DESIGN INTRODUCTION

What is Java?
Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust, object-
oriented and secure programming language.
Java was developed by Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of Oracle) in
the year 1995. James Gosling is known as the father of Java. Before Java, its name
was Oak. Since Oak was already a registered company, so James Gosling and his
team changed the name from Oak to Java.
Platform: Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, is known
as a platform. Since Java has a runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is called a
platform.10s

Java Example
Let's have a quick look at Java programming example. A detailed description of
Hello Java example is available in next page.
Simple.java
class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello Java");
}
}
Application
According to Sun, 3 billion devices run Java. There are many devices where Java is
currently used. Some of them are as follows:
1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus, etc.
2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com, etc.
3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
4. Mobile
5. Embedded System
6. Smart Card
7. Robotics
8. Games, etc.

Types of Java Applications

There are mainly 4 types of applications that can be created using Java
programming:
1) Standalone Application
Standalone applications are also known as desktop applications or window-based
applications. These are traditional software that we need to install on every machine.

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Examples of standalone application are Media player, antivirus, etc. AWT and Swing
are used in Java for creating standalone applications.
2) Web Application
An application that runs on the server side and creates a dynamic page is called a
web application. Currently, Servlet , JSP, Struts, Spring, Hibernate, JSF, etc.
technologies are used for creating web applications in Java.
3) Enterprise Application
An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications, etc. is
called an enterprise application. It has advantages like high-level security, load
balancing, and clustering. In Java, EJB is used for creating enterprise applications.
4) Mobile Application
An application which is created for mobile devices is called a mobile application.
Currently, Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile applications.

Java Platforms / Editions

There are 4 platforms or editions of Java:
1) Java SE (Java Standard Edition)
It is a Java programming platform. It includes Java programming APIs such as
java.lang, java.io, java.net, java.util, java.sql, java.math etc. It includes core topics like
OOPs, String, Regex, Exception, Inner classes, Multithreading, I/O Stream,
Networking, AWT, Swing, Reflection, Collection, etc.
2) Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition)
It is an enterprise platform that is mainly used to develop web and enterprise
applications. It is built on top of the Java SE platform. It includes topics like Servlet,
JSP, Web Services, EJB, JPA, etc.
3) Java ME (Java Micro Edition)
It is a micro platform that is dedicated to mobile applications.
4) JavaFX
It is used to develop rich internet applications. It uses a lightweight user interface
API.

Difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM

JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is called a virtual machine
because it doesn't physically exist. It is a specification that provides a runtime
environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It can also run those
programs which are written in other languages and compiled to Java bytecode.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE, and JDK
are platform dependent because the configuration of each OS is different from each

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other. However, Java is platform independent. There are three notions of the
JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.
The JVM performs the following main tasks:
o Loads code
o Verifies code
o Executes code
o Provides runtime environment

JRE
JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment. It is also written as Java RTE. The
Java Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing
Java applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the
implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files
that JVM uses at runtime.
The implementation of JVM is also actively released by other companies besides
Sun Micro Systems.

JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a
software development environment which is used to develop Java applications
and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development tools.

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JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms released by
Oracle Corporation:
o Standard Edition Java Platform
o Enterprise Edition Java Platform
o Micro Edition Java Platform

The JDK contains a private Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and a few other resources
such as an interpreter/loader (java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a
documentation generator (Javadoc), etc. to complete the development of a Java
Application.

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Architecture

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides
runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (i.e. JVM is platform
dependent).

What is JVM
1. A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified. But

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implementation provider is independent to choose the algorithm. Its implementation

has been provided by Oracle and other companies.
2. An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime Environment).
3. Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt to run
the java class, an instance of JVM is created.

What it does
The JVM performs following operation:
o Loads code
o Verifies code
o Executes code
o Provides runtime environment

JVM provides definitions for the:

o Memory area
o Class file format
o Register set
o Garbage-collected heap
o Fatal error reporting etc.

JVM Architecture
Let's understand the internal architecture of JVM. It contains classloader, memory
area, execution engine etc.

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1) Classloader
Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we
run the java program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in
classloaders in Java.
1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the super class of
Extension classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of Java
Standard Edition like java.lang package classes, java.net package classes, java.util
package classes, java.io package classes, java.sql package classes etc.
2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent
classloader of System classloader. It loades the jar files located
inside $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext directory.
3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension
classloader. It loads the classfiles from classpath. By default, classpath is set to
current directory. You can change the classpath using "-cp" or "-classpath" switch. It
is also known as Application classloader.

//Let's see an example to print the classloader name

public class ClassLoaderExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Let's print the classloader name of current class.
//Application/System classloader will load this class
Class c=ClassLoaderExample.class;
System.out.println(c.getClassLoader());
//If we print the classloader name of String, it will print null because it is an
//in-
built class which is found in rt.jar, so it is loaded by Bootstrap classloader
System.out.println(String.class.getClassLoader());
}
}
Output:
sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@4e0e2f2a
null
These are the internal classloaders provided by Java. If you want to create your own
classloader, you need to extend the ClassLoader class.

2) Class(Method) Area
Class(Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool,
field and method data, the code for methods.

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3) Heap
It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack
Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part
in method invocation and return.
Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread.
A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when
its method invocation completes.

5) Program Counter Register

PC (program counter) register contains the address of the Java virtual machine
instruction currently being executed.

