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DBMS_Database Schemas

database management system

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4 views

DBMS_Database Schemas

database management system

Uploaded by

zerin22205101835
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Schemas

Last Updated : 28 Nov, 2023

Nowadays data is one of the most important things in the business world,
every business captures its customers’ data to understand their behavior, in
the world of the internet, data is growing like crazy, so businesses need more
advanced database solutions, by which they can maintain the database
systems and whenever they need data to solve business problems, they can
easily get what data they want without any problem. To fulfill this condition,
there is a requirement for the database schema in the picture.

What is Schema?

● The Skeleton of the database is created by the attributes and this


skeleton is named Schema.
● Schema mentions the logical constraints like table, primary key, etc.
● The schema does not represent the data type of the attributes.

Details of a Customer
Schema of Customer

Database Schema

● A database schema is a logical representation of data that shows


how the data in a database should be stored logically. It shows how
the data is organized and the relationship between the tables.
● Database schema contains table, field, views and relation between
different keys like primary key, foreign key.
● Data are stored in the form of files which is unstructured in nature
which makes accessing the data difficult. Thus to resolve the issue
the data are organized in structured way with the help of database
schema.
● Database schema provides the organization of data and the
relationship between the stored data.
● Database schema defines a set of guidelines that control the
database along with that it provides information about the way of
accessing and modifying the data.

Types of Database Schemas


There are 3 types of database schema:

Physical Database Schema

● A Physical schema defines, how the data or information is stored


physically in the storage systems in the form of files & indices. This is
the actual code or syntax needed to create the structure of a
database, we can say that when we design a database at a physical
level, it’s called physical schema.
● The Database administrator chooses where and how to store the
data in the different blocks of storage.

Logical Database Schema

● A logical database schema defines all the logical constraints that


need to be applied to the stored data, and also describes tables,
views, entity relationships, and integrity constraints.
● The Logical schema describes how the data is stored in the form of
tables & how the attributes of a table are connected.
● Using ER modelling the relationship between the components of the
data is maintained.
● In logical schema different integrity constraints are defined in order to
maintain the quality of insertion and update the data.

View Database Schema


● It is a view level design which is able to define the interaction
between end-user and database.
● User is able to interact with the database with the help of the
interface without knowing much about the stored mechanism of data
in database.

Three Layer Schema Design

Creating Database Schema


For creating a schema, the statement “CREATE SCHEMA” is used in every
database. But different databases have different meanings for this. Below
we’ll be looking at some statements for creating a database schema in
different database systems:

1. MySQL: In MySQL, we use the “CREATE SCHEMA” statement for creating


the database, because, in MySQL CREATE SCHEMA and CREATE
DATABASE, both statements are similar.

2. SQL Server: In SQL Server, we use the “CREATE SCHEMA” statement for
creating a new schema.

3. Oracle Database: In Oracle Database, we use “CREATE USER” for


creating a new schema, because in the Oracle database, a schema is already
created with each database user. The statement “CREATE SCHEMA” does
not create a schema, instead, it populates the schema with tables & views and
also allows one to access those objects without needing multiple SQL
statements for multiple transactions.

Database Schema Designs

There are many ways to structure a database, and we should use the best-
suited schema design for creating our database because ineffective schema
designs are difficult to manage & consume extra memory and resources.

Schema design mostly depends on the application’s requirements. Here we


have some effective schema designs to create our applications, let’s take a
look at the schema designs:

1. Flat Model
2. Hierarchical Model
3. Network Model
4. Relational Model
5. Star Schema
6. Snowflake Schema

Flat Model

A flat model schema is a 2-D array in which every column contains the same
type of data/information and the elements with rows are related to each other.
It is just like a table or a spreadsheet. This schema is better for small
applications that do not contain complex data.
Designing Flat Model

Hierarchical Model

Data is arranged using parent-child relationships and a tree-like structure in


the Hierarchical Database Model. Because each record consists of several
children and one parent, it can be used to illustrate one-to-many relationships
in diagrams such as organizational charts. Although obvious, it might not be
as adaptable in complicated partnerships.
Designing Hierarchical Model

Network Model

The network model and the hierarchical model are quite similar with an
important difference that is related to data relationships. The network model
allows many-to-many relationships whereas hierarchical models allow one-to-
many relationships.
Designing Network Model

Relational Model

The relational model is mainly used for relational databases, where the data is
stored as relations of the table. This relational model schema is better for
object-oriented programming.

Designing Relational Model

Star Schema

Star schema is better for storing and analyzing large amounts of data. It has a
fact table at its center & multiple dimension tables connected to it just like a
star, where the fact table contains the numerical data that run business
processes and the dimension table contains data related to dimensions such
as product, time, people, etc. or we can say, this table contains the description
of the fact table. The star schema allows us to structure the data of RDBMS.

Designing Star Schema

Snowflake Schema

Just like star schema, the snowflake schema also has a fact table at its center
and multiple dimension tables connected to it, but the main difference in both
models is that in snowflake schema – dimension tables are further normalized
into multiple related tables. The snowflake schema is used for analyzing large
amounts of data.
Designing Snowflake Schema

Difference between Logical and Physical Database


Schema

Physical Schema Logical Schema

Physical schema describes the way Logical schema provides the


of storage of data in the disk. conceptual view that defines the
relationship between the data
entities.

Having Low level of abstraction. Having a high level of abstraction.

The design of a database must


The design of database is
work with a specific database
independent to any database
management system or hardware
management system.
platform.

Any changes made in logical


Changes in Physical schema
schema have minimal effect in the
effects the logical schema
physical schema

Physical schema does not include


Logical schema includes attributes.
attributes.

Physical schema contains the Logical schema does not contain


attributes and their data types. any attributes or data types.
Examples: Data definition Examples: Entity Relationship
language(DDL), storage structures, diagram, Unified Modeling
indexes. Language, class diagram.

Advantages of Database Schema

● Providing Consistency of data: Database schema ensures the


data consistency and prevents the duplicates.
● Maintaining Scalability: Well designed database schema helps in
maintaining addition of new tables in database along with that it
helps in handling large amounts of data in growing tables.
● Performance Improvement: Database schema helps in faster data
retrieval which is able to reduce operation time on the database
tables.
● Easy Maintenance: Database schema helps in maintaining the
entire database without affecting the rest of the database
● Security of Data: Database schema helps in storing the sensitive
data and allows only authorized access to the database.

Database Instance

The database schema is defined before the actual database is created, after
the database is operational, it is very difficult to modify the schema because
the schema represents the fundamental structure of the database. Database
instance does not hold any information related to the saved data in database.
Therefore database instance represents the data and information that is
currently stored in the database at a specific point in time.

Database instance of Customer table at a specific time

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