What is Georeferencing?

Georeferencing: Georeferencing means that the internal coordinate system of a digital map or aerial photo can be related to a
ground system of geographic coordinates. A georeferenced digital map or image has been tied to a known Earth coordinate system, so users can
determine where every point on the map or aerial photo is located on the Earth's surface.
The relevant coordinate transforms are typically stored within the image file (GeoPDF and GeoTIFF are examples of
georeferenced file formats), though there are many possible mechanisms for implementing georeferencing. Georeferencing in the digital file
allows basic map analysis to be done, such as pointing and clicking on the map to determine the coordinates of a point, to calculate distances and
areas, and to determine other information.

What is Editing in GIS?

Editing: In addition to creating new vector features, the Digitizer Tool is also very useful for editing existing vector features.
This tool provides the ability to move, delete, and reshape vector features, using the options found in the Move/Reshape Feature(s) menu option.
The Attribute/Style Functions menu contains tools for modifying the label, classification, drawing style, and attribution of any vector feature
loading from any file format supported by Global Mapper, MapInfo, QGIS.

What is Overlays in GIS?

Overlays: The principle of the overlay of spatial data can be illustrated through the example of producing maps. When printing
a map, different layers of spatial information are printed one after the other onto white paper. Each colour represents new information on the
paper: green represents vegetation, blue for hydrography, and red for the signatures representing residential areas. All the colours together give a
very detailed model of reality: the map. This is the main basis of overlays in GIS. First, two or more layers of information from the same area are
overlaid onto each other. Then, the topology of the new layer is updated: if a point now lies within a polygon, it gets assigned this information as
a new attribute. If two lines intersect ("arcs") a new node will be added at their intersection. If two polygons intersect, a unique identification
number is given to the intersecting set and so forth. Ultimately, the overlay results in an information gain. In order for this integration to make
sense, all input layers must have the same reference system and scale.
What is Image Processing?
Image processing is a method to perform some operations on an image, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some
useful information from it. It is a type of signal processing in which input is an image and output may be image or characteristics/features
associated with that image. Nowadays, image processing is among rapidly growing technologies. It forms core research area within engineering
and computer science disciplines too.

What are the basic steps of Image Processing?

Image processing basically includes the following three steps:

➢ Importing the image via image acquisition tools;

➢ Analysing and manipulating the image;

➢ Output in which result can be altered image or report that is based on image analysis.

What are the types Image Processing?

There are two types of methods used for image processing namely,

➢ Analogue Image Processing and

➢ Digital Image Processing.

Analogue Image Processing: Analogue Image Processing can be used for the hard copies like printouts and photographs. Image analysts use
various fundamentals of interpretation while using these visual techniques.
Digital Image Processing: Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm. As a
subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much
wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and distortion during processing.
Digital Image Processing techniques help in manipulation of the digital images by using computers. The three general phases that all types of
data have to undergo while using digital technique are pre-processing, enhancement, and display, information extraction.

What is Image Classification?

Image classification refers to the task of extracting information classes from a multiband raster image. The resulting raster
from image classification can be used to create thematic maps.

What is Image Classification?

Image classification refers to the task of extracting information classes from a multiband raster image. The resulting raster
from image classification can be used to create thematic maps.

What are the types of Image Classification?

Depending on the interaction between the analyst and the computer during classification, there are two types of classification:

➢ Unsupervised Image (calculated by software) and

➢ Supervised Image (human-guided).

Unsupervised Image Classification: Unsupervised Image classification is where the outcomes (groupings of pixels with common characteristics)
are based on the software analysis of an image without the user providing sample classes. The computer uses techniques to determine which
pixels are related and groups them into classes. The user can specify which algorism the software will use and the desired number of output
classes but otherwise does not aid in the classification process. However, the user must have knowledge of the area being classified when the
groupings of pixels with common characteristics produced by the computer have to be related to actual features on the ground (such as wetlands,
developed areas, coniferous forests, etc.). Unsupervised classification is not preferred because results are completely based on software’s
knowledge of recognizing the pixel. For unsupervised classification, K Means Classification method is often used.

Supervised Image Classification: Supervised Image Classification is based on the idea that a user can select sample pixels in an image that are
representative of specific classes and then direct the image processing software to use these training sites as references for the classification of
all other pixels in the image. Training sites (also known as input classes) are selected based on the knowledge of the user. The user also sets the
bounds for how similar other pixels must be to group them together. These bounds are often set based on the spectral characteristics of the training
area, plus or minus a certain increment (often based on “brightness” or strength of reflection in specific spectral bands). The user also designates
the number of classes that the image is classified into.
 CLASSIFICATION USING QGIS 3.16 (HANNOVER VERSION)

STEPS OF UNSUPERVISED IMAGE CLASSIFICATION:

(Please note that QGIS 3.16 (Hannover Version) is the latest version of QGIS. Ensure that you have an installed Semi-Automatic
Classification Plugin (SCP) and Orfeo Toolbox (OTB) Plugin)

➢ Open QGIS 3.16 → Go to Add Raster Layer → Click Source column (…) Three dot → select the file location (Raster Image different bands)
→ in this case (Landsat 8), select 4 band (Red, Green, Blue, NIR) subsequently as 1, 2, 3, 4 → open → Add → close. [Band
Combination of LANDSAT-8: Band 1= Blue, Band 2= Green, Band 3= Red, Band 4= NIR]
➢ Go to SCP → Band set → Multiband image list → open a file location → select the 4 bands respectively → click right mark on check box
dialog of Create raster band set (stack bands) → run → select a directory location → close the SCP plugin.

