UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

UGC NET Paper 1- Research Aptitude - 100 Most

Probable Questions with Solutions

Q1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of scientific research?

A. Objectivity
B. Systematic inquiry
C. Subjective judgment
D. Empirical evidence

Answer: C. Subjective judgment

Explanation:
Scientific research is characterized by objectivity, systematic procedures, and
reliance on empirical evidence. Subjective judgment undermines the neutrality
and replicability of research findings, making it inconsistent with the scientific
method.

Q2. Which of the following best represents a post-positivist approach in

research?
A. Developing laws based on repeated experiments
B. Using surveys to measure specific variables
C. Triangulating qualitative and quantitative methods
D. Observing phenomena without questioning them

Answer: C. Triangulating qualitative and quantitative methods

Explanation:
Post-positivism accepts the complexity of reality and often integrates multiple
methods (triangulation) to increase validity. It challenges the rigid dichotomy of
qualitative vs. quantitative and acknowledges subjectivity in the research
process.

Q3. A research study employing a positivist approach would likely use

which of the following methods?
A. Focus group discussions
B. Randomized controlled trials
C. Ethnographic fieldwork
D. Narrative analysis

Answer: B. Randomized controlled trials

Explanation:
Positivist research relies on methods that ensure control, objectivity, and
reproducibility. Randomized controlled trials are a hallmark of this paradigm
because they minimize biases and focus on measurable outcomes.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q4. Which research type focuses on understanding phenomena from the

participant’s perspective, often within their natural setting?
A. Experimental research
B. Qualitative research
C. Quantitative research
D. Correlational research

Answer: B. Qualitative research

Explanation:
Qualitative research prioritizes subjective experiences, context, and rich
descriptions. It aligns with interpretive paradigms and often challenges positivist
assumptions by focusing on depth rather than breadth.

Q5. Which of the following research types focuses on expanding

theoretical knowledge without immediate application?
A. Basic Research
B. Applied Research
C. Action Research
D. Evaluation Research

Answer: A. Basic Research

Explanation:
Basic research aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by exploring
fundamental principles, without direct application to practical problems. It lays
the groundwork for future applied research by deepening our understanding of
underlying mechanisms and phenomena.

Q6. What type of research is primarily concerned with solving

immediate, localized problems?
A. Basic Research
B. Action Research
C. Historical Research
D. Analytical Research

Answer: B. Action Research

Explanation:
Action research involves iterative problem-solving processes often conducted by
practitioners in a specific context, like teachers improving classroom strategies.
It emphasizes collaboration, reflection, and immediate implementation of
solutions to enhance practices and address real-world challenges effectively.

Q7. Which type of research evaluates the effectiveness of policies or

programs?
A. Descriptive Research
B. Evaluation Research
C. Experimental Research
D. Exploratory Research
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Answer: B. Evaluation Research

Explanation:
Evaluation research is specifically designed to assess the effectiveness,
efficiency, and impact of policies, programs, or interventions. It provides
evidence-based insights to determine whether objectives are being met and to
guide decision-making for improvements.

Q8. Which type of research uses controlled conditions to test

hypotheses?
A. Historical Research
B. Experimental Research
C. Analytical Research
D. Correlational Research

Answer: B. Experimental Research

Explanation:
Experimental research involves manipulating one or more variables under
controlled conditions to test hypotheses and observe their effects on other
variables. It is widely used to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Q9. Which type of research focuses on relationships between variables

without establishing causation?
A. Analytical Research
B. Descriptive Research
C. Correlational Research
D. Experimental Research

Answer: C. Correlational Research

Explanation:
Correlational research examines the relationships or associations between two or
more variables without manipulating them. While it identifies the strength and
direction of relationships, it does not establish causation due to the lack of
controlled conditions.

Q10. Which of the following is an example of applied research?

A. Developing a theory of human motivation.
B. Testing a new drug to treat diabetes.
C. Analysing the voting patterns in an election.
D. Investigating the history of public health policies.

Answer: B. Testing a new drug to treat diabetes.

Explanation:
Applied research focuses on finding practical solutions to real-world problems.
Testing a new drug to treat diabetes is an example of applied research because
it seeks to develop a practical intervention to improve health outcomes.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q11. Which of the following is a key feature of experimental research?

A. It focuses on studying existing documents and records.
B. It manipulates one or more variables to establish cause-and-effect
relationships.
C. It describes the characteristics of a population or phenomenon.
D. It emphasizes collecting subjective and non-numerical data.

Answer: B. It manipulates one or more variables to establish cause-and-effect

relationships.
Explanation:
Experimental research involves the manipulation of independent variables to
observe their effects on dependent variables. It is designed to establish cause-
and-effect relationships through controlled experimentation.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q12. Which of the following is most likely to be an example of

descriptive research?
A. Testing a new drug to measure its effect on blood pressure.
B. Surveying a group of people to describe their social media usage
habits.
C. Analysing historical events to understand the evolution of
democracy.
D. Conducting experiments to test a hypothesis about learning
behaviour.

Answer: B. Surveying a group of people to describe their social media usage

habits.
Explanation:
Descriptive research is focused on systematically observing, recording, and
analyzing a phenomenon without manipulating variables. It aims to describe the
"what," "where," and "how" of a subject, providing a comprehensive
understanding of its characteristics. It is typically used when a researcher is
interested in understanding the existing state of affairs or gathering detailed
information about a group or situation without influencing it. Common methods
include surveys, case studies, and observational techniques.

Q13. Which of the following best describes the historical research

method?
A. It uses controlled conditions to test a hypothesis.
B. It analyses numerical data to generalize.
C. It investigates past events and records to understand their impact
on the present.
D. It collects qualitative data to understand social phenomena in
real-time.

Answer: C. It investigates past events and records to understand their impact on

the present.
Explanation:
Historical research is focused on analysing and interpreting past events, records,
and documents to understand how they have influenced or shaped present-day
phenomena. This method involves the study of history to gain insights into the
development of ideas, social trends, or cultural practices over time.

