Page 172 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

CHAPTER 4
Moving Charge and Magnetism

SUMMARY Magnetic field at the centre of semi-circular current

carrying conductor.
m I
B = 0
1. BIOT-SAVART LAW 4r
$
Magnetic field at the centre of an arc of circular
It states that the magnetic field strength dB produced current carrying conductor which subtends an angle
to a current element (of current I and length dl ) at q at the centre.
a point having position vector rv relative to current m
element is, B = 0 $ Iq
4p r
m v rv Magnetic field at any point lies on the axis of circular
dB = 0 I dl #
$

4p r3 current carrying conductor.

m 0 Ia2
B =
2 (r2 + a2) 3/2
2. AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
It states that the line integral of magnetic field Bv
along a closed path is equal to m 0 times the current
(I) passing through the closed path.
$
# Bv $ dl = m0I

3. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT CARRYING

-7
SOLENOID
where, m 0 = 4p # 10 Wb/A-meter
At the axis of a long solenoid, carrying a current I ,
permeability of free space.
B = m 0 nI
The magnitude of magnetic field is,
m q where, n = number of turns per unit length
dB = 0 Idl sin
4p r2 Magnetic field at one end of solenoid,
$
where, q is the angle between current element I dl m nI
B end = 0
and position vector rv as shown in the figure. The 2
$
direction of magnetic field dB is perpendicular to the The polarity of any end is determined by using
$ Ampere’s right hand rule.
plane containing I dl and rv .
Magnetic field at the centre of a circular current 4. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A TOROID (CIRCULAR SOLENOID)
carrying conductor/coil.
Magnetic field within the turns of toroid,
m I
B = 0 m NI
2r B = 0 = nm 0 I
2p r
where, r is the radius of a circular loop.
For N turns of coil, where, n = N and r is average radius
2pr
m NI Magnetic field outside the toroid is zero.
B = 0
2r
Page 174 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

Potential Energy of a Current Loop in a Magnetic I = total current in circuit

Field
S = resistance of the shunt (low resistance)
When a current loop of magnetic moment M is placed
A galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by
in a magnetic field, then potential energy of magnetic
connecting a very high resistance R in series with
dipole is,
galvanometer which is given by
U =- M v $ Bv = - MB cos q
R =V -G
1. When q = 0 , U = - MB (minimum or stable Ig
equilibrium position).
2. When q = p , U = + MB (maximum or unstable
equilibrium position).
3. When q = p , potential energy is zero.
2

9. MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER

Is a device used to detect the current in electrical
circuit. It is based on the principle that a current
carrying loop placed in a uniform magnetic field
experiences torque. The current sensitivity and voltage where,
sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of galvanometer Ig = current through the galvanometer
depends on number of turns of coil magnetic field B ,
G = resistance of galvanometer and
area A of the coil and torsion constant k of the spring
or suspension wire. V = potential difference across the terminal A and B

Current sensitivity, Is = q = NBA

I k
Its SI unit is rad/A or div/A.
***********
Voltage sensitivity, Vs = q = q
V IR
I
= s = NBA
R kR
Its SI unit is rad/V or div/V .
Torque or moment of galvanometer,
G = q = NBA
I k
A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by
connecting a very low resistance (shunt S ) in parallel
with galvanometer whose value is given by,
I G
S = g
I - Ig

where, G = resistance of galvanometer

Ig = current through galvanometer
Page 176 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

7. A circular coil of radius r carries a current I. The 10. The dimensional formula for 1 e 0 E 2 is identical to
magnetic field at its center is B . At what distance 2
that of
from the centre, on the axis of the coil, the magnetic 2
field will be B/8 (a) B (b) 1 B2 m 0
2m 0 2
(a) 2 R (b) 2R 2
m0
(c) (d) 1 Bm 20
(c) 3R (d) 3R 2B 2
Ans : Foreign 2011
Ans : SQP 2009

Magnetic field at distance x from the centre, Dimension of 1 e 0 E 2 is given by,

2
magnetic field at center (B) 1 e E 2 = Energy
Baxis =
8 2 0 Volume
Baxis = B [ML2 T - 2]
8 = = [ML-1 T - 2]
[L3]
m 0 NiR2 m Ni 2
2 2 3/2
= 0
8 # 2R Dimension of B is given by,
2 (R + x ) 2m 0
8R3 = (R2 + x2) 3/2 [MT - 2 A-1] 2
=
[MLT - 2 A-2]
This is possible only when x = ! 3 R .
8Since, B = I1 Il B
4prF
F
qV sin q , m0 =
Hence, 3 R distance from the centre magnetic field
is equal to magnetic field at centre. = [M 1 L- 1 T - 2]
Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.

8. When a charged particle moves perpendicular to a 11. Dimension of magnetic field is

magnetic field, then (a) I-1 ML0 T-2 (b) I0 MLT-2
(a) speed of the particle is changed (c) IMLT-1 (d) IM-1 L-1 T-2
(b) speed of the particle remains unchanged Ans : OD 2008, Delhi 2015

(c) direction of the particle remains unchanged We have F = qvB sin q

(d) acceleration of the particle remains unchanged B = F
qv sin q
Ans : OD 2011
sin q is a dimensionless quantity
When a charged particle moves perpendicular to a
6M L T @
1 1 -2
magnetic field, then the particle moves in a circular = [Since, q = IT]
path with a uniform speed. [IT] [LT-1]
As a result of this, the particle experiences a = 6ML0 T-2 I-1@
centripetal force, but the speed of the particle remains
Thus (a) is correct option.
unchanged.
Thus (b) is correct option. 12. If a current i ampere flows in a long straight thin
walled tube, then magnetic induction at any point
9. A charged particle is released from rest in a region of inside the tube is
steady and uniform electric and magnetic fields, which (a) zero (b) infinite
are parallel to each other. The particle will move in a m
(c) 2i Tesla (d) 0 $ 2i Tesla
(a) circle (b) helix r 4p r
Ans : SQP 2002
(c) cycloid (d) straight line
Current in the long straight thin walled tube = i .
Ans : Delhi 2017
Current flows only on the surface of a long straight
When a charged particle is released from rest in a
thin walled tube. Therefore, magnetic induction at
region of steady and uniform electric and magnetic
any point inside the tube is zero.
fields, which are parallel to each other, then charged
Thus (a) is correct option.
particle will move along the electric field in a straight
line, because magnetic field has no effect on it. 13. Magnetic field due to a long straight conductor of
Thus (d) is correct option. length l , carrying current I , at a point, distance d
from it is given by
Page 178 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

Magnetic field due to current-carrying long straight Radius of second coil, r2 = 30 cm = 0.3 m
wire at the point, and no. of turns in each coil = n
m
B = 0 #I ?1 Resistance of coil,
2p r r
R = 2prn # r
Therefore, B1 = r2 = 20 = 4
B2 r1 5 where, r = resistance per unit length
B
B2 = 1 = B Therefore, current in coil,
4 4
where, B2 = magnetic field at second point I =V = V
R 2prn r
Thus (b) is correct option. Magnetic induction at the centre of a current-carrying
circular coil,
18. A current passing through a circular coil of two turns
produces a magnetic field of 8 T at its centre. The coil m nI
B = 0
is then rewound, so as to have four turns and current 2r
m n
is passed through it is doubled. Now magnetic field at = 0 # V
the centre of the coil will be 2r 2prn r
(a) 64 T (b) 32 T m0 V
= # r
4p r 2
(c) 16 T (d) 8 T
Since, both the coils are connected in parallel,
Ans : Delhi 2015 therefore potential difference V across both the coils
Initial number of turns, n1 = 2 is same and resistance per unit length of the wires will
also be same, because they are made of similar wires.
Initial magnetic field at centre, B1 = 8 T
Thus, B ? 12
Final no. of turns in coil, n2 = 4 r
Final current in the coil, I2 = 2I1 Therefore, B 1
= a r2 k = b 0.3 l = 4
2 2