➢ Double click on Stack Raster image on layer tool → select render type as Multiband color → select Red band as 3, Green as 2, Blue as 1
→select contrast enhancement as No enhancement →Apply → ok.

➢ Go to Processing menu → Toolbox → A processing toolbox will open → click on OTB → Learning → K Means Classification → K Means
Classification pop up will open → select number of class as 20 → select output image location → save to file → save → Run → close.

➢ Double click on Final Unsupervised Image → select Render type as Single Band Pseudo Color →select Color Ramp as Spectral → select
Mode as Equal Interval → Class = 20 → Apply → ok.

➢ Save Project → select location → file name → save.

CLASSIFICATION IMAGE CLASSIFICATION: UNSUPERVISED IMAGE

USING QGIS 3.16 (HANNOVER VERSION)

STEPS OF UNSUPERVISED IMAGE CLASSIFICATION:

(Please note that QGIS 3.16 (Hannover Version) is the latest version of QGIS. Ensure that you have an installed Semi-Automatic
Classification Plugin (SCP) and Orfeo Toolbox (OTB) Plugin)

➢ Open QGIS 3.16 → Go to Add Raster Layer → Click Source column (…) Three dot → select the file location (Raster Image different bands)
→ in this case (Landsat 8), select 4 band (Red, Green, Blue, NIR) subsequently as 1, 2, 3, 4 → open → Add → close. [Band
Combination of LANDSAT-8: Band 1= Blue, Band 2= Green, Band 3= Red, Band 4= NIR]

➢ Go to SCP → Band set → Multiband image list → open a file location → select the 4 bands respectively → click right mark on check box
dialog of Create raster band set (stack bands) → run → select a directory location → close the SCP plugin.

➢ Double click on Stack Raster image on layer tool → select render type as Multiband color → select Red band as 3, Green as 2, Blue as 1
→select contrast enhancement as No enhancement →Apply → ok.

➢ Go to Processing menu → Toolbox → A processing toolbox will open → click on OTB → Learning → K Means Classification → K Means
Classification pop up will open → select number of class as 20 → select output image location → save to file → save → Run → close.

➢ Double click on Final Unsupervised Image → select Render type as Single Band Pseudo Color →select Color Ramp as Spectral → select
Mode as Equal Interval → Class = 20 → Apply → ok.

➢ Save Project → select location → file name → save.

 IMAGE CLASSIFICATION: SUPERVISED IMAGE
CLASSIFICATION USING QGIS 3.16 (HANNOVER VERSION)

STEPS OF SUPERVISED IMAGE CLASSIFICATION:

(Please note that QGIS 3.16 (Hannover Version) is the latest version of QGIS. Ensure that you have an installed Semi-Automatic
Classification Plugin (SCP))

➢ Open QGIS 3.16 → Add Raster Layer → Click Source (…) Three dot →select the image location → Add → close.

➢ Go to SCP → Band set → open a file → select the 4 bands of your selected image → select band order as Wave length quick setting → check
the Create Virtual Raster of Band set → check the Create Raster of Band set (Stack bands) → select a directory location → Run.

➢ Click on SCP Toolbox → SCP Doc → Training Input → create a New Training Input → select the SCP Input location → save.

➢ Click on Create a ROI Polygon → zoom the image → now draw a polygon of any feature with the help of right click (like waterbody) → MC
ID 1 → give a desire name of that particular feature (like waterbody) → C ID 1 → give a desire name of that particular Class (like waterbody)
→ save temporary ROI to training input → now draw various Polygon on different features by same technique (more the C ID, more the
accuracy).

➢ Now select all the similar layer by right clicking and pressing ctrl on key board → Merge the all-similar layer → Merge Signatures → Yes →
now this way, Merge all similar features.
➢ Now select the similar layer by right clicking and pressing ctrl on key board → Remove the similar layer → Remove Signatures → Yes →
now this way, Remove all similar features except Merging layers.

➢ Now double click on Colour column of draw features → select the actual colour of features
(like agricultural land = yellow, vegetation = green, settlement = red etc) → Ok.

➢ Now go to SCP → Band Processing → Check MC ID → select Algorithm as Minimum Distance → Uncheck LCS → Run → Save
Classification Output → Save. Now your SUPERVISED Image is ready.

➢ Now for saving the project Go to Project Menu → Save → Choose a QGIS Project file → Save.
 STEPS (SCREENSHOTS) OF SUPERVISED IMAGE
CLASSIFICATION USING QGIS 3.16
OPENING THE SOFTWARE QGIS 3.16 (HANNOVER VERSION)
SELECTION OF RASTER IMAGES / SATELLITE IMAGE
OPENING RASTER IMAGE
SELECTION OF BAND SET
SELECT THE BAND ORDERING

RASTER IMAGE STACKING UNDER PROCESS

BAND COMPOSITIONS ON LAYER PANEL
RASTER CLIPPING

RASTER CLIPPING UNDER PROGRESS

CLIPPED RASTER (JALPAIGURI URBAN AGGLOMERATION)
SELECTION OF SCP PLUGIN TOOL
OPENING OF SCP DOC PANEL
CREATION OF TRAINING INPUT
CREATION OF ROI POLYGON

SAVING TEMPORARY ROI TO TRAINING INPUT

FEATURES COLOR SELECTION

SELECTION OF CLASSIFICATION
SCP ORDERING
IMAGE PROCESSING UNDER PROCESSING (USING SCP)

SUPERVISED IMAGE OF JALPAIGURI URBAN AGGLOMIRATION

CREATION OF PRINT LAYOUT
 PRINT LAYOUT MENU

FINAL OUTPUT FILE OF SUPERVISED IMAGE OF JALPAIGURI

URBAN AGGLOMIRATION