Q14. A researcher is conducting an in-depth interview with participants

to understand their experiences with a new technology. Which research
method is being used?
A. Quantitative Research
B. Experimental Research
C. Qualitative Research
D. Descriptive Research

Answer: C. Qualitative Research

UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Explanation:
Qualitative research focuses on understanding individuals' experiences,
perceptions, and social phenomena in-depth. In this case, conducting in-depth
interviews to explore participants' experiences with a new technology is a classic
example of qualitative research, which relies on non-numerical data to provide
detailed insights into human behaviour and experiences.

Q15. In experimental research, a researcher manipulates an

independent variable and measures its effect on a dependent variable.
This type of research is best suited for:
A. Identifying correlations between two variables.
B. Establishing causal relationships between variables.
C. Understanding the historical context of a phenomenon.
D. Describing the characteristics of a group or population.

Answer: B. Establishing causal relationships between variables.

Explanation:
Experimental research is designed to establish cause-and-effect relationships by
manipulating an independent variable and observing its impact on a dependent
variable. By controlling other factors, experimental research allows researchers
to determine whether changes in one variable directly cause changes in another.
This makes it particularly useful for testing hypotheses and establishing causal
connections.

Q16. Which of the following statements about historical research is

true?
A. It typically involves manipulating variables in a controlled
environment.
B. It uses numerical data and statistical techniques to analyse
historical trends.
C. It focuses on the interpretation of past events and their
implications for the present.
D. It collects qualitative data through interviews or focus groups.

Answer: C. It focuses on the interpretation of past events and their implications

for the present.
Explanation:
Historical research is concerned with examining past events, records, and
documents to understand their impact on current and future developments. It
does not involve manipulating variables or using statistical analysis like
experimental or quantitative research. Instead, it emphasizes interpreting
historical data to draw insights about how the past has shaped present-day
conditions or events.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q17. Which of the following is the primary goal of experimental

research?
A. To describe a phenomenon in detail
B. To identify cause-and-effect relationships
C. To analyse historical trends
D. To understand the experiences of individuals

Answer: B. To identify cause-and-effect relationships

Explanation:
The primary goal of experimental research is to establish cause-and-effect
relationships between variables. By manipulating an independent variable and
measuring its impact on a dependent variable, experimental research allows
researchers to determine whether changes in one variable directly cause
changes in another. This method is crucial for testing hypotheses and
understanding causal mechanisms.

Q18. What distinguishes qualitative research from other methods?

A. It uses large sample sizes and statistical analysis.
B. It emphasizes understanding participants' perspectives through
detailed, non-numerical data.
C. It tests hypotheses in controlled environments.
D. It focuses on the replication of past studies.

Answer: B. It emphasizes understanding participants' perspectives through

detailed, non-numerical data.
Explanation:
Qualitative research is distinct from other research methods because it focuses
on exploring and understanding the meanings, experiences, and perspectives of
participants through non-numerical data. This data is often collected through
interviews, focus groups, and observations. It aims to provide in-depth insights
into social phenomena, rather than generalizing findings through statistical
analysis or experimental manipulation.

Q19. Which of the following is the first step in the research process?
A. Data collection
B. Defining the research problem
C. Reviewing the literature
D. Formulating hypotheses

Answer: B. Defining the research problem

Explanation:
The first step in the research process is defining the research problem. It is
essential to clearly identify and articulate the problem you are trying to solve, as
it sets the direction for the entire research. Once the problem is defined, the
next steps can be determined, such as reviewing literature and formulating
hypotheses.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q20. In the research process, the hypothesis formulation step is best

described as:
A. Collecting data through experiments
B. Generating a testable statement about the relationship between
variables
C. Reviewing existing literature on the topic
D. Analysing and interpreting the collected data

Answer: B. Generating a testable statement about the relationship between

variables
Explanation:
Formulating a hypothesis involves making an educated guess or a testable
statement that predicts the relationship between variables. This hypothesis
guides the research and can later be tested through experimentation or data
analysis to validate or refute it.

Q21. Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the

research process?
A. Data analysis → Formulating hypotheses → Literature review →
Defining the research problem
B. Defining the research problem → Literature review → Hypothesis
formulation → Data collection → Data analysis
C. Hypothesis formulation → Data collection → Literature review → Data
analysis
D. Data analysis → Literature review → Defining the research problem →
Hypothesis formulation

Answer: B. Defining the research problem → Literature review → Hypothesis

formulation → Data collection → Data analysis
Explanation:
The correct sequence starts with defining the research problem, followed by
reviewing the literature to understand existing research. Next, a hypothesis is
formulated based on the problem and literature. Data is then collected and
analysed to test the hypothesis.

Q22. After collecting data in a research study, the next step is to:
A. Write the research report
B. Interpret and analyse the data
C. Conduct a literature review
D. Define the research problem

Answer: B. Interpret and analyse the data

Explanation:
Once data is collected, the next step is to interpret and analyze it to test the
hypothesis or answer the research questions. This analysis involves applying
statistical tools or qualitative methods to make sense of the data and draw
meaningful conclusions.

Q23. The purpose of a literature review in the research process is to:

UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

A. Develop the research question

B. Identify gaps in existing knowledge
C. Collect primary data
D. Present the findings of the study

Answer: B. Identify gaps in existing knowledge

Explanation:
The literature review helps the researcher to understand what has already been
studied, identify gaps in the existing body of knowledge, and provide a
theoretical framework for the research. It helps in refining the research question
and justifying the need for the study.

Q24. Which of the following is an important consideration during the

data collection phase of research?
A. Analysing the data
B. Selecting appropriate research methods and tools
C. Writing the research report
D. Formulating the research question

Answer: B. Selecting appropriate research methods and tools

Explanation:
During the data collection phase, choosing the right research methods (such as
surveys, interviews, experiments, etc.) and tools (questionnaires, software,
measurement instruments) is crucial. This ensures that the data collected is
relevant and reliable for answering the research question.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q25. The final step in the research process is:

A. Data analysis
B. Reporting the findings
C. Literature review
D. Hypothesis formulation

Answer: B. Reporting the findings

Explanation:
The final step in the research process is reporting the findings. This involves
presenting the results, discussing their implications, and suggesting possible
future research. The findings are usually presented in a structured format such
as a research paper or dissertation.

