International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Emerging Technologies in Space Exploration

Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Paul A. Adekunte2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
2
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.

Space exploration has always captured our imagination, and it Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O.
continues to be an essential avenue for scientific discovery and Sadiku "Emerging Technologies in
human achievement. Technology has been the key enabler of space Space Exploration" Published in
International
exploration. Space technology plays an important role in weather
Journal of Trend in
forecasting, climate monitoring, navigation, and telecommunications. Scientific Research
Space exploration requires cutting-edge technology that pushes the and Development
boundaries of what we thought was possible. Emerging space (ijtsrd), ISSN:
technologies are transforming societies, economies, and geopolitics. 2456-6470,
This chapter explores emerging technologies used in the space Volume-8 | Issue-5, IJTSRD70468
industry. October 2024,
pp.899-907, URL:
KEYWORDS: emerging technologies, space exploration, aerospace, www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd70468.pdf
artificial intelligence, big data, robotics, drones, blockchain
Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
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INTRODUCTION
Space exploration conjures up images of rockets discoveries in space exploration. It plays a crucial
blasting off to distant planets. It addresses the role in space exploration and unlocking the mysteries
fundamental questions about our universe and the of the cosmos [2].
history of our solar system. Imagine floating in zero BREIF HISTORY OF SPACE EXPLORATION
gravity, gazing down at earth, and experiencing the The field of space technology is an ever-evolving and
awe-inspiring vastness of space, as shown in Figure 1 highly dynamic modern industry.
[1]. By addressing the issues related to space
exploration, humans find opportunities to advance Throughout the 20th century, researchers were
mining, material science, and life science research. obsessed with the quest to explore the universe and to
Researchers and engineers are pushing the limits of invent new space technology. More than half a
known science. century after NASA’s Apollo Program enabled the
first astronaut to set foot on the Moon’s surface, the
Weather forecasting, remote sensing, GPS navigation, space industry continues to embrace game-changing
satellite television, and long-distance communication
technologies. In the latter half of the 20th century,
all depend on space infrastructure. Space systems rockets were developed that were powerful enough to
continue to become more and more integral to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital
homeland defense, weather surveillance, velocities, paving the way for space exploration to
communication, navigation, imaging, and remote become a reality.
sensing for chemicals, fires, and other disasters.
In the 1930s and 1940s, Nazi Germany saw the
The realm of space exploration has witnessed possibilities of using long-distance rockets as
remarkable advancements in spacecraft technology. weapons. In 1957, the Soviets launched the first
Technology is the driving force behind the artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into space. 1961,
magnificent achievements and groundbreaking

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Russian Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit technology enable mass production. Deployment
earth in Vostok 1. The first US satellite, Explorer 1, of small satellites enables a wide range of
went into orbit in 1958. In 1961, Alan Shepard missions from Earth observation to deep space
became the first American to fly into space. Landing exploration at a lower cost. A low-earth orbit
a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth (LEO) is relatively close to Earth’s surface and is
within a decade was a national goal set by President normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km but
John F. Kennedy in 1961. By the early 1970s, could be as low as 160 km above Earth. LEO
orbiting communications and navigation satellites satellites and multi-satellite constellations are
were in everyday use. In April 1981, the launch of the increasingly in use for communication, spying,
space shuttle Columbia ushered in a period of reliance earth monitoring, and other imaging applications.
on the reusable shuttle for most civilian and military For example, advanced communication systems
space missions. The space shuttle, shown in Figure 2 specifically designed for LEO satellites focus on
was the first reusable spacecraft to carry people into enhancing signal strength and reducing latency to
orbit [3]. On Febuary 1, 2003, the shuttle broke apart ensure reliable data transmission. The latest
while reentering the Earth’s atmosphere, killing all generation of satellites is far more advanced than
seven crew members. The final shuttle mission was their predecessors, offering enhanced capabilities
completed with the landing of Atlantis on July 21, in communication, earth observation, and
2011, closing the 30-year space shuttle program. scientific research.
One of the most prominent space missions of our  Rockets: At the core of space exploration lies
times is NASA’s Artemis return-to-the-moon rocket technology. Early rockets provided the
program. The Artemis space program is widely initial steppingstones into space, but
different from the first race to the Moon of the 1950s, advancements over the years have transformed
and 60s and 70s. This time, NASA is playing the long space travel. More powerful engines, advanced
game and wants to establish a permanent human materials, and improved fuel efficiency have
presence on the Moon. Modern space exploration is allowed us to reach farther into space.
reaching areas once only dreamed about. Mars is Singaporean Equatorial develops a commercial
focal point of modern space exploration, and manned sub-orbital rocket capable of delivering small
Mars exploration is a long-term goal of the United payloads above the Karman line, the boundary
States. The space race was then followed by an era of between space and atmosphere. As we continue to
space cooperation, highlighted by the International push the boundaries of rocketry, innovative
Space Station. Beyond US space exploration, other solutions like reusable rockets, next-generation
nations are making technological progress, and China propulsion systems, and more efficient
has become the main contender. manufacturing processes promise to make space
travel more accessible and cost-effective.
CONVENTIONAL SPACE TECHNOLOGIES
Technology is the driving force behind the  Propulsion: Propulsion systems are a key trend in
magnificent achievements and groundbreaking the SpaceTech industry, offering innovative
discoveries in space exploration. Space technologies solutions for space travel. Examples include
have the potential to guard life on Earth. Progress in electric propulsion systems, which use electrical
space is largely reliant on technology that lowers energy to accelerate propellant at high speeds, and
costs while maintaining or improving upon reliability green propulsion systems, utilizing
and safety. Traditional space technologies will environmentally friendly fuels like hydrogen and
include satellites, antennas, materials science, oxygen. Water-based propulsion uses water as a
propulsion, rockets, and communication systems [1]. propellant, offering a safe and cost-effective
option. There is increasing demand for advanced
 Satellites: Satellites play a pivotal role in space
and sustainable propulsion solutions in space
exploration technologies. Satellites have come a
missions. Advanced propulsion is a critical aspect
long way since the days of the infamous “beep-
of making space travel feasible. Future missions
boop” sounds. Today, they play a crucial role in
communication, navigation, and Earth demand faster travel times and energy-efficient
propulsion systems. The farther into space a
observation. Satellites play a pivotal role in space
exploration technologies. Figure 2 shows some vehicle ventures, the more capable its propulsion
systems need to be to maintain its course on the
satellites [4]. Small satellites have become a
journey with precision and ensure its crew can get
leading trend in SpaceTech, especially in 2025.
home. Figure 4 shows electric propulsion system
Their miniaturization allows for cost-effective
designs, and advancements in industrial [5].