B2 r1 0.15 1
(where, I1 is the initial current)
B1 : B2 = 4 : 1
Since, circumference of two coil is equal to
Thus (d) is correct option.
circumference of four turn coil,
20. A particle of mass m and charge q moves with a
Therefore, 2 # 2pr1 = 4 # 2pr2
constant velocity u along the positive x -direction. It
r1 = 2r2 enters a region containing a uniform magnetic field
Magnetic field at the centre of a current-carrying B directed along the negative z -direction, extending
circular coil, from x = a to x = b . The minimum value of u
m nI required, so that the particle can just enter the region
B = 0 ? nI of x > b is
2r r
B1 = n1 I1 r2 qbB qaB
Therefore, (a) (b)
B2 n2 # I2 # r1 m m
q (b - a) B q (b + a) B
= 2 # I1 # r2 = 1 (c)
m
(d)
2m
4 2I1 2r2 8
B2 = 8B1 = 8 # 8 = 64 T Ans : SQP 2002, Foreign 2011

Where, B2 = final magnetic field at centre of coil Mass of particle = m

Thus (a) is correct option. Charge on particle = q
19. Two circular coils of radii 15 cm and 30 cm are made Velocity of particle = u
of similar wires and have same number of turns. If ...(directed along positive x -direction)
they are connected in parallel, then ratio of their
magnetic inductions at the centre of the coils is Uniform magnetic field = B
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 ...(directed along negative z -direction,
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1 extending from x = a to x = b )
Ans : OD 2004 When a charged particle enters in a uniform magnetic
Radius of first coil, r1 = 15 cm = 0.15 m field, directed vertically upwards, then the particle
Page 180 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

m0i Numbers of turns in coil = n

Since, B =
2R
Area of coil = A
i = 2BR ...(2) and angle between normal to the surface of coil and
m0
magnetic field = q .
A = pR2 (for circular loop) ...(3)
Torque experienced by the coil,
Substituting the value of Eq. (3) and (2) in Eq. (1),
t = nIAB sin q
we get,
Thus (c) is correct option.
M = 2BR # A
m0 27. The radius of a circular path in which an electron
will move, when subjected to a perpendicular uniform
= 2BR # A = 2BRA # A
m0 m0 A magnetic field (B), is
(a) me (b) mB
3/2
= 2BRA 2 [From Eq. (3)] B e
m 0 pR
3/2 (c) Be (d) mu
= 2BA mu Be
m0 p Ans : Delhi 2009
Thus (d) is correct option. Centrifugal force on the electron,
25. A proton moving with a velocity 2.5 # 107 ms-1 , enters F1 = m w2 r
a magnetic field of intensity 2.5 T at an angle 30c with 2
= ma u k r = m u
2
the magnetic field. The force on the proton is r r
(a) 3 # 10-12 N (b) 5 # 10-12 N And magnetic force on the moving charge in the
(c) 6 # 10-12 N (d) 9 # 10-12 N magnetic field,
Ans : OD 2011 F2 = Beu
Velocity of proton, 7
u = 2.5 # 10 ms -1 Equating these two forces,

Intensity of magnetic field, B = 2.5 T m u2 = Beu

r
and angle between magnetic field and direction of
motion of proton, r = mu
Be
q = 30c where, e = charge on electron
Force acting on the charged particle in magnetic field,
and r = Radius of circular path
F = q uB sin q
Thus (d) is correct option.
where, q = charge of proton equal to 1.6 # 10-19 C 28. A charged particle of mass m and charge q travels on
= (1.6 # 10-19) # (2.5 # 107) a circular path of radius r that is perpendicular to
the magnetic field B. The time-taken by the particle
# 2.5 # sin 30c
to complete one revolution is
-12
= (10 # 10 ) # 0.5 2pqB
(a) 2pm (b)
-12 qB m
= 5 # 10 N
2pmq 2pq2 B
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) (d)
B m
26. A current-carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic Ans : OD 2007, Comp 2002
field of induction B . The current in the coil is I , it Mass of particle = m
has n turns and A is the face area of coil and normal
to the surface makes an angle q with B . The torque Charge on particle = q
experienced by the coil is Radius of circular path = r
(a) nIAB q (b) nIAB cos q and, Magnetic field = B
(c) nIAB sin q (d) nIAB tan q Magnetic force on the charged particle in magnetic
field,
Ans : SQP 2014
F1 = Bq u
Magnetic field induction = B
and centrifugal force on the charged particle moving
Current in coil = I
in circular path,
Page 182 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

Since, when current in both the conductors flows in Magnetic field induction at the end of the solenoid on
the same direction, therefore force between them will its axis,
be attractive. m nI
B = 0
Thus (a) is correct option. 2
33. A current-carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic (4p # 10-7) # 800 # 1.6
=
field. The torque acting on it does not depend upon 2
(a) area of loop = 8.038 # 10-4 . 8 # 10-4 T
(b) shape of loop (where m 0 = Absolute permeability of free space equal
to 4p # 10-7 Wb - A-1 - m-1 )
(c) no. of turns in loop
Thus (b) is correct option.
(d) strength of current and magnetic field
36. A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a current
Ans : Foreign 2017
of 10 A , is held perpendicular to a magnetic field of
Torque acting on a current-carrying loop in a uniform
intensity 0.1 T. The torque acting on the loop is
magnetic field,
(a) zero (b) 0.01 N-m
t = nIAB sin q
(c) 0.1 N-m (d) 0.8 N-m
Therefore, torque does not depend on the shape of
loop. Ans : OD 2010, SQP 2005
2
(where I = current, A = area of loop, B = magnetic field, Area of circular loop, A = 0.01 m
n = no. of turns in loop and q = Angle between Current in the loop, I = 10 A
magnetic field and normal to the surface of coil) Angle between the magnetic field and normal to the
Thus (b) is correct option. surface of coil,
34. On connecting a battery to the two corners of a q = 0c
diagonal of a square conductor frame of side a , the
Magnetic field, B = 0.1 T
magnitude of magnetic field at the centre will be
m Torque acting on the loop,
(a) zero (b) 0
pa t = IAB sin q
m0 2m 0
(c) (d) = 10 # 0.01 # 0.1 # sin 0c
2p a pa
Ans : OD 2005 =0
When a battery is connected two corners of a diagonal Thus (a) is correct option.
of a square conductor frame, then the conductor frame
can be taken as two sets of parallel wires carrying
currents in the same direction. Magnetic field at the ASSERTION AND REASON
centre due to two parallel wires carrying currents in
the same direction will be equal in magnitude, but
37. Assertion : To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter
opposite in directions.
a small resistance is connected in parallel with it.
Therefore, magnitude of the magnetic field at the
Reason : The small resistance increases the combined
centre will be zero.
resistance of the combination.
Thus (a) is correct option.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
35. A long solenoid has 800 turns per meter length of Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
solenoid. A current of 1.6 A flows through it. The (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
magnetic field induction at the end of the solenoid on Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
its axis is
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(a) 4 # 10-4 T (b) 8 # 10-4 T
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(c) 16 # 10-4 T (d) 32 # 10-4 T
Ans :
Ans : Delhi 2013
An ammeter should have a low resistance which we
Number of turns per metre length,
get when we connect low resistance in parallel with
n = 800 galvanometer.
Current in solenoid, I = 1.6 A Thus (c) is correct option.
Page 184 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and

Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Ans :
Reversing the direction of the current reverses the
direction of the magnetic field. However, it has no
effect on the magnetic field energy density, which is
proportional to the square of the magnitude of the
magnetic field.
Thus (d) is correct option.
46. Is the steady electric current the only source of
43. Assertion : A charge, whether stationary or in motion magnetic field? Justify your answer.
produces a magnetic field around it.
Ans : OD 2020
Reason : Moving charges produce only electric field in
Yes, the net magnetic force acting on a wire carrying
the surrounding space.
a steady (constant) electric current I in an external
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and magnetic field B and is given by
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. F = IdlB
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
47. State Ampere’s circuit law.
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Ans : Delhi 2016
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
It states that the line integral of the magnetic field Bv
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
around any closed circuit is equal to m 0 times the total
Ans : current I passing through this closed circuit.
A charge, whether stationary or in motion, produces
an electric field around it. If it is in motion, then # Bv $ dlv = m0I
in addition to the electric field, it also produces a 48. Write the expression, in a vector form, for the Lorentz
magnetic field, because moving charges produces
magnetic force Fv due to a charge moving with velocity
magnetic field in the surrounding space.
vv in a magnetic field Bv . What is the direction of the
Thus (d) is correct option. magnetic force ?
Ans : Delhi 2021, OD 2012

Force, v v
F = q (vv # B)
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Obviously, the force on charged particle is perpendicular
44. Using the concept of force between two infinitely to both velocity vv and magnetic field Bv .
long parallel current carrying conductors define one 49. Must every magnetic field configuration have a north
ampere of current. pole and a south pole? Explain with example.
Ans : Delhi 2020
Ans : Foreign 2011
One ampere is that value of current which flows through Ans :
two straight, parallel infinitely long current carrying
No, because the concept of magnetic poles is fictitious;
conductors placed in air or vacuum at a distance
the fundamental quantity in magnetism is magnetic
of 1 m and they experience a force of attractive or
moment. Therefore, a toroid (endless solenoid) and a
repulsive nature of magnitude 2 # 10-7 N/m on their
straight conductor do not have north and south poles.
unit length.
50. What will be the path of a charged particle moving
45. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a current carrying
along the direction of a uniform magnetic field ?
loop.
Ans : OD 2019
Ans : Comp 2021
The path of particle will remain unchanged (since
Magnetic field lines due to a current carrying loop are
magnetic force Fm = qvB sin q = 0 ).
given by
Page 186 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

to its coil. So, the galvanometer gives full scale SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
deflection.
2. In converting a galvanometer into an ammeter, 62. Write an expression for the maximum kinetic energy
a very small suitable resistance is connected in acquired by charged particles accelerated by a
parallel in parallel to its coil. The remaining cyclotron.
pair of the current i.e., (I - Ig) flows through the Ans : OD 2018
resistance.
The ions will attain maximum velocity near the
Here, I = Circuit current periphery of the dees. If v0 is the maximum velocity
and Ig = Current through galvanometer acquired by the ions and r0 is the radius of the dees,
then
59. Write any two important points of similarities
mv 02
between Coulomb’s law for the electrostatic field and = qv0 B
r0
Biot-Savart’s law for the electrostatic field and Biot- qBr0
Savart’s law for the magnetic field. v0 =
m
Ans : Delhi 2020 The maximum kinetic energy of the ions will be,
Similarities of electrostatic field and magnetic field: qBr0 2
K0 = 1 mv 02 = 1 m b
1. Follows the principle of superposition. 2 2 m l
2. Depends inversely on the square of distance from q2 B2 r 02
source to the point of interest. K0 =
2m
60. Two particles A and B of masses m and 2m have 63. Give some points of similarities and differences
charges q and 2q respectively. They are moving with between Biot-Savart law for the magnetic field and
velocities v1 and v2 respectively. in the same direction, Coulomb’s law for the electrostatic field.
enters the same magnetic field B acting normally to Ans : Delhi 2021
their direction of motion. If the two forces FA and FB According to Coulomb’s law, the electric field
acting on them are in the ratio of 1 : 2, find the ratio produced by a charged element is,
of their velocities.
dq
Ans : dE = 1 2
Comp 2019, OD 2011 4pe 0 r
Ratio of forces acting on the two particles,
According to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field
FA = qv1 B sin 90c produced by a current element I dl is,
FB (2q) v2 B sin 90c
m q
dB = 0 I dl sin
= 1 = v1 4p r2
2 2v2
v1 = 1 On comparing the above two equations, we can note
v2 the following points:
v1 : v2 = 1: 1 Points of Similarity
1. Both fields depend inversely on the square of the
61. A magnetic field that varies in magnitude from point distance from the source.
to point but has a constant direction (east to west)
2. Both are long range fields.
is set up in a chamber. A charged particle enters the
3. The principle of superposition is applicable to
chamber and travels undeflected along a straight path
both fields.
with constant speed. What can you say about the
direction of initial velocity of the particle? Points of Difference
Ans : SQP 2013
1. The magnetic field is produced by a vector source:
the current element I dl v . The electrostatic field is
Magnetic force on the particle,
produced by a scalar source: the electric charge dg .
Fm = qvB sin q 2. The direction of the electrostatic field is along
The particle will remain undeflected if, the displacement vector joining the source and
sin q = 0 the field point. The direction of the magnetic
field is perpendicular to the plane containing the
q = 0c or 180c displacement vector rv and the current element
v.
I dl
Therefore, the initial velocity of the particle should
be parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field (i.e., 3. In Bio-Savart law, the magnitude of the magnetic
either east to west or west to east). field is proportional to the sine of the angle between
Page 188 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

67. State the factors on which the force acting on a

charge moving in a magnetic field depends. Write the
expression for this force. When is this force minimum
and maximum?
Ans : OD 2019

As shown in figure, suppose a charge q moves with

velocity vv in a magnetic field Bv at angle q .
m 0 ITl sin q
TB = 4p
R2
where q is angle between current element AB and the
line joining the element to centre O .
Here, q = 90c
m 0 Idl
Hence, TB = 4p 2
R
Resultant magnetic field,
B = # TB
m 0 Idl m0 I
= # 4pR2
=
4pR2
# dl
For Semicircle, # dl = pR
Magnetic Lorentz Force
m0 I m0$I
= # pR =
Form experiments, it is found that the charge q 4pR2 mR
experiences a force Fv such that, 69. Show that a tangent galvanometer measures that
1. The force is proportional to the magnitude of the current with maximum accuracy which produces 45c
magnetic field, i.e., F ? B deflection.
2. The force if proportional to the charge q , i.e., Ans : Foreign 2013, SQP 2008
F?q For a tangent galvanometer,
3. The force is proportional to the component of the i = k tan q ...(1)
velocity v in the perpendicular direction of the
field B , i.e., F ? v sin q di = k sec2 q
dq
Combining the above factors, we get
d (tan q)
F ? Bqv sin q ;Since, dt
= sec2 q E
F = kqvB sin q di = k sec2 qdq
The unit of magnetic field is so defined that the i i
proportionality constant k becomes unity in the From Eq. (1), we get
above equation. Then di = k sec2 qdq
F = qvB sin q
i k tan q
di = 1 # cos qdq
As the direction of Fv is perpendicular to both vv and i cos2 q sin q
Bv , so we can express Fv as
Fv = q (vv # Bv) ;Since, sec q = 1 , tan q = sin q E
cos q cos q
68. Applying Biot-Savart’s law deduce the expression for di = dq
the magnetic field at the centre of a semicircular loop i cos q sin q
of radius R carrying current I .
di = 2dq
Ans : Delhi 2020 i 2 cos q sin q
Consider a semicircular coil of radius R carrying di = 2dq
sin 2q 6since 2q 2 sin q cos q @
current I in anti-clock wise direction as shown in the =
i
figure according to Biot Savart’s law the magnetic sin 2qdi
field due to current element AB at centre O is, dq = 2i
Page 190 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