Q26. Which of the following is a key feature of research design in the

research process?
A. It is conducted after the data collection phase.
B. It determines how to collect and analyse data.
C. It involves summarizing the findings in a research paper.
D. It is irrelevant to the overall research process.

Answer: B. It determines how to collect and analyse data.

Explanation:
Research design outlines the methods and procedures for collecting and
analyzing data. It is a blueprint for the entire study and ensures that the data
collection process is systematic, valid, and reliable, ultimately helping the
researcher achieve the research objectives.

Q27. In the research process, the data analysis step involves:

A. Reviewing literature to refine the hypothesis
B. Interpreting collected data and testing the hypothesis
C. Collecting raw data through surveys and interviews
D. Drafting the final research report

Answer: B. Interpreting collected data and testing the hypothesis

Explanation:
Data analysis involves interpreting the collected data, applying statistical
methods or qualitative analysis, and testing the hypothesis or answering the
research question. It helps in determining whether the results support the
hypothesis or provide new insights.

Q28. Which of the following best describes the purpose of formulating a

hypothesis in the research process?
A. To define the research problem
B. To provide a basis for data collection
C. To summarize the research findings
D. To analyse existing literature

Answer: B. To provide a basis for data collection

UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Explanation:
Formulating a hypothesis provides a testable statement that guides the entire
research process. It gives direction to data collection by specifying what the
researcher expects to find and what variables need to be measured.

Q29. Which of the following is NOT a typical part of the research

process?
A. Formulating the research question
B. Data collection
C. Writing a novel based on the findings
D. Analysing the data

Answer: C. Writing a novel based on the findings

Explanation:
The research process includes formulating the research question, collecting data,
analysing the data, and drawing conclusions. Writing a novel is not a typical part
of the research process, as it is a creative process that is not directly related to
empirical research.

Q30. In the research process, a detailed framework for investigating the

research problem is called:
A. Research Design
B. Hypothesis
C. Literature Review
D. Data Analysis

Answer: A. Research Design

Explanation:
Research design refers to the detailed plan or blueprint that specifies how to
carry out the research. It outlines the methods and procedures for data
collection, analysis, and interpretation, ensuring that the study is systematic and
focused on answering the research question.

Q31. When researchers collect primary data for a research project, what
is their primary purpose?
A. To test the results of previous studies
B. To review theoretical concepts
C. To gather new, firsthand information
D. To analyse the existing literature

Answer: C. To gather new, firsthand information

Explanation:
Primary data is data that is collected directly from original sources through
methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments. The purpose of collecting
primary data is to gather fresh, firsthand information that specifically addresses
the research question or hypothesis.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q32. Which of the following activities is most likely to occur last in the
research process?
A. Defining the research problem
B. Reviewing the literature
C. Collecting data
D. Reporting the research findings

Answer: D. Reporting the research findings

Explanation:
The final step in the research process is typically reporting the research findings.
After conducting the study, collecting data, and analysing it, the researcher
presents the results in the form of a research paper, report, or publication,
summarizing the findings and implications.

Q33. Which of the following is the most critical step before beginning
data collection in a research project?
A. Hypothesis testing
B. Literature review
C. Statistical analysis
D. Data interpretation

Answer: B. Literature review

Explanation:
The literature review is crucial before data collection because it helps the
researcher understand the existing body of knowledge, refine the research
problem, and identify any gaps that need to be explored. It also aids in the
development of a well-formed hypothesis and research design.

Q34. Which of the following research steps involves refining the focus
and direction of the research?
A. Data analysis
B. Defining the research problem
C. Reporting findings
D. Writing conclusions

Answer: B. Defining the research problem

Explanation:
Defining the research problem is the step where the researcher refines the focus
and direction of the study. A clear problem definition ensures that the research
is focused, relevant, and manageable, and it provides clarity for formulating
research questions or hypotheses.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q35. What is the role of a hypothesis in the research process?

A. It is used to summarize the data collection method.
B. It presents a solution to the research problem.
C. It predicts the relationship between variables and guides the
research.
D. It provides the background information for the study.

Answer: C. It predicts the relationship between variables and guides the

research.
Explanation:
A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables. It
provides a foundation for the research by indicating what the researcher expects
to find, which helps guide the data collection and analysis process.

Q36. The process of reviewing relevant literature and understanding the

existing body of knowledge helps to:
A. Analyse the collected data
B. Formulate research questions or hypotheses
C. Collect primary data
D. Report the findings of the research

Answer: B. Formulate research questions or hypotheses

Explanation:
Reviewing the literature helps the researcher identify gaps in existing knowledge
and refine the research questions or hypotheses. It provides background
information, theoretical frameworks, and insights that guide the research
process.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q37. Which of the following is an example of a causal hypothesis?

A. There is a relationship between exercise and weight loss.
B. Increased screen time causes a decrease in academic
performance.
C. There is a relationship between income level and job satisfaction.
D. There is a relationship between job satisfaction and work
performance.

Answer: B. Increased screen time causes a decrease in academic performance.

Explanation:
A causal hypothesis suggests that one variable directly causes or influences
another variable. In this case, it states that increased screen time leads to a
decrease in academic performance, suggesting a direct cause-and-effect
relationship between the two variables.

Q38. Which hypothesis states that there is no significant relationship or

effect between the variables?
A. Descriptive Hypothesis
B. Alternative Hypothesis
C. Null Hypothesis
D. Directional Hypothesis

Answer: C. Null Hypothesis

Explanation:
The null hypothesis (H₀) asserts that there is no significant relationship or effect
between the variables being studied. It is used in statistical testing and can be
either accepted or rejected based on the data. For example, "There is no
relationship between income level and job satisfaction."

Q39. Which hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship

between variables?
A. Non-Directional Hypothesis
B. Descriptive Hypothesis
C. Directional Hypothesis
D. Alternative Hypothesis

Answer: C. Directional Hypothesis

Explanation:
A directional hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship between
variables, either positive or negative. For example, "Higher levels of education
lead to higher income" specifies a positive direction of the relationship.

