 3. Evaluate Nm A Chaptar-4: Tengen) and Nosimal .
14.2. Equation of the angen},
Defrition £ The tangent ad *P toa given evmve Is defined as the linsbing position of th
secant PB (hen such a limif exists) as dhe point g—>p along
Cesheather gis taken on one side or the other of the point py
+The equation of the-tangen} Jo tu cose 4-5 ad C9) (nob posal ty the
J- oxis is, y-¥ = Ab 6-0)
Nole-1, dt — tone is ealld te grodient of the evmve of the point POY),
2, Tatomgent at (a) is ponallel to th x-cnis if, B=0 Ce. if tune=o be-ifte
37 The-tangent at Goy) is penpeodieular to th x-a2ds (te. parallel +o the y- ants)
GF oom Le-eotoe=o te, if ance on, eo.
44.5. Equation of the nonmal
Definition: The normal at ang point of a conve is the straight line thnsugh thad-
Point dracon penpendievlase to the “tangent at tha} poin,
o Te equation of the normal 4o the eunve y= f tx) at Gog) is,
Y-y=-7.- Ox).
®.
14-6 Ang le of inlensection of tao eunves Ha ang of intensection of-hao ene
fe Sagi Leh he agen aes Beg nlgszctin eink
Of intensection -
® Suppose the too evnvey Sxx)=0, PON =0 intenseet at the point (2¥) -
The angle o at cohich these line eut is given by,
sna. = Sx Pir Px f
“SREY
fe Tf the equation of the cunver ome given in the Senms. y= fo. Y= Poy.
. ‘i <1 Joon y
the angle ek of thin inkenscetion is piven by. x= tai! SH.
the cunve_
Hen. Mlustrative Example
TW) Be 492; Exomple (11255), F161) Cxomplt-22 Find the Slope o} the eunve fy yh 7 at the poink (p47 4)» aml
hence obtain the equations of the tangent and agvmal of the point.
Also, dedoce. that the partion of the tangent at (4)4)) infencepted belueen
the ates is of constant length.
Solvlion: Equedion of the evnve is, 28, pl? _ 28, tw)
: Vs
SExy Lay =o.
= x ge,
> he ee
V3
d
1-The dope of the cue af thepoin} Gy) iss cals ae
Equation of the tangent at G4) 155 vy -- (x-):
V3
ay + tac yada 31
= XY : a 8g
> 2+ 07 mth eo 2)
Gilaxly, 29 vertion of th nosmal at Cxpy) iss
Sale a (any Ge),
\ aly S24 4l3
Yad = ee Oe
3. Als
=> ox — yb y eax
y |
aid pont: Equation (@)ean be atitlen ass oe a year
4o that the intercepts on the axen oe all yy yt? at sunpectivly.
Henee the Wrath of the axes tangent interespled bel? the axe
= FLOP ays (a8 Hy}
= Te Cate wi")
= (0%8 0% )
= Yor
=a, Constant.