Applying Ampere’s circuital law for loops L1 and L2 , 75. Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on
we get a particle of charge q moving with velocity vv in a
$ magnetic field Bv . Show that no work is done by this
#L Bv $ dl
1
= m 0 IC
force on the charged particle.
Ans :
$
#L Bv $ dl = m0 # 0 = 0 Delhi 2019
2
Magnetic Lorentz force,
This violates the concept of continuity of electric
current. Maxwell introduced the concept of Fvm = q (vv # Bv)
displacement current flowing in space due to varying Fv = vv
electric field such that
Force is perpendicular to displacement made by
df
IC = ID = e 0 E charge particle.
dt
This maintained continuity of current. Hence, W = Fd cos 90c = 0
Hence, Modified Ampere’s circuital law is given by, [since, F and displacement are perpendicular to each
$ other]
# Bv $ dl = m 0 (IC + ID)
W =0
74. Considering the case of a parallel plate capacitor No work is done by magnetic Lorentz force on the
being charged, show how one is required to generalise charge particle.
Ampere’s circuital law to include the term due to
76. How is a moving coil galvanometer converted into
displacement current.
a voltmeter? Explain giving the necessary circuit
Ans : OD 2017, SQP 2010
diagram and the required mathematical relation used.
Ampere’s circuital law conduction current during
Ans : SQP 2009
charging of a capacitor was found inconsistent.
A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by
Therefore, Maxwell modified Ampere’s circuital law
connecting a very high resistance R in series with it.
by introducting displacement current.
Let R is so chosen that current Ig gives full deflection
Ampere’s circuit law # Bv $ dl
v = m 0 I was modified to
in the galvanometer where Ig is the range of
# Bv $ dlv = m 0 (IC + ID) galvanometer.

It is called modified Ampere’s circuital law or Ampere-

Maxwell’s circuital law.
The displacement current arising due to time varying
df
electric field is given by ID = e 0 E
dt
Therefore, modified Ampere’s circuital law may be
expressed as
df
# Bv $ dlv = m 0 IbIC + e 0 dtE l
Let galvanometer G of resistance R , range Ig is to be
The following inferences can be drawn from the above converted into voltmeter of range V (volt). Now,
discussion
V = Ig (G + R)
(i) The conduction and displacement currents are
individually discontinuous, but the currents R+G =V
together possess the property of continuity Ig
through any closed electric circuit. R =V -G
Ig
(ii) The displacement current is precisely equal to
the conduction current when the two present in The appropriate scale need to be graduated to measure
different parts of the circuit. potential difference.
(iii) The displacement current arises due to the rate of 77. Write the expression for the force, Fv acting on a
change of electric flux (or electric field) between charged particle of charge q , moving with a velocity vv
the two plates of the capacitor.
in the presence of both electric field Ev and magnetic
(iv) Just as the conduction current is the displacement
field Bv . Obtain the condition under which the particle
current is also the source of magnetic field.
moves undeflected through the fields.
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 191

Ans : SQP 2014

79. State the rules to find the direction of force on a
Force Fv acting on a charge q moving with velocity v charge moving in a perpendicular magnetic field.
in the presence of both electric field Ev and magnetic Ans : Delhi 2017, OD 2003
field Bv is Rules for finding the direction of force on a charged
Fv = qEv + q (vv # Bv) particle moving perpendicular to a magnetic field :
1. Fleming’s Left Hand Rule : Stretch the thumb
Consider a region in which magnetic field, electric
and the first two fingers of the left hand mutually
field and velocity of charge particle are perpendicular
perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger
to each other.
points in the direction of the magnetic field,
To move charge particle undeflected the net force acting central finger in the direction of current, then
on the particle must be zero i.e., the electric force must the thumb gives the direction of the force on the
be equal and opposite to the magnetic force. charged particle.
qE = qvB

v =E
B
The direction of electric and magnetic forces are in
opposite direction. Their magnitudes are in such a
way that they cancel out each other to give net force
zero so that the charge particle does not deflect.
78. Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a
galvanometer. Increasing the current sensitivity may
not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of a
galvanometer. Justify.
Ans : Delhi 2012

Current Sensitivity : The current sensitivity of a

galvanometer is defined as the deflection product in
the galvanometer when a unit charge flows through it.
If a current i produces a deflection f in the
galvanometer, then current sensitivity is
f
= NAB ...(1)
i C
Voltage Sensitivity : The voltage sensitivity of a
galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced
in the galvanometer when a unit voltage is applied Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
across its coil. If a voltage V produces a defection f 2. Right Hand (palm) Rule : Open the right hand
in the galvanometer, then voltage sensitivity is and place it so that tips of the fingers point in
f f the direction of the field B v and thumb in the
= ...(2)
V iR direction of velocity v of the positive charge, then
v
To explain that increasing the current sensitivity may the palm faces towards the force F v.
not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity let
use assume that we double the number of turns i.e.,
N " 2N , then
f f
Current sensitivity, "2 ...(3)
i i
So, current sensitivity doubles. However, the resistance
of the galvanometer is also likely to double, since it is
proportional to the length of the wire. So,
N " 2N and R " 2R
f f
So, voltage sensitivity, "
V V
NAB 1
<As f = b C l R F remains unchanged. Right Hand Palm Rule
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 193

82. A long solenoid of length L having N turns carries

a current I. Deduce the expression for the magnetic
field in the interior of the solenoid.
Ans : Comp 2018, SQP 2010

Consider a rectangular path abcd of length L as shown

in figure below. Let us apply Ampere’s circuital law to
this rectangular path, so that, we have

Here, I1 = I , I2 = 3 I , N1 = N2 = N
R1 = R2 = R
The magnetic field induction at the centre O of two
concentric coils inclined at 90c is
B = B 12 + B 22
m NI 2 m NI 2
= c 02R1 1 m + c 02R2 1 m
1 2
b c d a
# Bv $ dL
v
= # Bv $ dL
v + # Bv $ dL
v + # Bv $ dL
v + # Bv $ dL
v m 20 N 2 I 2 m 0 N ( 3 I ) 2
= +
a b c d 4R2 4R2
b m NI m NI
= 0 1+3 = 0
= # Bv $ dL
v + 0 + 0 + 0 = BL ...(1) 2R R
a
84. Write the expression for the generalised for of
c a
Ampere’s circuital law. Discuss its significance and
Since, # Bv $ dL
v = # Bv $ dL
v =0 [since, f = 90c]
describe briefly how the concept of displacement
b d
current is explained through charging/discharging of
d
a capacitor in an electric circuit.
# Bv $ dL
v =0 [since, B = 0 ]
c Ans : OD 2015