Q40. A researcher hypothesizes that there is a relationship between job

satisfaction and work performance, but does not specify whether the
relationship is positive or negative. This is an example of:
A. Directional Hypothesis
B. Non-Directional Hypothesis
C. Causal Hypothesis
D. Alternative Hypothesis
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Answer: B. Non-Directional Hypothesis

Explanation:
A non-directional hypothesis predicts that there is a relationship between two
variables, but it does not specify the direction (positive or negative) of the
relationship. In this case, the hypothesis suggests that job satisfaction and work
performance are related but does not indicate whether the relationship is
positive or negative.

Q41. Which of the following is an example of a descriptive hypothesis?

A. Increased screen time causes a decrease in academic
performance.
B. There is a relationship between exercise and weight loss.
C. There is no relationship between income level and job satisfaction.
D. Higher levels of education lead to higher income.

Answer: B. There is a relationship between exercise and weight loss.

Explanation:
A descriptive hypothesis specifies the expected relationship between variables
but does not predict the direction of the relationship. In this case, it merely
suggests that exercise and weight loss are related, without indicating whether
exercise increases or decreases weight loss.

Q42. Which hypothesis contradicts the null hypothesis and proposes

that there is a significant relationship or effect between the variables?
A. Null Hypothesis
B. Descriptive Hypothesis
C. Alternative Hypothesis
D. Directional Hypothesis

Answer: C. Alternative Hypothesis

Explanation:
The alternative hypothesis (H₁) proposes that there is a significant relationship
or effect between the variables, directly contradicting the null hypothesis (H₀),
which states that there is no relationship or effect. For example, "There is a
significant relationship between income level and job satisfaction."

Q43. Which of the following is the primary function of the null

hypothesis in research?
A. To suggest the expected direction of the relationship between
variables.
B. To provide a basis for statistical testing.
C. To predict the causal effect of one variable on another.
D. To describe the relationship between variables.

Answer: B. To provide a basis for statistical testing.

UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Explanation:
The null hypothesis is primarily used as the foundation for statistical testing.
Researchers test the null hypothesis to determine whether there is enough
evidence to reject it in favor of the alternative hypothesis. It is central to
inferential statistics.

Q44. What distinguishes a causal hypothesis from other types of

hypotheses?
A. It only describes the relationship between two variables.
B. It suggests that one variable causes another variable to change.
C. It predicts that variables are related but does not specify
causality.
D. It states that there is no relationship between the variables.

Answer: B. It suggests that one variable causes another variable to change.

Explanation:
A causal hypothesis suggests that a change in one variable directly causes a
change in another variable. This type of hypothesis is used in experimental
research to establish cause-and-effect relationships. For example, "Increased
screen time causes a decrease in academic performance."
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q45. Which of the following is NOT typically included in the structure of

a thesis?
A. Abstract
B. Literature Review
C. Research Design
D. Budget Analysis

Answer: D. Budget Analysis

Explanation:
A thesis generally includes an abstract, literature review, research design,
methodology, data analysis, and conclusion. Budget analysis, although important
in some research contexts (such as funding or project management), is not
typically a part of the structure of a standard thesis, particularly in the
humanities and social sciences.

Q46. In academic writing, the APA (American Psychological Association)

referencing style is most used in:
A. Medical and health-related disciplines
B. Humanities and social sciences
C. Physical sciences
D. Business and economics

Answer: B. Humanities and social sciences

Explanation:
The APA (American Psychological Association) referencing style is predominantly
used in the humanities and social sciences, especially in disciplines like
psychology, sociology, education, and social work. It focuses on the author-date
system for citations, which helps to clearly attribute sources to their authors
while providing publication details.

Q47. Which of the following statements about in-text citations in the

MLA (Modern Language Association) referencing style is true?
A. It uses only the author's name in parentheses without the year of
publication.
B. It requires full reference details for every in-text citation.
C. The date of publication is always included in the citation.
D. Multiple authors are not allowed in MLA in-text citations.

Answer: A. It uses only the author's name in parentheses without the year of
publication.
Explanation:
In MLA (Modern Language Association) style, in-text citations typically include
the author's last name and the page number(s) without the year of publication.
For example: (Smith 23). The reference list at the end provides full publication
details.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q48. Which of the following referencing styles is commonly used in

natural sciences?
A. MLA
B. Chicago
C. IEEE
D. APA

Answer: C. IEEE
Explanation:
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) referencing style is
predominantly used in the natural sciences and engineering fields. It uses a
numbered citation system where each reference is assigned a number in the
order it appears in the text. The full reference details are provided in the
reference list with corresponding numbers.

Q49. In a thesis, the literature review is primarily meant to:

A. Present the data analysis results.
B. Provide an overview of existing research on the topic.
C. Introduce the methodology used for the research.
D. Suggest the implications of the research findings.

Answer: B. Provide an overview of existing research on the topic.

Explanation:
The literature review is a key part of a thesis that summarizes, synthesizes, and
critiques existing research on the research topic. It helps to identify gaps in the
literature and justifies the need for the current study. It provides the background
and context for the research question.

Q50. Which of the following is NOT a typical application of ICT in

research?
A. Data analysis through statistical software
B. Access to online journals and databases
C. Manual data entry from paper surveys
D. Collaboration using video conferencing tools

Answer: C. Manual data entry from paper surveys

Explanation:
ICT (Information and Communication Technology) applications in research
involve digital tools for data processing, analysis, collaboration, and
communication. Manual data entry from paper surveys is a traditional method
and does not involve the use of ICT. In contrast, ICT tools include statistical
software, online journal access, and video conferencing for collaboration.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q51. Which of the following Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) tools is primarily used for data analysis in research?
A. Email
B. Statistical software (e.g., SPSS, R)
C. Video conferencing tools
D. Word processors

Answer: B. Statistical software (e.g., SPSS, R)

Explanation:
Statistical software like SPSS, R, and other data analysis tools are essential in
research for analyzing numerical data, testing hypotheses, and producing
results. Email, video conferencing, and word processors serve different purposes
such as communication and documentation but are not specialized for data
analysis.

Q52. How has Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

improved literature review in research?
A. By enabling paper-based library searches
B. By providing access to online journals, databases, and research
repositories
C. By limiting access to peer-reviewed content
D. By eliminating the need for reading research papers

Answer: B. By providing access to online journals, databases, and research

repositories
Explanation:
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized the
literature review process by providing researchers with immediate access to
online journals, academic databases (e.g., JSTOR, Google Scholar), and digital
repositories. These resources facilitate quick searches and access to a wide array
of scholarly articles, making the review process more efficient.