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 Space Communication Systems: These are a significant departure from existing technologies
significant trend in the SpaceTech industry, or processes.
focusing on advanced methods for transmitting
 Potential for Disruption: Emerging technologies
and receiving data in space. The use of laser
have the potential to disrupt existing markets,
communication relay systems offers faster data
industries, or ways of doing things. They may
rates and more secure communication compared
also displace existing businesses or industries.
to traditional radio frequency systems
 Uncertainty: Because emerging technologies are
 Remote Sensing: Space-based telescopes and
still in the early stages of development, there is
remote sensing technologies have transformed our
often a high uncertainty surrounding their future
understanding of the cosmos. Telescopes like the
potential and impact. It can be challenging to
Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb
predict how they will evolve.
Space Telescope have provided stunning images
and critical data that deepen our knowledge of the  Rapid Change: Emerging technologies often
universe’s vastness and complexity. evolve rapidly, with new developments and
innovations emerging frequently. It can make
 Camera Phones: In the 1990s, a team at NASA's
keeping up with the latest trends and
Jet Propulsion Laboratory worked to create
advancements challenging.
cameras with scientific quality that were small
enough for spacecraft.  Interdisciplinary: Emerging technologies often
involve multiple disciplines or fields of study,
 Space Suit: RTX (a diverse team of explorers) has
such as computer science, engineering, and
shaped the history of space exploration. The team
biology. They may require collaboration across
designed the first space suit that allowed
different fields and industries to develop their
astronauts to walk on the moon, as well as the suit
potential fully.
NASA astronauts currently use when operating
outside the International Space Station. Figure 5 Emerging technologies are worth investigating. They
shows an astronaut with space suit [6]. are responsible for developing new products or
devices. The military often looks to emerging
WHAT ARE EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES?
technologies for new services or tools that will help
Technology may be regarded as a collection of
them create a competitive business advantage.
systems designed to perform some function. It can
help alleviate some of the challenges facing business EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES SPACE
today. Emerging technology is a term generally used EXPLORATION
to describe new technology. The term often refers to Emerging technologies usher in a new era of space
technologies currently developing or expected to be exploration. The space industry utilizes emerging
available within the next five to ten years. Any technologies, like artificial intelligence, 3D printing,
imminent, but not fully realized, technological 5G, robotics, biotechnology, and quantum computing,
innovations will have some impact on the status quo. to enhance operations in space. We now consider
these technologies in detail [9,10]:
Emerging technologies are shaping our societies.
They continue to affect the way we live, work, and  Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
interact with one another. Emerging technology (ET) has permeated various industries, transforming
lacks a consensus on what classifies them as how businesses operate and deliver services. It
“emergent.” It is a relative term because one may see has become an integral part of space missions,
a technology as emerging and others may not see it from enabling autonomous navigation to
the same way. It is a term that is often used to analyzing vast amounts of data. AI can help with
describe a new technology. A technology is still many problems that accompany spaceflight. AI
emerging if it is not yet a “must-have” [7]. An algorithms aid in identifying patterns, predicting
emerging technology is the one that holds the promise space phenomena, and optimizing mission
of creating a new economic engine and is trans- operations. The European Space Agency (ESA)
industrial. ET is used in different areas such as media, notes several possible uses for AI, including
healthcare, business, science, education, or defense. helping constellations of satellites avoid
collisions, analyzing large amounts of data, and
The characteristics of emerging technologies include enabling rovers or probes to operate
the following [8]: autonomously when human input can be minutes
 Novelty: Emerging technologies are typically new or hours away because of their distance from
or novel, meaning they have yet to be widely earth. The vast amounts of data collected during
adopted or used. They often represent a