6) Native Method Stack

It contains all the native methods used in the application.

7) Execution Engine
It contains:
1. A virtual processor
2. Interpreter: Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.
3. Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles
parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence
reduces the amount of time needed for compilation. Here, the term "compiler" refers
to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the
instruction set of a specific CPU.

8) Java Native Interface

Java Native Interface (JNI) is a framework which provides an interface to
communicate with another application written in another language like C, C++,
Assembly etc. Java uses JNI framework to send output to the Console or interact
with OS libraries.

Java OOPs Concepts

In this page, we will learn about the basics of OOPs. Object-Oriented Programming is
a paradigm that provides many concepts, such as inheritance, data
binding, polymorphism, etc.
Simula is considered the first object-oriented programming language. The
programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as a
truly object-oriented programming language.
Smalltalk is considered the first truly object-oriented programming language.

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The popular object-oriented languages are Java, C#, PHP, Python, C++, etc.kip
10sPlayoForward Skip 10s

The main aim of object-oriented programming is to implement real-world entities, for

example, object, classes, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, etc.

OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch,
etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a
program using classes and objects. It simplifies software development and
maintenance by providing some concepts:
o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation

Apart from these concepts, there are some other terms which are used in Object-
Oriented design:
o Coupling
o Cohesion
o Association
o Aggregation
o Composition

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Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, a chair,
pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical.

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An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an address

and takes up some space in memory. Objects can communicate without knowing
the details of each other's data or code. The only necessary thing is the type of
message accepted and the type of response returned by the objects.
Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name, breed, etc. as
well as behaviors like wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc.

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual
object. Class doesn't consume any space.

Inheritance

Inheritance is an object-oriented programming concept in which one class acquires

the properties and behavior of another class. It represents a parent-child relationship
between two classes. This parent-child relationship is also known as an IS-A
relationship.
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is
known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime
polymorphism.

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Polymorphism

The word “Polymorphism” derives from two words i.e. “Poly” which means many and
“morphs” meaning forms. Thus polymorphism means many forms. In a
programming language, we can say that an object can take many forms, and hence
the object is polymorphic.
Polymorphism in Java can be achieved in two ways i.e., method overloading and
method overriding.

Polymorphism in Java is mainly divided into two types.

● Compile-time polymorphism
● Runtime polymorphism

Compile-time polymorphism can be achieved by method overloading, and Runtime

polymorphism can be achieved by method overriding. In the further article, we will be
discussing all the topics related to polymorphism in Java in more detail.

Abstraction

Abstraction in Java refers to hiding the implementation details of a code and

exposing only the necessary information to the user. It provides the ability to
simplify complex systems by ignoring irrelevant details and reducing complexity.
So hiding internal details of implementation and showing the functionality of the
methods is known as abstraction. For example phone call, we don't know the internal
processing.
In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

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Encapsulation is a way to restrict the direct access to some components of an

object, so users cannot access state values for all of the variables of a particular
object. Encapsulation can be used to hide both data members and data functions or
methods associated with an instantiated class or object.
A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated
class because all the data members are private here.

Coupling
Coupling refers to the knowledge or information or dependency of another class. It
arises when classes are aware of each other. If a class has the details information of
another class, there is strong coupling. In Java, we use private, protected, and public
modifiers to display the visibility level of a class, method, and field. You can use
interfaces for the weaker coupling because there is no concrete implementation.

Cohesion
Cohesion refers to the level of a component which performs a single well-defined
task. A single well-defined task is done by a highly cohesive method. The weakly
cohesive method will split the task into separate parts. The java.io package is a
highly cohesive package because it has I/O related classes and interface. However,
the java.util package is a weakly cohesive package because it has unrelated classes
and interfaces.

Association
Association represents the relationship between the objects. Here, one object can be
associated with one object or many objects. There can be four types of association
between the objects:
o One to One
o One to Many
o Many to One, and
o Many to Many

Let's understand the relationship with real-time examples. For example, One country
can have one prime minister (one to one), and a prime minister can have many
ministers (one to many). Also, many MP's can have one prime minister (many to
one), and many ministers can have many departments (many to many).
Association can be undirectional or bidirectional.

Aggregation
Aggregation is a way to achieve Association. Aggregation represents the relationship
where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. It represents the weak
relationship between objects. It is also termed as a has-a relationship in Java. Like,
inheritance represents the is-a relationship. It is another way to reuse objects.

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Composition
The composition is also a way to achieve Association. The composition represents
the relationship where one object contains other objects as a part of its state. There
is a strong relationship between the containing object and the dependent object. It is
the state where containing objects do not have an independent existence. If you
delete the parent object, all the child objects will be deleted automatically.

Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented

programming language
1) OOPs makes development and maintenance easier, whereas, in a procedure-
oriented programming language, it is not easy to manage if code grows as project
size increases.
2) OOPs provides data hiding, whereas, in a procedure-oriented programming
language, global data can be accessed from anywhere.

Figure: Data Representation in Procedure-Oriented Programming

Figure: Data Representation in Object-Oriented Programming

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3) OOPs provides the ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We
can provide the solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented
Programming language.

What is the difference between an object-oriented

programming language and object-based programming
language?
Object-based programming language follows all the features of OOPs except
Inheritance. JavaScript and VBScript are examples of object-based programming
languages.

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