Q53. Which of the following is an example of collaborative research

facilitated by Information and Communication Technology (ICT)?
A. Sending research papers via postal mail
B. Using cloud storage and document-sharing platforms for joint
writing
C. Reading journals from print magazines
D. Using a typewriter for manuscript preparation

Answer: B. Using cloud storage and document-sharing platforms for joint writing
Explanation: ICT facilitates collaborative research by enabling researchers to
share and work on documents in real time using cloud platforms like Google
Drive, Dropbox, or OneDrive. This allows for simultaneous writing, editing, and
feedback among team members, irrespective of their physical locations.
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Q54. Which of the following tools would a researcher primarily use for
online surveys and data collection?
A. Microsoft Word
B. SPSS
C. Google Forms
D. Zoom

Answer: C. Google Forms

Explanation:
Google Forms is a widely used tool for creating and distributing online surveys,
which is a popular method of data collection in research. It is part of ICT
applications that simplify data gathering, providing real-time responses and ease
of analysis. SPSS is for data analysis, Microsoft Word is for documentation, and
Zoom is a video conferencing tool.

Q55. Which of the following is a key benefit of using Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) in research communication?
A. Reduces the need for ethical approvals
B. Enables fast communication through emails, chats, and social
media
C. Eliminates the need for data collection
D. Limits the access to global research networks

Answer: B. Enables fast communication through emails, chats, and social media
Explanation:
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has greatly enhanced
research communication by providing fast and efficient means of communication
such as emails, online chats, and social media platforms. These tools allow
researchers to communicate with colleagues, share updates, and discuss findings
quickly, which is essential for collaborative research and timely decision-making.

Q56. Which of the following ICT tools is commonly used for data
visualization in research?
A. Microsoft Excel
B. Email
C. Video conferencing tools
D. Word processors

Answer: A. Microsoft Excel

Explanation:
Microsoft Excel is commonly used for data visualization in research. It allows
researchers to create graphs, charts, and tables from data, which helps in
presenting research findings clearly. While word processors and email have their
uses, they are not specialized for data visualization, and video conferencing tools
are used for communication rather than data presentation.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q59. Which of the following ICT tools enhances academic collaboration

through real-time discussions and sharing of resources?
A. Google Scholar
B. YouTube
C. Slack or Microsoft Teams
D. Google Docs

Answer: C. Slack or Microsoft Teams

Explanation:
Tools like Slack and Microsoft Teams facilitate academic collaboration by
enabling real-time discussions, file sharing, and project management. They are
ideal for teamwork, allowing researchers to communicate, share resources, and
collaborate efficiently, regardless of location.

Q60. Which of the following is a primary advantage of using ICT tools in

the data collection process?
A. It increases the risk of human error in data entry.
B. It eliminates the need for sampling techniques.
C. It allows for faster and more accurate data collection.
D. It reduces the amount of data required for analysis.

Answer: C. It allows for faster and more accurate data collection.

Explanation:
ICT tools enhance data collection by enabling quicker and more accurate
methods, such as online surveys, automated data entry, and real-time data
capture. These tools reduce the likelihood of human errors and improve the
reliability of collected data, which is crucial for research.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q61. What role does ICT play in enhancing the security and integrity of
research data?
A. ICT plays no role in securing data.
B. ICT facilitates encrypted data storage and backup systems.
C. ICT increases the chances of data manipulation.
D. ICT makes it difficult to access data remotely.

Answer: B. ICT facilitates encrypted data storage and backup systems.

Explanation:
ICT plays a significant role in ensuring the security and integrity of research data
by using encryption, secure cloud storage, and backup systems. These
technologies protect sensitive research data from unauthorized access, loss, or
corruption, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of the research process.

Q62. Which of the following best defines research ethics?

A. A set of laws governing research practices.
B. Moral principles that guide researchers in conducting studies
responsibly.
C. Rules about publishing research papers.
D. Guidelines for avoiding plagiarism in research.

Answer: B. Moral principles that guide researchers in conducting studies

responsibly.
Explanation:
Research ethics refers to the moral principles and standards that guide the
conduct of research to ensure integrity, honesty, and respect for participants.

Q63. Which of the following is a key principle of ethical research?

A. Manipulating data to fit a hypothesis.
B. Ensuring voluntary participation and informed consent.
C. Ignoring conflicts of interest.
D. Prioritizing publication over participant safety.

Answer: B. Ensuring voluntary participation and informed consent.

Explanation:
Ethical research requires that participants voluntarily agree to participate after
being fully informed about the study's purpose, methods, and potential risks.

Q64. Which of the following best describes principle of beneficence in

research ethics?
A. Avoiding plagiarism.
B. Ensuring the research benefits society while minimizing harm to
participants.
C. Protecting the anonymity of researchers.
D. Publishing results without scrutiny.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Answer: B. Ensuring the research benefits society while minimizing harm to

participants.
Explanation:
The principle of beneficence in research ethics requires researchers to design
and conduct studies that maximize potential benefits while minimizing risks or
harm to participants. It emphasizes the responsibility of researchers to prioritize
the welfare of participants and contribute positively to society.

Q65. What is the primary goal of obtaining informed consent in

research?
A. To fulfil legal requirements.
B. To allow researchers to contact participants later.
C. To ensure participants understand and voluntarily agree to
participate.
D. To provide access to participants' private information.

Answer: C. To ensure participants understand and voluntarily agree to

participate.
Explanation:
The primary goal of obtaining informed consent is to ensure that participants are
fully aware of the research's purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits, and that
they voluntarily agree to take part. This process upholds the ethical principles of
autonomy and respect for individuals, allowing them to make informed decisions
about their participation.

Q66. Which of the following is considered research misconduct?

A. Deliberate falsification or fabrication of data.
B. Conducting peer reviews.
C.
D. Sharing research findings with colleagues.
E. Using qualitative methods in research.

Answer: A. Deliberate falsification or fabrication of data.