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space missions require sophisticated analysis. AI communication between satellites and ground
and machine learning have become indispensable stations.
tools for processing and interpreting the complex
 3D Printing: 3D printing (also called additive
data sets. With AI at the helm, we can explore the
manufacturing) is a new technology that has
furthest reaches of the universe with unparalleled
changed lots of industries. Instead of carving
precision and efficiency. While AI offers
something out of a big block of material, 3D
numerous benefits, it also raises ethical and social
printing builds things layer by layer from a digital
concerns. The deployment of AI must be
design. Manufacturing launch vehicles and
managed with a focus on ensuring fairness,
satellites require precise engineering and can be a
transparency, and accountability. As AI
lengthy, expensive process. The 3D printed parts
technology advances, its applications will become
were used in the March 2023 launch of the Terran
more widespread, making it an integral part of
1 rocket, and this additive manufacturing
everyday life. The end goal of AI is to translate
approach to fabrication is likely to be used in
and fully understand human languages.
future space explorations. NASA has made a 3D
 Robotics: Robots are the unsung heroes of space print rocket engine components using a copper-
exploration. Before sending humans into the based alloy. 3D printing holds significant promise
cosmos, robotic missions paved the way for as a technique that can be harnessed to prepare
exploration. Unmanned missions allow us to take tailor-made medicines and even food to address
risks, explore hazardous environments, and gather specific remedies or nutritional element
vital data without jeopardizing human lives. substitution for the well-being of space travelers.
Future space technologies will rely heavily on
 Nanotechnology: The heavier the payload, the
robotics and AI to assist human teams of
more energy it takes to send a rocket to space.
astronauts. Robotic mining equipment designed
Hence the appeal of nanotechnology, a branch of
for extreme space environments is capable of
engineering that aims to dramatically shrink the
autonomously drilling and extracting resources.
size of electronic components like microchips and
With each advancement, the line between human
sensors. Lower costs are not the only benefit of
and robot exploration blurs, and the collective
working with nanotechnology, as manufacturing
effort to uncover the secrets of the universe
at ever-smaller scales can pack more processing
becomes clearer.
power onto a chip or sensor. Nanotechnology is
 Drones: These machines (flying robots) go where all about working with super tiny stuff—atoms
humans cannot, gathering data and paving the and molecules. Because things act differently
way for future missions. when they are that small, it opens up a whole
 Big Data: Big data analytics are being employed world of possibilities for making stuff with
to manage and process the enormous datasets unique properties we cannot get at bigger sizes.
collected by satellites, facilitating efficient data FUTURE OF SPACE EXPLORATION
storage, retrieval, and utilization for various space The future of space exploration is here. As we gaze
applications. up at the night sky and ponder the vastness of the
 Blockchain: Cryptocurrencies are perhaps the universe, it’s hard not to get excited about the state of
most well-known application of blockchain the space industry. The era of space exploration is no
technology. They are digital or virtual currencies longer solely the domain of governments. Public-
that use cryptography for security, making them private partnerships have become a driving force for
difficult to counterfeit. By providing a transparent innovation in the industry. Gone are the days when
and immutable ledger, blockchain allows for the space exploration was limited to government-funded
secure and efficient tracking of products from missions. With their ambitious goals of colonizing
manufacturer to consumer. This transparency Mars and making space tourism a reality, the industry
helps in reducing fraud, errors, and inefficiencies. is experiencing a renaissance like never before. Space
Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with exploration holds immense significance for the future
the terms of the agreement directly written into of humanity. Whether it is Elon Musk sending a Tesla
code. They run on blockchain technology, into orbit or Jeff Bezos planning to establish a lunar
allowing them to be secure and immutable. outpost, their larger-than-life personalities have
Researchers are also leveraging blockchain breathed new life into the field [11].
technology to ensure secure and tamper-proof Space exploration is an enabling sector that
data transmission, enhancing the reliability of transcends the boundaries of traditional industries.
This is an exciting moment for space enthusiasts.