But by Ampere’s circuital law, we have The generalised form of Ampere’s circuital law,
modified by Maxwell states that
# Bv $ dL
v = m 0 NI = m 0 (nL) I ...(2)
# Bv $ dlv = m 0 (IC + ID)
From equations (1) and (2), we have df E
BL = m 0 nLI = m 0 b1 + e 0 dt l

or B = m 0 nI While dealing with the charging of a parallel plate

capacitor with varying current. It was found that
But n = N/I , therefore, we have
Ampere’s circuital law is not logically consistent,
B = m 0 NI because # Bv $ dlv has not the same value on the two
L
sides of a plate of charged capacitor. The inconsistency
This gives the value of magnetic field inside a solenoid.
of Ampere’s circuital law was removed by Maxwell
by predicting the presence of displacement current in
83. Two identical coils, each of radius R and number the region between the plates of capacitor, when the
of turns N are lying in perpendicular planes such charge on the capacitor is changing with time. So,
that their centres coincide. Find the magnitude and displacement current is the missing term (which is
direction of the resultant magnetic field at the centre related with the changing electric field which passes
of the coils, if they are carrying currents I and 3 I through the surface between the plates of capacitor).
respectively. In this way, Maxwell pointed out that for consistency
Ans : Comp 2008 of Ampere’s circuital law, there must be displacement
current ID along with the conduction current in the
closed loop as (IC + ID) has the property of continuity.
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 195

Hence, force between two parallel current carrying A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by
conductors on a segment L of conductor B due to A connecting a small resistance (called shunt) in parallel
is given by with it.
m I I Resistance of voltmeter, RV = G + R
F = 0 A B
2pd

87. A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a

voltmeter to measure upto V volts by connecting a
resistance R1 in series with the coil. If a resistance R2
is connected in series with it, then it can measure upto
V/2 volts. Find the resistance, in terms of R1 and R2 ,
required to be connected to convert it into a voltmeter
that can read upto 2 V. Also find the resistance G of
the galvanometer in terms of R1 and R2 .
Ans : Delhi 2015

Let Ig be the current through galvanometer at full

deflection to measure V volts,
V = Ig (G + R1) ...(1)
Resistance of Ammeter, RA = Grs
According to question G + rs
V = I (G + R ) ...(2)
g 2
2
2 V = Ig (G + R3) ...(3)
To measure for conversion of range dividing equation
(1) by equation (2),
2 = G + R1
G + R2
G = R1 - 2R2
Putting the value of G in equation (1), we have
Ig = V
R1 - 2R2 + R1
Ig = V
2R1 - 2R2
Substituting the value of G and Ig in equation (3),
we have 89. In a certain region of space, electric field Ev and
V magnetic field Bv are perpendicular to each other.
2V = (R - 2R2 + R3)
2R1 - 2R2 1 An electron enters in the region perpendicular to the
4R1 - 4R2 = R1 - 2R2 + R3 directions of both Bv and Ev and moves undeflected.
Find the velocity of the electron.
R3 = 3R1 - 2R2
Ans : SQP 2010

Net force on electron moving in the combined electric

88. How is a galvanometer converted into a voltmeter and
field Ev and magnetic field Bv is
an ammeter ? Draw the relevant diagrams and find
the resistance of the arrangement in each case. Take Fv = - e [Ev + vv # Bv ]
resistance of galvanometer as G . Since electron moves undeflected then Fv = 0
or
Ev + vv # Bv = 0
Briefly explain why and how a galvanometer is
converted into an ammeter. Ev = vv # Bv
Ans : SQP 2023, OD 2016 Ev
vv = v
A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by B
connecting a high resistance R in series with it.
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 197

# Bv $ dlv = m 0 # Total current through the loop abcd

Now,
b c d a
# Bv $ dlv = # Bv $ dlv + # Bv $ dlv + # Bv $ dlv + # Bv $ dlv
a b c d
c c
Considering a small element dl on current loop. The
But, # Bv $ dlv = # Bdl cos 90c = 0 magnetic field dB due to small current element Idl at
b b
a a centre C .
# Bv $ dlv = # Bdl cos 90c = 0 Using Biot-Savart’s law, we have
d d
m
d dB = 0 $ Idl sin 90c
4p r2
# Bv $ dlv =0
c [since Idl = r , hence q = 90c]
As, B = 0 for points outside the solenoid. m 0 Idl
dB = $
b 4p r2
Hence, # Bv $ dlv = # Bv $ dlv Net magnetic field at C due to semi-circular loop,
a
b b m 0 Idl
B = #
= # Bdl cos 0c = B # dl = Bl semi - circle 4p r
2

a a
m0 I
where, l is length of the side ab of the rectangular =
4p r2 #semi - circledl
loop abcd .
m0 I
Let, number of turns per unit length of the solenoid = $ L
4p r2
= n . Then number of turns in length l of the solenoid
= nl . But, r =L
p
Hence, total current threading the loop abcd = nlI .
m
Hence, Bl = m 0 nlI B = 0 $ IL 2
4p (L/p)
or B = m 0 nI m
= 0 # IL2 # p2
It can be easily shown that the magnetic field at 4p L
the end of the solenoid is just one half of that at its m 0 Ip
=
middle. Thus, 4L
This is the required expression.
B end = 1 m 0 nI
2
93. How will you convert a galvanometer into an ammeter
92. A straight wire of length L is bent into a semi-circular of range 0 - I amperes? What is the effective
loop. Use Biot-Savart’s law to deduce an expression resistance of an ammeter?
for the magnetic field at its centre due to the current Ans : Foreign 2015, SQP 2010
I passing through it. An ordinary galvanometer cannot as such be used
Ans : Foreign 2011 as an ammeter to measure current in a circuit. This
When a straight was is bent into semi-circular loop, is because of two reasons: (1) Galvanometer is a
then there are two parts which can produce the very sensitive device, it gives a full-scale deflection
magnetic field at the centre one is circular part and with a small current of a few mA . (2) For measuring
other is straight part due to which field is zero. currents, the galvanometer has to be connected
Length L is bent into semi-circular loop. in series, and as it has a large resistance, this will
decrease the value of current in the circuit. To
Length of wire = Circumference of semi-equal circular
overcome these difficulties, a small resistance, called
wire shunt resistance, is connected in parallel with the
L = pr galvanometer coil, so that most of the current passes
through the shunt.
r =L ...(1)
p
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 199

95. (i) A point charge q moving with speed V enters a Direction of Lorentz magnetic force is negative
uniform magnetic field B that is acting into the along Y -axis.
plane of the paper as shown. What is the path Therefore, direction of Ev is positive along Y -axis.
followed by the charge q and in which plane does
96. Derive a mathematical expression for the force acting
it move ?
on a current carrying straight conductor kept in a
(ii) How does the path followed by the charge get magnetic field. State the rule used to determine the
affected it its velocity has a component parallel to
direction of this force. Under what conditions if this
Bv ? force (1) zero and (2) maximum?
(iii) If an electric field Ev is also applied such that Ans : OD 2019, SQP 2013
the particle continues moving along the original
straight line path, what should be the magnitude As shown in figure, consider a conductor PQ of
and direction of the electric field Ev ? length l , area of cross-section A, carrying current I
along + ve Y -direction. The field Bv acts along + ve
Z -direction. The electrons drift towards left with
velocity vvd . Each electron experiences a magnetic
Lorentz force along + ve X -axis, which is given by,
fv = - e (vvd # Bv)

