Building Physic - 01OTYLU 2021/2022 _ Prof. V.

Lo Verso

Exercise 1
A light source has a photometric solid with constant luminous intensity. The source is located at the center of
a circular square, whose diameter is 30 m, with a mounting height of 6 m above the square. An illuminance
of 12 lx is measured along the edge of the square.

Determine:
a) The maximum illuminance that is measured in the square area
b) The luminous flux that is emitted by the light source.

Solution

AB = BC = 15 m
h = OB =6 m
EA=12 lx

I  cos j I  cos ³ I  cos ³ j

E= = =
d² h² h²

E A  h²
I=
cos ³

Dove:
h 6  h 6 
cos  = = = 0,372   = arccos = arccos = 68,2 
• d 16,15  d 16,15 
• d = AB² + h² = 15² + 6² = 16,15m

12  6²
I= = 8392cd
0,372³

The maximum illuminance is measured vertically right below the light source.
I cos ³
EB =
h²
As  = 0 and hence cos  = 1 , this yields:

I cos ³ 8392  1³
EB = = = 233,1lx
h² 6²

NOTE: for light sources that emit I = constant along all directions (constant photometric solid), the
following equation applies, that links the intensity and the luminous flux: l = I 
 = I   = 8392 4 = 105457lm
𝜔 = 4𝜋 𝑠𝑟
 Building Physic - 01OTYLU 2021/2022 _ Prof. V. Lo Verso

Exercise 2
A rectangular reading room, 10m long and 8m wide, is lit through 15 luminaires, which are suspended 4 m
above the floor. Each luminaire is equipped with two fluorescent tubes, each of them with a power of 55 W
and a luminous efficacy of 90 lm/W.
The work planes (reading tables) are located 85 cm above the floor. The light reflectance values for the room
surfaces are as flows: 75% for the ceiling; 50% for the walls.
The maintenance factor can be assumed equal to 0.8.

Determine:
a) The maintained average illuminance, also verifying if it meets the standard requirement
b) The average illuminance when the lighting systems are brand new
c) The number of luminaires that are needed to guarantee a maintained average illuminance of 750.

Solution

The illuminance is not consistent with the standard requirement (500 lx)

b) when the lighting systems are brand new → MF = 1

 Building Physic - 01OTYLU 2021/2022 _ Prof. V. Lo Verso

Exercise 3
A room that is 4 m long, 4 m wide, and 3 m high, has a window that is 2 m wide an 1,3 m high. The window
is unobstructed and the glazing is aligned with the outside face of the façade.
The average reflectance of the room is equal to 0,4, while the glazing has a luminous transmittance of 0,65.
thickness of walls:30cm

Determine:

Quantity Value Unit

a) The average daylight factor in the room 1.76 %
The daylight factor at point P, located at the center of the room, on a desk
b) 2.6 %
that is 80 cm above the floor
The average illuminance in the room, knowing that an external horizontal,
c) 167.2 lx
unobstructed, diffuse illuminance of 9500 lx is measured outside the room
The total illuminance (from daylighting and electric lighting) at point P in
d) the case of a light source that is located 2.2. m right above the point which 335,4 lx
has a photometric solid as shown in figure and a light flux of 990 lm.
The window frame can be neglected.
 Building Physic - 01OTYLU 2021/2022 _ Prof. V. Lo Verso

Solution

a)

Ψ=1 (glazing aligned with the outside face of the façade)

ε=0,5 (no obstructions)
A fin = 2 1,3 = 2,6 m 2 A opaco = 4  3  4 + 4  4  2 − 2,6 = 77.4m 2

A tot = 80m 2
A fin 1  fin 1   fin 1   fin 1 2,6  1  0,5  0,65
FLD m = = = 0,0176 = 1,76%
(1 −  m )  A tot (1 − 0,4)  80
b)

D' = 2.3 m Δh=1.3 Δh/ D'=1.3/2.3=0.56

α1 = α2= arctg (A/ D’) = arctg (1/ 2.3) = 23.5

𝐹𝐿𝐷𝑖 = 𝑆𝐶𝑖 + 𝐸𝑅𝐶𝑖 + 𝐼𝑅𝐶𝑖

area of sky seen through windows 5.76

𝑆𝐶 = ⋅𝜏 = ⋅ 0,65 = 0,019
2 ⋅ 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 93.84 ∗ 2

𝐸𝑅𝐶𝑖 = 0
𝐼𝑅𝐶𝑖 = 𝐹𝑙𝑑𝑚 ⋅ 𝜌𝑙𝑚 = 0,0176 ⋅ 0,4 = 0,00704
𝐹𝐿𝐷𝑖 = 0,019 + 0 + 0,00704 = 0,026 = 2,6%

Δh/D’ = 0,56
 Building Physic - 01OTYLU 2021/2022 _ Prof. V. Lo Verso

c)

𝐸𝑚
𝐹𝐿𝐷𝑚 =
𝐸0
𝐸𝑚 = 𝐹𝐿𝐷𝑚 ∗ 𝐸0 = 0.0176 ∗ 9500 = 167.2 𝑙𝑥

d)

990
𝐼 = 530 ⋅ = 524,7𝑐𝑑
1000

𝐼 ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛼
524.7 ⋅ 1
𝐸𝑝 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 2 = = 108,4𝑙𝑥
ℎ 2, 22
𝐸𝑝 = 𝐹𝐿𝐷𝑝 ∗ 𝐸0 = 0.026 ∗ 9500 = 247 𝑙𝑥

Ep=108,4+247=355,4 lx

Exercise 4
A square (all sizes equal to 12 m) is lit through two light sources positioned as shown in the schema below.
The light sources are tilted, aiming at the center of the square (in other words, the axis of their photometric
curve, shown below, is pointing at the center of the square). Each light source emits a luminous flux of 50
klm. h=6 m

Determine:
a) The illuminance that is measured at the center of the square
b) The total electric power absorbed by the two light sources, (luminous efficacy = 70 lm/W)
c) The total energy consumed by each light source if they are on for 3500 hours throughout a year.