Explanation:
Research misconduct involves unethical practices that compromise the integrity
and credibility of research. Deliberate falsification (manipulating data) or
fabrication (creating false data) is a severe violation of research ethics. These
actions mislead the scientific community and can have significant negative
consequences. In contrast, peer reviews, sharing findings, and choosing
qualitative methods are standard and ethical research practices.

Q67. Which international document is a foundational guideline for

ethical research involving human participants?
A. Helsinki Declaration
B. Paris Agreement
C. Kyoto Protocol
D. Montreal Convention
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Answer: A. Helsinki Declaration

Explanation:
The Helsinki Declaration, adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) in
1964, is a foundational document outlining ethical principles for medical research
involving human participants. It emphasizes informed consent, the right to
withdraw, minimizing harm, and ensuring participant welfare. The Paris
Agreement, Kyoto Protocol, and Montreal Convention are related to
environmental and international policy, not research ethics.

Q68. What does plagiarism in research refer to?

A. The unauthorized use of copyrighted software.
B. Presenting someone else's work or ideas as one's own without
proper attribution.
C. Publishing in low-quality journals.
D. Reusing one's own previously published work.

Answer: B. Presenting someone else's work or ideas as one's own without proper
attribution.
Explanation:
Plagiarism is an ethical violation where a researcher uses another individual's
work, ideas, or words without proper acknowledgment, passing them off as their
own. It undermines the credibility of research and violates intellectual property
rights. Options A, C, and D do not align with the definition of plagiarism. Reusing
one’s own previously published work without proper citation is a different issue
known as self-plagiarism.

Q69. Which of the following ensures ethical principle of justice in

research?
A. Equal distribution of risks and benefits among all participants.
B. Faster publication of research findings.
C. Maximization of financial gains for researchers.
D. Selection of participants based on convenience.

Answer: A. Equal distribution of risks and benefits among all participants.

Explanation:
The ethical principle of justice in research ensures that the burdens and benefits
of research are distributed fairly among participants, without discrimination or
exploitation. This principle requires researchers to avoid favouritism or exclusion
based on convenience, socioeconomic status, or other biases.

Q70. Which of the following organizations is responsible for monitoring

ethical compliance in research?
A. Institutional Review Board (IRB)
B. Research Funding Agency
C. Journal Editorial Board
D. Conference Organizing Committee
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Answer: A. Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Explanation:
An Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a committee established to review and
monitor research involving human participants to ensure it adheres to ethical
standards. The IRB evaluates protocols for informed consent, risk minimization,
and participant protection. While research funding agencies and editorial boards
play roles in the research process, they do not directly oversee ethical
compliance. Conference organizing committees focus on event management
rather than ethical monitoring.

Q71. Data confidentiality in research ethics means:

A. Keeping the research methodology a secret.
B. Ensuring that personal information of participants is not shared
without consent.
C. Storing all data in paper format only.
D. Avoiding data collection altogether.

Answer: B. Ensuring that personal information of participants is not shared

without consent.
Explanation:
Data confidentiality in research ethics ensures that participants' private
information is protected and not disclosed to unauthorized parties without their
explicit consent. It is a fundamental principle that upholds participants' privacy
and trust in the research process.

Q72. What does the term anonymity in research mean?

A. Concealing the researcher's identity.
B. Ensuring the participants' identities are not linked to the data
collected.
C. Publishing research without peer review.
D. Collecting data from unknown sources.

Answer: B. Ensuring the participants' identities are not linked to the data
collected.
Explanation:
Anonymity in research means that the identities of participants are not
connected to the data they provide, ensuring that their personal information
remains undisclosed. This is important for maintaining privacy and protecting
participants from potential harm.

Q73. When is deception ethically permissible in research?

A. When it does not harm participants and is necessary to achieve
research objectives.
B. When the researcher wants to save time.
C. When participants are unaware of the deception.
D. When the research is funded by a private agency.

Answer: A. When it does not harm participants and is necessary to achieve

research objectives.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Explanation:
Deception in research is only ethically permissible under strict conditions. It can
be allowed when it is necessary for the integrity of the study, does not cause
harm to the participants, and the potential benefits outweigh the risks.
Additionally, participants should be debriefed afterward to clarify any
misinformation provided during the study.

Q74. What is the role of debriefing in ethical research?

A. To recruit participants.
B. To inform participants about the findings and purpose of the
research after its completion.
C. To avoid ethical reviews.
D. To publicize research findings.

Answer: B. To inform participants about the findings and purpose of the research
after its completion.
Explanation:
Debriefing is an essential component of ethical research, particularly when
deception is used. After the research is completed, participants are informed
about the true purpose of the study, any deception used, and the findings. This
process ensures transparency and helps maintain trust, respect, and the
participants' autonomy.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q75. Fabrication of data in research ethics refers to:

A. Modifying existing theories.
B. Generating fake data instead of collecting actual data.
C. Correcting errors in data entry.
D. Using simulation-based methodologies.

Answer: B. Generating fake data instead of collecting actual data.

Explanation:
Fabrication of data refers to the unethical practice of inventing or falsifying data
rather than collecting actual data from research experiments. This compromises
the integrity of the research process and misleads the scientific community.

Q76. Which of the following is a violation of intellectual property rights

in research?
A. Proper citation of referenced works.
B. Republishing the work of others without permission.
C. Acknowledging contributors in the study.
D. Conducting research based on public-domain information.

Answer: B. Republishing the work of others without permission.

Explanation:
Republishing the work of others without permission violates intellectual property
rights, as it involves using someone else's work without proper authorization or
citation. Intellectual property rights protect the original creators’ works, and
failing to seek permission or acknowledge them properly constitutes
infringement.

Q77. Which ethical principle is violated if participants are coerced into a

study?
A. Voluntary Participation
B. Confidentiality
C. Beneficence
D. Justice

Answer: A. Voluntary Participation

Explanation:
The ethical principle of voluntary participation ensures that participants join a
study freely, without any form of coercion or undue influence. Coercing
participants violates their autonomy and freedom to make an informed,
voluntary decision about their involvement.