Ans : SQP 2011

(i) The force experienced by the charge particle is
given by
Fv = q (vv # Bv)
When vv is perpendicular to Bv , the force on the
charge particle acts as the centripetal force and
makes it move along a circular path. Path followed
by charge is anticlockwise in X - Y plane. The
point charge moves in the plane perpendicular to Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field
both vv and Bv . In n is the number of free electrons per unit volume,
(ii) A component of velocity of charge particle is then total number of electrons in the conductor is,
parallel to the direction of the force of the electric
N = n # volume = nAl
field, the force experienced due to that component
will be zero. This is because F = qvB sin 0c = 0 . Total force on the conductor is,
Thus, particle will move in straight line. Fv = Nfv = nAl [- e (vvd # Bv)]
Also, the force experienced by the component
= enA [- lvvd # Bv ]
perpendicular to Bv moves the particle in a circular
path. The combined effect of both the components If I lv represents a current element vector in the
will move the particle in a helical path. direction of current, then vectors lv and vva will have
(iii) Magnetic force on the charge, q opposite directions and we can take,
FvB = q (vv # Bv) - l vvd = vd lv
= q [v (- it) # B (- kt)] Hence, Fv = enAvd (lv # Bv)
Hence, for moving charge, q in its original path Fv = I (lv # Bv) [since enAvd = I ]
FvE + FvB = 0 Magnitude of Force
FvB = qvB (- tj ) The magnitude of the force on the current carrying
conductor is given by
Hence, Ev = vB (- tj )
F = IlB sin q
Taking magnitude both side,
where q is the angle between the direction of the
Ev = q vB = vB magnetic field and the direction of flow of current.
q
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 201

v is directed along the length of the wire in the

(dl
direction of current and rv is the vector joining the
centre of current element to the point P )
(b) Field due to current in coil P is
m I
Bv2 = 0 1 $ k
2R
(Assuming current to be anticlockwise as seen
form + ve Z -axis)
and that due to current in coil Q is
m I Magnetic Lines of Force of a Straight Current
Bv2 = 0 2 tj Carrying Conductor
2R
(Assuming current to be anticlockwise as seen
Rules for Finding the Direction of Magnetic Field
form positive X -axis)
Due to Straight Current Carrying Conductor
Hence, net field, Bv = Bv1 + Bv2 Either of the following two rules can be used for this
m 0 I1 m 0 I2
Bv = b 2R l kt + b 2R l it purpose.
1. Right Hand Thumb Rule : If we hold the straight
Since, I1 = 2 A and I2 = 3A conductor in the grip of our right hand in such a way
that the extended thumb points in the direction of
m0 3 m0 t
= a 2R k kt + c mi current, then the direction of the curl of the fingers
2R will give the direction of the magnetic field.
2
m0 2 3 m0
Bv = a k +c m
2R 2R
m0 m
= (1 + 3) = 0 # 2
2R 2R
m
Hence, Bv = 0
R
The field is directed in XZ plane.
Let q be the angle of Bv with positive X -axis.
m0 3 m0
Then, tan q = c 2R m d n
2R
or tan q = 1
3
q = 30c
Thus, Bv is directed in XZ plane making an angle Right Hand Rule for Field Due to a Straight
of 30c with X -axis. Conductor
2. Maxwell’s Cork Screw Rule : If a right-handed
99. Sketch the magnetic lines of force of straight current screw be rotated along the wire so that it advances
carrying conductor. State the rules used to find the in the direction of current, then the direction in
direction of this magnetic field. which the thumb rotates gives the direction of the
Ans : OD 2021 magnetic field.
Magnetic Field Pattern of a Straight Current
Carrying Conductor
The magnetic lines of force of a straight current
carrying conductor are concentric circles with the
wire at the centre and in a plane perpendicular to
the wire. If the current flows upwards, the lines of
force have anticlockwise sense [Figure (a)] and if the
current flows downwards, then the lines of force have
clockwise sense [Figure (b)].
Cork Screw Rule for Field Due to a Straight
Conductor
Page 202 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

100. Discuss the motion of a charged particle in a uniform T = 2pr = 2p $ mv = 2pm

magnetic field with initial velocity (1) parallel to the v v qB qB
field, (2) perpendicular to the magnetic field and (3) The frequency of revolution is,
at an arbitrary angle with the field direction. qB
fc = 1 =
Ans : Comp 2021, OD 2013 T 2pm
When a charged particle having charge q and velocity This frequency is independent of v and r and is
vv enters a magnetic field Bv , it experiences a force, called cyclotron frequency.
3. When the Initial Velocity Makes an Arbitrary
Fv = q (vv # Bv)
Angle with the Field Direction : Consider a
The direction of this force is perpendicular to both vv charged particle q entering a uniform magnetic
and Bv . The magnitude of this force is, field Bv with velocity vv inclined at an angle q with
F = qvB sin q the direction of Bv .
Following three cases are possible:
1. When the Initial Velocity is Parallel to the
Magnetic Field : Here q = 0c, so F = qvB sin 0c
= 0 . Thus the parallel magnetic field does not
exert any force on the moving charged particle.
The charged particle will continue to move along
the line of force.
2. When the Initial Velocity is Perpendicular to the
Magnetic Field : Figure shows a magnetic field
Bv directed normally into the plane of paper, so
shown by small crosses. A charge + q is projected
with a speed v in the plane of the paper. The
velocity is perpendicular to the magnetic field. A The Perpendicular Component : v= = v sin q of
force F = qvB acts on the particle perpendicular the initial velocity makes the charge move along a
circular path of radius,
to both vv and Bv . This force continuously deflects
the particle sideways without changing its r = mv= = mv sin q
speed and the particle will move along a circle qB qB
perpendicular to the field. Thus the magnetic The period of revolution is,
force provides the centripetal force. Let r be the T = 2pr = 2p $ mv sin q
radius of the circular path. v= v sin q qB
= 2p m
qB
The Parallel Component : vz = v cos q of the
initial velocity makes it move along the direction
of the magnetic field. Hence the resultant path of
the charged particle will be a helix, with its axis
along the direction of Bv .

Centripetal force,
mv2 = Magnetic force, qvB
r
r = mv
qB
Period of revolution, Helical Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic
Field
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 203

The distance moved along the magnetic field in m 0 Idl sin 90c
dB = $
one rotation is called pitch of the helical path. 4p (r2 + a2)
m
Pitch = vz # T = v cos q # 2pm = 0 $ 2Idl 2
qB 4p (r + a )
= 2pmv cos q where, a = radius of circular loop
qB
and r =distance of point P from the centre
101. Explain Biot-Savart law. With its help derive an C along the axis.
expression for the magnetic field at any point on the
According to right hand screw rule, the direction of dB
axis of a current carrying circular loop.
is perpendicular to LP and along PQ , where PQ = LP
Ans : OD 2017
. Similarly, the same magnitude of magnetic field is
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnitude of obtained due to current element Idl at the bottom and
magnetic field induction (dB) at a point P due to a direction is along PQl, where PQl = MP .
current element depends on the following factors: Now, resolving dB due to current element at L and
1. dB \ I (i.e., magnetic field is directly proportional M . So, dB cos f components balance each other and
to the current flowing through the conductor). net magnetic field is given by,
2. dB \ dl (i.e. magnetic field is directly proportional
to the length of the element.) B = # dB sin f
3. dB \ sin q (i.e., magnetic field is directly m 0 Idl a
= # 4p c r2 + a2 m
$
proportional to the sine of angle between the r2 + a2
length of element and line joining the element to a
point, P ). :Since, In TPCL, sin f = r2 + a2 D
Combining all the above relation dB ? Idlrsin q .
2
m0 Ia
4p (r2 + a2) 3/2 #
This relation is called Biot-Savart’s law. = dl
Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current
m0 Ia
Carrying Loop # dl =
4p (r2 + a2) 3/2
(2pa)
Let us consider a circular loop of radius a with centre
C . Let the plane of the coil be perpendicular to the m 0 Ia2
or B =
plane of the paper and current I be flowing in the 2 (r2 + a2) 3/2
direction shown. Suppose P is any point on the axis For N turns, the net magnetic field is given by,
of a coil at a distance r from the centre C . m 0 NIa2
B =
2 (r2 + a2) 3/2
102. Using Biot-Savart’s law, derive the expression for the
magnetic field in the vector form at a point on the
axis of a circular current carrying loop.
Ans : Comp 2013

Magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop.