Luminous intensity values in [cd]

Solution

a)  1 =  2 = 0 .
 Building Physic - 01OTYLU 2021/2022 _ Prof. V. Lo Verso

I   cos j1 I   cos j2
E0 = 2
+ 2
d1 d2
a) Iε1 = Iε2 = 1400 cd
2
d1 = d 2 = AO + h2 = 62 + 62 = 72 = 8,5 m
h h 6
cos j1 = cos j 2 = = = = 0,7
d1 d 2 8,5
I  cos j I  cos j2 1400  0,7 1400  0,7
E0 =  2 1 +  2
= + = 27,1 lx
d1 d2 8,52 8,52


=
e

b) So the electric power consumed by each light source:

 50000
e = = = 714,3 W
 70
 e,tot =  e  2 = 714,3  2 = 1428,6 W = 1,43 kW

c)
𝛷𝑒,𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 3500 𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 0.7143 × 3500 𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 2500,05 𝑘𝑊ℎ

Exercise 5
In an exhibition room, a portrait that is 2 m high and 3 m wide is lit by a light source that emits a constant
luminous intensity all around, positioned 4 m above the floor. Knowing that an illuminance of 300 lx is
measured on the floor right below the light source, calculate the illuminance at the center of the portrait.
The light source is 3 m away from the portrait (horizontal distance), and the lower edge of the portrait is 1 m
above the floor.

4m

j
2m

a=3m c

1m
 Building Physic - 01OTYLU 2021/2022 _ Prof. V. Lo Verso

Solution

I  cos 2   sin 
E Bar =
h2

Determination of I (using the illuminance below the light source, that is for j = ε = 0°):
I  cos3 j
Ep = = 300
h2
h2 42
I = 300  = 300  = 300  16 = 4800 cd
cos3 j 13

Knowing that c = 2 m, so:

a 3
tg = tg = = 1,5
c → 2
 = arctg1,5 = 56
I  cos2   sin  4800  cos2 56  sin 56 4800  0,3127  0,8290
EBar = = = = 311,1 lx
h2 22 4

Exercise 6
A classroom for technical design with a square plan having a side of 12 m (height 4 m) is illuminated by 22
luminaires with an aluminum reflector placed at the height of the ceiling. Each luminaire is equipped with
two fluorescent lamps with a luminous efficiency of 50 lm / W.
In the hypothesis that we want to satisfy the required lighting requirement for the type of activity (Em = 750
lx), and knowing that the ceiling is painted in light color ("ceiling = 75%) and that the average reflection
coefficient of the walls is equal to 50%, and the working plane is located 85 cm above the floor determine:

a) The luminous flux of each lamp, which is needed to guarantee the required illuminance.

b) The electric power that is absorbed when all luminaires are on.

A maintenance factor of 0-8 can be assumed.

Solution
ab 12  12
a) i= = = 1,9
h  (a + b ) (4 − 0,85)  (12 + 12)

U = 0,64
 Building Physic - 01OTYLU 2021/2022 _ Prof. V. Lo Verso

E  A 750 144
t = m = = 210937,5 lm
U  M 0,64  0,8

n lamp = 22  2 = 44

t 210937 ,5
n = = = 4794 lm
n lamp 44

 n 4794
b) e = = = 96 W (for each lamp)
 50

 e, tot =  e  n lamp = 96  44 = 4224 W

Exercise 7
A square, which has each size equal to 24 m, is lit through 2 light sources, each having the photometric curve
shown below. The two sources are located according to the layout shown in the schema below, both with a
mounting height of 7 m above the street level.

Determine:
a) The illuminance value at the center of the square
b) The illuminance value below each light source.

Luminous intensity values in [cd]

 Building Physic - 01OTYLU 2021/2022 _ Prof. V. Lo Verso

Solution

a) Illuminance at the center of the square:

I   cos j I   cos  I   cos3 
EO = 2  = 2 2
=2
d2  h  h2
 
 cos  
AO 12
 1 =  2 = arctan = arctan = 60
h 7
I 60 = 930 cd

I   cos3  930  cos3 60

EO = 2  = 2  = 4,75 lx
h2 72

b) Illuminance below each source:

I  1 cos3  1 I  3 cos3  3
E A = EB = +
h2 h2

Illuminance at points A and B will be the same.

Illuminance at point A:

 1 = 0
I 0 = 1000 cd
AB 24
 3 = arctan = arctan = 74
h 7
I 74 = 1000 cd
I  1 cos3  1 I  3 cos3  3 1000  cos3 0 1000  cos3 74
E A = EB = + = + = 20,4 + 0,4 = 20,8 lx
h2 h2 72 72