Q78. Dual publication in research ethics refers to:

A. Publishing the same research in multiple journals without
disclosure.
B. Publishing research in collaboration with multiple authors.
C. Publishing a paper in different languages.
D. Publishing supplementary material with the main article.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Answer: A. Publishing the same research in multiple journals without disclosure.

Explanation:
Dual publication refers to the unethical practice of publishing the same research
in multiple journals without proper disclosure. This violates research ethics
because it leads to the duplication of research and misleads the academic
community. Ethical publishing requires transparency, and authors should not
submit the same work to multiple journals simultaneously or publish it
repeatedly without proper acknowledgment.

Q79. What is the primary role of the Code of Ethics in research?

A. To replace laws on research practices.
B. To provide guidelines for ethical decision-making.
C. To eliminate the need for informed consent.
D. To prioritize research speed over integrity.

Answer: B. To provide guidelines for ethical decision-making.

Explanation:
The Code of Ethics in research provides a framework for researchers to follow to
ensure their work is conducted with integrity, responsibility, and respect for
participants. It guides researchers on issues such as informed consent,
confidentiality, and the proper treatment of data, helping them make ethical
decisions throughout the research process.

Q80. In the context of research ethics, conflict of interest occurs when:

A. A researcher falsifies data for personal gain.
B. A researcher's personal or financial interests compromise
objectivity.
C. Researchers disagree on methodology.
D. A participant withdraws from the study.

Answer: B. A researcher's personal or financial interests compromise objectivity.

Explanation:
A conflict of interest occurs when a researcher's personal, financial, or
professional interests interfere with their objectivity or impartiality in conducting
and reporting research. This could involve a researcher benefiting personally or
financially from the outcomes of their study, leading to biased results.

Q81. What is the primary purpose of ethical guidelines in animal

research?
A. To minimize costs of experiments.
B. To ensure humane treatment and reduce unnecessary suffering of
animals.
C. To avoid obtaining ethical approvals.
D. To increase the efficiency of data collection.

Answer: B. To ensure humane treatment and reduce unnecessary suffering of

animals.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Explanation:
The primary purpose of ethical guidelines in animal research is to ensure that
animals are treated humanely and that their use is justified by the potential
scientific benefits. These guidelines aim to minimize unnecessary suffering and
ensure that animals are used only when absolutely necessary, with the least
harm possible.

Q82. Which of the following is the main characteristic of descriptive

research?
A. It manipulates variables to establish cause-and-effect
relationships.
B. It analyses numerical data to establish trends.
C. It focuses on describing characteristics of a phenomenon or
population.
D. It involves the study of past events and records.

Answer: C. It focuses on describing characteristics of a phenomenon or

population.
Explanation:
Descriptive research involves observing and describing the characteristics of a
subject without manipulating variables, making it ideal for providing an in-depth
understanding of phenomena.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q83. Which of the following is the positivistic approach to research is

characterized by:
A. Emphasis on subjective experience and meaning.
B. The belief that reality can be measured and observed objectively.
C. The use of unstructured data collection methods like interviews.
D. Emphasis on context and the social construction of knowledge.

Answer: B. The belief that reality can be measured and observed objectively.
Explanation:
The positivistic approach to research is based on the belief that reality is
objective and can be measured through observable phenomena. Researchers
using this approach aim to test hypotheses and gather quantitative data,
focusing on facts and statistical analysis.

Q84. The post-positivistic approach differs from positivism primarily in

its:
A. Complete rejection of empirical observation.
B. Acknowledgment that all knowledge is theory-laden and subject to
revision.
C. Preference for qualitative research methods only.
D. Emphasis on absolute certainty in research findings.

Answer: B. Acknowledgment that all knowledge is theory-laden and subject to

revision.
Explanation:
Post-positivism acknowledges the limitations of scientific inquiry and recognizes
that theories and findings are always provisional and subject to change as new
evidence emerges.

Q85. Which research method is primarily focused on manipulating

variables to establish causal relationships?
A. Descriptive Research
B. Experimental Research
C. Historical Research
D. Qualitative Research

Answer: B. Experimental Research

Explanation:
Experimental research is primarily focused on manipulating independent
variables to establish causal relationships. In this method, researchers control
variables in a controlled environment to observe the effect of one variable on
another, helping to determine cause-and-effect relationships. Unlike descriptive
or qualitative research, which describe or explore phenomena, experimental
research tests hypotheses through systematic manipulation and observation.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q86. Which step of the research process follows the literature review?
A. Hypothesis testing
B. Data collection
C. Research problem identification
D. Writing the final report

Answer: B. Data collection

Explanation:
After reviewing existing literature, researchers proceed with collecting data to
test the hypothesis or answer the research question.

Q87. Which referencing style is primarily used in the social sciences for
citing sources?
A. Chicago
B. IEEE
C. APA
D. MLA

Answer: C. APA
Explanation:
The APA (American Psychological Association) referencing style is primarily used
in the social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and education, for citing
sources. APA style focuses on author-date citation format and is commonly used
in academic writing for research papers, articles, and reports.

Q88. What is the primary purpose of peer review in academic

publishing?
A. To provide a platform for marketing research findings
B. To ensure the research is original and adheres to ethical standards
C. To speed up the publication process
D. To promote the researcher's reputation

Answer: B. To ensure the research is original and adheres to ethical standards

Explanation:
The primary purpose of peer review in academic publishing is to ensure that
research is original, scientifically valid, and adheres to ethical standards. During
the peer review process, experts in the field critically evaluate the submitted
work for quality, rigor, and relevance. This process helps maintain the integrity
of academic research by identifying errors, biases, or ethical issues before the
research is published.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q89. How can ICT enhance research collaboration among global

researchers?
A. By limiting data access to local servers
B. Through real-time communication and data sharing platforms
C. By discouraging online discussions and collaboration
D. By reducing the need for technology in research

Answer: B. Through real-time communication and data sharing platforms

Explanation:
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) enhances research
collaboration among global researchers by enabling real-time communication
and data sharing platforms. Tools like video conferencing, online collaboration
platforms (e.g., Google Drive, Zoom, Microsoft Teams), and cloud storage allow
researchers from different geographical locations to work together efficiently,
share data, and discuss ideas in real time.

Q90. Which software is most used for statistical analysis in research?