Now, consider a current element Idl on top L , where

current comes out of paper normally, whereas at bottom
M , current enters into the plane paper normally.
Since, LP = dl
Also, MP = dl
Hence, LP = MP = r2 + a2
I " Current in the loop,
The magnetic field at a point P due to the current
element Idl, according to Biot-Savart’s law is given by, R " Radius of the loop,
Page 204 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

X -axis " Axis of the loop, Construction

x " Distance OP The moving coil galvanometer consists of a coil with
many turns free to rotate about a fixed axis, in a
dl " Conducting element of the loop uniform radial magnetic field. There is a cylindrical
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic field at soft iron core which not only makes the field radial
P is but also increases the strength of the magnetic field.
m 0 I dl # r When a current flows through the coil, a torque acts
dB = on it.
4pr3
r2 = x2 + R2 Working
Suppose the coil PQRS is suspended freely in the
dl # r = r dl magnetic field. Let l be length PQ or RS of the coil,
[since, they are perpendicular] b be breadth QR or SP of the coil, N be number
of turns in the coil and area of each turn of the coil,
m0
dB = $ Idl A = l # b . Let B be strength of the magnetic field
4p (x2 + R2)
in which coil is suspended and I is current passing
dB has two components - dBx and dB1 , dB1 is through the coil in the direction PQRS .
cancelled out and only the x -component remains. Let at any instant, a be the angle, which
dBx = dB cos q normal drawn on the plane of the coil makes with
R the direction of magnetic field. The rectangular coil
cos q = carrying current when placed in the magnetic field
(x2 + R2) 1/2
experiences a torque whose magnitude is given by
m 0 Idl
Hence, dBx = $ 2 R 2 3/2 t = NIBA sin a . Due to deflecting torque, the coil
4p (x - R ) rotates and suspension wire gets twisted. A restoring
Summation of dl over the loop is given by 2pR . torque is set up in the suspension wire.
m 0 IR2 Let q be the twist produced in the phosphor
B = Bx it = it
2 (x2 + R2) 3/2 bronze strip due to rotation of the coil and k be the
103. 1. Explain principle and working of a moving coil restoring torque per unit twist of the phosphor bronze
galvanometer. Derive an expression for current stripe. The,
sensitivity. Total restoring torque produced = kq
2. Compare between moving coil galvanometer and In equilibrium position of the coil,
moving magnet galvanometer. Deflecting torque = Restoring torque
Ans : SQP 2006, OD 2017
NIBA = kq
1. Moving Coil Galvanometer
Principle I = k q = Gq
NBA
Its working is based on the fact that when a current
where, k =G
carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences NBA
a torque.
It is known as galvanometer constant.
i.e. q \ I . It means that the deflection produced
is proportional to the current flowing through the
galvanometer.
Current sensitivity
Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is the
deflection per unit current flowing through it.
It is given by, IS = q = NAB
I k
Its unit is rad/A or div/A.
2. Compare between Moving Coil Galvanometer
and Moving Magnet Galvanometer
The difference between moving coil galvanometer and
moving magnet galvanometer
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 205

Moving Coil- Moving Magnet (i) For points inside the core of toroid : Consider a
Galvanometer Galvanometer circle of radius r in the region enclosed by turns
of toroid. Now we apply Ampere’s circuital law to
1. The deflection It is also known as this circular path, i.e.,
in moving coil tangent galvanometer.
galvanometer is The current flowing
proportional to through the tangent
the current flowing galvanometer is
through it. directly proportional
to the deflection in
the coil
2. Its sensitivity is high. Its sensitivity is low.

3. A moving coil Moving coil

galvanometer is based galvanometer er is
on the principle of based on the tangent
torque experienced law.
by a current carrying
coil placed in strong
magnetic field. # Bv $ dlv = m0I ...(1)

104. Using Ampere’s circuital law, derive an expression for # Bv $ dlv = # B dl cos 0
the magnetic field along the axis of a toroidal solenoid. = B $ 2pr
or Length of toroid = 2pr
(i) State Ampere’s circuital law. Use this law to
N = Number of turns in toroid = n (2pr)
obtain the expression for the magnetic field inside
an air cored toroid of average radius r , having and current in one-turn = I
n turns per unit length and carrying a steady Current enclosed by circular path = (n 2pr) $ I
current I . Equation (1) gives
(ii) An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns
B 2pr = m 0 (n 2prI )
each of cross-section area A observes that a steady
current I in it flows in the clockwise direction. B = m 0 nI
Depict the magnetic field lines due to the solenoid (ii) For points in the open space inside the toroid :
specifying its polarity and show that it acts as a No current flows through the Amperian loop, so
bar magnet of magnetic moment m = NIA. I=0
# Bv $ dlv = m 0 I = 0
B inside =0
(iii) For points in the open space exterior to the toroid
: The net current entering the plane of the toroid
is exactly cancelled by the net current leaving the
Ans : SQP 2013, OD 2015
plane of the toroid.
Magnetic field due to a toroidal solenoid : A long
solenoid shaped in the form of closed ring is called a # Bv $ dlv = 0
toroidal solenoid (or endless solenoid). B =0
exterior
Let n be the number of turns per unit length
For observer, current is flowing in clockwise
of toroid and I the current flowing through it. The
direction hence we will see magnetic field lines
current causes the magnetic field inside the turns of
going towards south pole.
the solenoid. The magnetic field inside the turns of the
solenoid. The magnetic lines of force inside the toroid
are in the form of concentric circles. By symmetry the
magnetic field has the same magnitude at each point
of circle and is along the tangent at every point on
the circle.
Page 206 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

The solenoid can be regarded as a combination of The direction of magnetic field due to loop (1) will
circular loops placed side by side, each behaving be away from O and that of the magnetic field due to
like a magnet of magnetic moment IA, where I is loop (2) will be towards O as shown.
the current and A area of the loop. The direction of the net magnetic field will be as
These magnets neutralise each other except at the shown below
ends where south and north poles appear.
Magnetic moment of bar magnet = NIA

105. Two very small identical circular loop (1) and

(2) carrying equal current I are placed vertically
(with respect to the plane of the paper) with their The magnitude of the net magnetic field is given by
geometrical axis perpendicular to each other as shown B net = B 12 + B 22
in the figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the m 0 2 2p Ia2
net magnetic field produced at the point O . B net =
4p (a2 + x2) 3/2
106. Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer
and explain its working. What is the function of radial
magnetic field inside the coil ?
Ans : Delhi 2019, OD 2007

Moving Coil Galvanometer Principle : Its working is

based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a net torque.