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NASA’s initiative to send humans back to the moon  Global Challenges: Space technologies can also
is well underway and space tourism has finally gotten help to address global challenges, including
off the ground. To continue our journey into the disaster response and climate monitoring.
cosmos and unlock the secrets of the universe, we
CHALLENGES
must embrace the spirit of innovation. Companies and
Space exploration and utilization have historically
researchers are constantly pushing the bounds of
been fraught with technical challenges. The reality of
space technology.
space travel is far from accessible for most people
BENEFITS and remains largely a “billionaire's dream.” While
Space technologies are expected to become as consumers may remain largely in the dark on the role
integral to daily life. They have a much more played by space technology, industry leaders
immediate and profound impact on our daily lives recognize its impact. Other challenges include the
than many of us imagine, including weather following [11]:
forecasting, climate monitoring, navigation and  Safety: Safety tops the list of challenges, as
telecommunications. There are so many space strapping yourself to a rocket and hurtling into
applications that really affect our everyday lives. space is no walk in the park. There are also
Night-time imagery can help monitor unregulated ethical concerns about the environmental impact
fishing, track sea ice movements, and help reduce of space tourism and the potential exploitation of
light pollution. Other benefits include the following celestial bodies.
[11]:
 Space Debris: Space is increasingly cluttered with
 Automation: Process automation and robotics are debris. The growing presence of space debris
subfields of AI technology that involve necessitates innovative solutions to prevent
programming computer applications to replace potential collisions and ensure the long-term
many human activities for more productivity. sustainability of space activities.
Automation plays a crucial role in the space
 Sustainability: Exploring the infinite reaches of
industry, particularly for long-term exploration
space does not mean we can neglect our
and missions. The impact of AI on employment,
responsibility to be environmentally conscious.
with the automation of certain jobs, also presents
Sustainable practices in space exploration ensure
a social challenge.
that we leave as small a footprint as possible.
 Privatization of Space: From science to From reducing space debris to minimizing
manufacturing, exploration, and even space resource consumption, sustainability is key to the
travel, private companies are stepping up and long-term success of the industry.
alleviating governments from their monopolistic
 Human Colonization: Mars has proven to be a
role while bringing in new resources and capital
treasure trove of scientific discoveries. But
influx. The privatization of space has started
colonizing Mars is no picnic. With its thin
recently, and we will see new and established
atmosphere, extreme temperatures, and lack of
players engaging in healthy competition and
readily available resources, it is a hostile
pushing space missions and technology further
environment for humans. However, plans are
than ever before.
already in motion to overcome these challenges.
 Space Travel: This is a distant dream for most, In space, there are no borders or rivalries, only a
but space technology is already playing a crucial shared fascination with the unknown.
role in our daily lives.
 Climate Change: This is not just a terrestrial
 Space Tourism: Space tourism is no longer a pipe issue; its effects ripple through the cosmos.
dream. It is rapidly becoming a reality. Understanding the impacts of climate change on
Companies like Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin space exploration is crucial for mitigating risks
are pioneering this industry, offering suborbital and planning future missions. Extreme weather
flights to private individuals. Thanks to the efforts events have implications for launching rockets,
of private companies, space tourism is on the cusp satellite communication, and the overall
of becoming a reality. Commercial space travel sustainability of space activities. It is a reminder
companies are the driving force behind the future that our actions on earth have consequences that
of space tourism. As with any new industry, space reach far beyond our atmosphere.
tourism comes with its fair share of challenges  Heat: Going to the Moon is no easy task. The
and considerations. Figure 6 shows space tourism farther a spacecraft travels in space, the more heat
[5]. it will generate as it returns to Earth. Getting back

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safely requires technologies that can help a science, propulsion, and artificial intelligence to
spacecraft endure speeds 30 times the speed of expand our capabilities in earth orbit and on
sound and heat twice as hot as molten lava or half interplanetary missions. The future of space
as hot as the sun. exploration is bright with potential. From plans to
 Sustainability: Space is not just a vast expanse of return humans to the Moon to ambitious missions to
emptiness. Sustainability concepts that have never Mars and beyond, the possibilities are limitless. More
been applied to the space sector are expected to information on emerging space technologies is
become the norm. Sustainable practices in space available from the books in [12,13].
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Figure 1 Floating in zero gravity [1].

Figure 2 The Space Shuttle [3].

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Figure 3 Some satellites [4].

Figure 4 Electric propulsion system [5].

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Figure 5 An astronaut with space suit [6].

Figure 6 Space tourism [5].

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