A. Microsoft Word
B. SPSS
C. Google Docs
D. Zotero

Answer: B. SPSS
Explanation:
SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is one of the most widely used
software for conducting statistical analysis in research.

Q91. Which of the following statements about research ethics are true?
A. Research ethics ensure the safety and well-being of participants.
B. The research ethics committee is responsible for approving the
methodology of research projects.
C. The informed consent process is a key aspect of research ethics.
D. All of the above

Answer: D
Explanation:
A is true because
Research ethics prioritize the safety, well-being, and rights of participants
throughout the research process. So, A is correct.
Research ethics committee (often called the Institutional Review Board - IRB)
ensures that the research is ethically sound, ensuring the methodology protects
participants and adheres to ethical guidelines. So, B is correct
Obtaining informed consent is a critical aspect of research ethics, ensuring
participants are fully aware of the research and voluntarily agree to participate.
So, C is correct
Hence, D is right option.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q92. Consider the following statements about qualitative research:

1. Qualitative research emphasizes understanding the subjective
experiences and meanings of individuals.
2. It relies heavily on numerical data and statistical analysis.
3. The focus is on in-depth exploration and detailed descriptions
rather than generalizability.

Which of the following is correct?

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: Qualitative research focuses on understanding subjective
experiences.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Qualitative research does not rely on numerical data or
statistical analysis.
Statement 3 is correct: Qualitative research focuses on in-depth exploration and
detailed descriptions.
Hence, A is correct option.

Q93: Consider the following statements about hypothesis formulation:

1. A null hypothesis suggests there is no relationship or effect
between the variables.
2. A directional hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship
between variables.
3. An alternative hypothesis states there is no significant
relationship between the variables.

Which of the following is correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: The null hypothesis assumes no relationship or effect
between variables.
Statement 2 is correct: A directional hypothesis predicts the direction (positive
or negative) of the relationship.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The alternative hypothesis suggests there is a
significant relationship between the variables, contrary to the null hypothesis.
Hence, A is correct answer.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q94: Consider the following statements about research ethics:

1. Confidentiality in research ensures that participants' personal
information is not shared without their consent.
2. Informed consent ensures that participants are aware of the
research purpose and voluntarily agree to participate.
3. Deception in research is never ethically permissible under any
circumstances.

Which of the following is correct?

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1 and 2 only

Answer: D
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: Confidentiality ensures that personal information is kept
private unless consent is given.
Statement 2 is correct: Informed consent ensures participants understand the
research and agree voluntarily.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Deception may be ethically permissible in some cases if
it does not harm participants and is necessary for the research, but it requires
debriefing afterward.
Hence, D is the correct answer.

Q95: Consider the following statements about thesis writing:

1. A thesis should have a clearly defined research question or
hypothesis.
2. It is not necessary to include a literature review in a thesis.
3. The methodology section of a thesis describes how the research
will be conducted.

Which of the following is correct?

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: A thesis should have a clearly defined research question
or hypothesis to guide the study.
Statement 2 is incorrect: A literature review is an essential part of a thesis to
provide context and justify the research.
Statement 3 is correct: The methodology section outlines the research design,
data collection, and analysis methods.
Hence, A is the correct answer.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q96: Consider the following statements about positivism and post-

positivism:
1. Positivism asserts that reality is objective and can be measured
through scientific methods.
2. Post-positivism challenges the idea that reality can be measured
objectively, emphasizing the importance of context and
subjectivity.
3. Positivism and post-positivism are not related and have
completely different research methods.

Which of the following is correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: Positivism believes that reality is objective and can be
studied through scientific, quantitative methods.
Statement 2 is correct: Post-positivism acknowledges that reality is not entirely
objective, and research should consider context and subjectivity.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Positivism and post-positivism are related approaches
but differ in their views on objectivity and methodology.
Hence, A is the correct answer.

Q97. Consider the following statements about research ethics:

1. Ethical research practices ensure the well-being, rights, and
privacy of participants.
2. Plagiarism is allowed if the sources are cited at the end of the
document.
3. A researcher must obtain informed consent from participants
before collecting data.

Which of the following is correct?

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: Research ethics prioritize the well-being, rights, and
privacy of participants.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Plagiarism is never allowed in research, even with
citation. It is unethical to present others' work as one's own.
Statement 3 is correct: Informed consent is required to ensure participants are
fully aware of the research and agree voluntarily.
Hence, A is the correct answer.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q98: Consider the following statements about research papers:

1. The introduction of a research paper provides a summary of the
literature review and the research question.
2. The methodology section details the procedures for data collection
and analysis.
3. The conclusion section discusses the limitations of the study and
suggests areas for future research.

Which of the following is correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: D
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: The introduction sets the context for the research,
summarizing relevant literature and research questions.
Statement 2 is correct: The methodology section explains the procedures for
data collection and how the data will be analysed.
Statement 3 is correct: The conclusion addresses the limitations of the study and
suggests future research areas based on the findings.
Hence, D is the correct answer.

Q99: Consider the following statements about data analysis techniques:

1. Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the main features of
a data set.
2. Inferential statistics are used to make predictions or inferences
about a population based on a sample.
3. Data analysis only involves the use of qualitative techniques such
as interviews and focus groups.

Which of the following is correct?

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: Descriptive statistics summarize the basic features of
data, such as mean, median, and mode.
Statement 2 is correct: Inferential statistics allow researchers to make
generalizations about a population from a sample.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Data analysis includes both qualitative and quantitative
techniques, not just qualitative ones.
Hence, A is the correct answer.
UGC NET Paper 1 - Research Aptitude MCQ Free e-book

Q100: Consider the following statements about research types:

1. Descriptive research aims to explain why a phenomenon occurs.
2. Historical research involves the study of past events and their
impact on the present.
3. Qualitative research uses structured tools such as surveys and
questionnaires to gather data.

Which of the following is correct?

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3

Answer: B
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Descriptive research provides a description of a
phenomenon, not an explanation.
Statement 2 is correct: Historical research studies past events to understand
their influence on the present.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Qualitative research often uses unstructured tools (like
interviews) rather than structured ones.
Hence, B is the correct answer.
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