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introduction to linux

Uploaded by

l22355581
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WEEK 2

Introduction to Linux
Linux is an operating system,just like Windows, iOS, and Mac OS.In fact, one of the most popular
platforms on the planet, Android, is powered by the Linux operating system. An operating system is
software that manages all of the hardware resources associated with your desktop or laptop.The
operating system manages the communication between your software and your hardware. Without
the operating system (OS), the software wouldn’t function.
The Linux operating system comprises several different pieces:

1. Bootloader – The software that manages the boot process of your computer. For most users, this
will simply be a splash screen that pops up and eventually goes away to boot into the operating
system.
2. Kernel – This is the one piece of the whole that is actually called ‘Linux’. The kernel is the core
of the system and manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. The kernel is the lowest level
of the OS.

3. Init system-It is the init system that manages the boot process, once the initial booting is handed
over from the bootloader (i.e., GRUB or GRand Unified Bootloader).

4. Daemons – These are background services (printing, sound, scheduling, etc.) that either start up
during boot or after you log into the desktop.

5. Graphical server – This is the sub-system that displays the graphics on your monitor. It is
commonly referred to as the X server or just X.

6. Desktop environment – This is the piece that the users actually interact with. Desktop
environment includes built-in applications (such as file managers, configuration tools, web
browsers, and games).

7. Applications – Desktop environments do not offer the full array of apps. Just like Windows and
macOS, Linux offers thousands upon thousands of high-quality software titles that can be easily
found and installed. Most modern Linux distributions include App Store-like tools that centralize
and simplify application installation. For example, Ubuntu Linux has the Ubuntu Software Center
(a rebrand of GNOME Software) which allows you to quickly search among the thousands of apps
and install them from one centralized location.

Distributions/Flavours of Linux
Linux has a number of different versions to suit any type of user.These versions are called
distributions (or, in the short form, “distros”). Nearly every distribution of Linux can be
downloaded for free, burned onto disk (or USB thumb drive), and installed (on as many machines
as you like).Popular Linux distributions include:
• LINUX MINT
• MANJARO
• DEBIAN
• UBUNTU
• PARROT
• KALI
• FEDORA
• CENT
• ARCH
• BLACK ARCH

Why do we use Linux


1. Linux is free and open source: Linux is also distributed under an open source license.
Open source follows these key;The freedom to run the program, for any purpose,The freedom to
study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish,The freedom to
redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor,The freedom to distribute copies of your modified
versions to others.Linux is an operating system that is by the people, for the people.It’s about
freedom and freedom of use and freedom of choice.The main advantage of Linux is it is an open-
source operating system. This means the source code is easily available for everyone and you are
allowed to contribute, modify and distribute the code to anyone without any permissions.Linux is
freely available to use on the internet.

2. Linux is Security: It is the ideal option because it offers strong security, stability, and
performance.Linux is more secure than any other operating system. It does not mean that Linux is
100 percent secure, it has some malware for it but is less vulnerable than any other operating
system. So, it does not require any anti-virus software.It maintains the privacy of the user.

3. Linux has a broad software library, and a vibrant community that offers support and regular
updates.The software updates in Linux are easy and frequent.It has large community support.

4. It provides high stability. It rarely slows down or freezes and there is no need to reboot it after a
short time.It performs all tasks properly even if it has limited space on the hard disk.

5. The flexibility of Linux is high. There is no need to install a complete Linux suite; you are
allowed to install only the required components. Linux is compatible with a large number of file
formats.It is fast and easy to install from the web. It can also install it on any hardware even on your
old computer system.

Setting Up Our Hacking Environment

1. First we need to make our 16gb flash drives bootable with balena etcher.
2. Secondly,configure our personal computers,that is,turning off our secure boot and turn on legacy.
3. Third step is,booting live to do our pendrive hack and then installing the parrot linux into our
personal computer to be our base/primary operating system.
4. Fourth step,we need to update and upgrade our operating following some terminal commands:
sudo apt update and sudo apt upgrade,with our data connection turned on.
5. And our last,fifth step is installing a virtual machine(A virtual machine is an emulation of a
computer system.A virtual machine (VM) is software that runs programs or applications without
being tied to a physical machine.)Steps to installour virtual box from the terminal includes;

a. echo "deb [arch=amd64]


https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian $(lsb_release
-sc) contrib" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/virtualbox.list
b. wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc
-O- | sudo apt-key add -

c. wget -q https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- |


sudo apt-key add -

d. sudo apt update

e. sudo apt install virtualbox

f. virtualbox

Basic Linux Commands and Installations


of Tools
1. pwd
2. ls
3. man
4. cd
5. touch
6. sudo nano
7. sudo vi
8. cat
9. head
10. tail
11. grep
12. clear
13. history
14. cd ..
15. mv
16. cp
17. apropos
18. rm
19. mkdir
20. rmdir
21. find
22. sudo apt update
23. sudo apt upgrade
24. sudo apt install steghide
25. sudo apt install ccrypt
26. sudo apt install ufw
27. sudo apt install telegram-desktop
28. sudo apt install gnome-disk-utility
29. sudo apt-get install nsnake
30. sudo shutdown now
Networking Interfaces
A network interface is the point of interconnection between a
computer and a private or public network.Here we will be looking
at some linux networking commands,they include;

1. sudo ifconfig
2. ip a
3. ip addr
4. dig
5. nslookup
6. host
7. neofetch
8. ping
9. traceroute
10. sudo netdiscover -i wlp1s0 -r ipaddress/24
11. sudo iwconfig
12. netstat
13. sudo su and exit to leave
14. sudo arp
15. sudo tcpdump

User Permissions
drwxrwxrwx
-rwxrwxrwx

d = directory
- = regular file
r = read
w = write
x = execute
+ = addition
- = subtraction
chmod = change mode
u = users
g = group
o = others
sudo chmod u+r,g+w,o+x filename
sudo chmod u-r,g-w,o-x filename

Read + Write + Execute = full access


4 + 2 + 1 = 7

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