Ans : Delhi 2014

The magnetic field at a point due to a circular loop

is given by
m 2
B = 0 $ 22pIa2 3/2
4p (a + r )
where, I = current through the loop
a = radius of the loop
r = distance of O from the centre of the
loop
Since, I, a and r = x are the same for both the loops,
the magnitude of B will be the same and is given by
m 2
B1 = B2 = 0 $ 22pIa2 3/2
4p (a + x )
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 207

Voltage sensitivity is the deflection per unit voltage.

f I
Hence, = NAB bV l
V k
= NAB 1 [since, V = IR ]
k R
The uniform radial magnetic field keeps the plane of
the coil always parallel to the direction of the magnetic
field, i.e., the angle between the plane of the coil and
the magnetic field is zero for all the orientations of
the coil.
107. (i) A straight thick long wire of uniform circular
cross-section of radius a is carrying a steady
current I . The current is uniformly distributed
across the cross-section. Use Ampere’s circuital
Working : Suppose, the coil PQRS is suspended freely
law at obtain a relation showing the variation of
in the magnetic field.
the magnetic field (Br ) inside and outside the wire
Let l = length PQ or RS of the coil with distancer, (r # a) and (r > a) of the field
b = breadth QR or SP of the coil point from the center of its cross-section. What
is the magnetic field at the surface of this wire ?
n = number of turns in the coil Plot a graph showing the nature of this variation.
Area of each turns of the coil, A = l # b (ii) Calculate the ratio of magnetic field at a point
Let B = strength of the magnetic field in which coil a/2 above the surface of the wire to that at a
is suspended. point a/2 below its surface. What is the maximum
I = current passing through the coil in the direction value of the field of this wire?
of PQRS . Ans : Foreign 2015, OD 2012

Let at any instant of time, a be the angle which (i) Magnetic field due to a straight thick wire of
normal drawn on the plane of the coil makes with uniform cross-section : Consider an infinitely long
the direction of magnetic field. The rectangular cylindrical wire of radius a , carrying current I .
current carrying coil when placed in the magnetic Suppose that the current is uniformly distributed
field experiences a torque whose magnitude is given over whole cross-section of the wire. The cross-
by t = NIBA sin a . section of wire is circular. Current per unit cross-
sectional area.
Due to this deflecting torque, the coil rotates and
suspended wire gets twisted. A restoring torque is set i = I2 ...(1)
up in the suspension wire. pa
Let q be the twist produced in the phosphor bronze
strip due to rotation of the coil and k be the restoring
torque per unit twist of the phosphor bronze strip.
Then, total restoring torque produced = kq
In equilibrium position of the coil,
Deflecting torque = Restoring torque
NIBA = kq

or I = k q = Gq
NBA
where, k =G
NBA
[constant for a galvanometer]
It is known as galvanometer constant.
Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is the
deflection per unit current.
f
= NAB
I k
Page 208 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

Magnetic field at external points (r > a) : We By Ampere’s circuital law,

consider a circular path of radius r (> a) passing
through external point P , concentric with circular
# Bv $ dlv = m 0 # current closed by path
2
cross-section of wire. By symmetry the strength B $ 2pr = m 0 # Ir2
of magnetic field at every point of circular path a
is same and the direction of magnetic field is m Ir
B = 0 2
tangential to path at every point. So line integral 2pa
of magnetic field Bv around the circular path Clearly, magnetic field strength inside the current
carrying wire is directly proportional to distance
# Bv $ dlv = # B $ dl cos 0c = B 2pr of the point from the axis of wire.
Current enclosed by path = Total current on At surface of cylinder r = a , so magnetic field at
circular cross-section of cylinder = I surface of wire
By Ampere’s circuital law m I
Bs = 0 (maximum value)
# Bv $ dlv = m # current enclosed by path 2pa
The variation of magnetic field strength (B) with
B 2pr = m 0 # I
distance (r) from the axis of wire for internal and
m0I external points is shown in figure.
B =
2pr
This expression is same as the magnetic field due
to a long current carrying straight wire.
This shows that for external points the current
flowing in wire may be supposed to be concerned
at the axis of cylinder.

m0I m0I m0I

(ii) B outside = = =
2pr a 3pa
Magnetic Field at Internal Points (r < a) : 2p aa + 2 k
Consider a circular path of radius r (< a), passing
through internal point Q , concentric with circular m 0 Ir m I (a/2) m 0 I
B inside = = 0 =
cross-section of the wire. In this case the assumed 2pa2 2pa2 4pa
circular path encloses only a path of current B outside = 4
carrying circular cross-section of the wire. B inside 3
Current enclosed by path = current per unit cross- Maximum value of magnetic field is at the surface
section # cross section of assumed circular path m I
given by B outside = 0 .
2p a
I
= i # pr 2 = b pa 2 l # pr 2
108. Write using Biot-Savart law, the expression for the
= Ir2
2 v carrying
[using (1)] magnetic field Bv due to an element dl
a current I at a derive the expression for the magnetic
field due to a current carrying loop of radius R at a
point P distance x from its centre along the axis to
the loop.
Ans : OD 2018

According to Biot-Savart’s law, conductor is placed in

air or vacuum,
Chap 4 Moving Charge and Magnetism Page 209

m 0 I dl a
= # 4p c r2 + a2 m
$
r2 + a2
a
:since, In TPCL, sin f = D
r2 + a2
m0 Ia
4p (r2 + a2) 3/2 #
= $ dl

m 0 Idl sin q m
then, dB = = 0 $ 2 Ia 2 3/2 (2pa)
4p r 2 4p (r + a )
In vector form, Biot-Savart’s law can be written as, m 0 Ia2
or B =
r = m 0 Idl # r 2 (r2 + a2) 3/2
dB ? Idl #
r3 4p r3 m 0 NIa2
For N turns, B =
Let us consider a circular loop of radius a with centre 2 (r2 + a2) 3/2
C . Let, the plane of the coil be perpendicular to the The direction is along the axis and away from the
plane of the paper and current I be flowing in the loop.
direction shown in the figure. Suppose P is any point
109. (i) State Ampere’s circuital law expressing it in the
on the axis at a direction r from the centre.
integral form.
(ii) Two long co-axial insulated solenoids S1 and S2
of equal length are wound one over the other as
shown in the figure. A steady current I flows
through the inner solenoid S1 to the other end
B which is connected to the outer solenoid S2
through which the same current I flows in the
opposite direction so, as to come out at end A
. If n1 and n2 are the number of turns per unit
length, find the magnitude and direction of the
net magnetic field at a point
(a) inside on the axis and
Now, consider a current element I dl on top L , where (b) outside the combined system.
current comes out of paper normally whereas at
bottom (M ) enters into the plane paper normally.
Hence, LP = dl
Also, MP = dl
Hence, MP = LP = r2 + a2
The magnetic field at P due to current element I dl .
According to Biot-Savart’s law,
m
dB = 0 $ Idl 2sin 90c
4p (r + a2)
where, a = radius of circular loop
r = Distance of point P from centre along the axis.
The direction of dB is perpendicular to LP and along
PQ, where PQ = LP . Similarly, the same magnitude
of magnetic field is obtained due to current element Ans : Delhi 2012
I dl at bottom and direction is along PQl, where (i) Ampere’s circuital law states that the line integral
PQl = MP . of magnetic field (B) around any closed path in
Now, resolving dB due to current element at L and vacuum is m 0 times the net current (I ) threading
M dB cos f components balance each other and net the area enclosed by the curve.
magnetic field is given by
Mathematically, # Bv $ dlv = m 0 I
B = # dB sin f
Page 210 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

Ampere’s law is applicable only for an Amperian XY carrying current from X to Y , lying in the plane
loop as the Gauss’s law is used for Gaussian in the plane of paper.
surface in electrostatics. Let, the closed path be made of large number of small
(ii) According to Ampere’s circuital law, the net elements, where
magnetic field is given by B = m 0 nit.
AB = dl1 , BC = dl2 , CD = dl3
(a) The net magnetic field is given by
Let d q 1, d q 2, d q 3 be the angles subtended by the
B net = B2 - B1 various elements at point O through which conductor
= m 0 n2 I2 - m 0 n1 I1 is passing. Then,
[since, I2 = I1 = I ] d q 1 + d q 2 + d q 3 + ... = 2p
Suppose these small elements AB, BC, CD, ... are
= m 0 I (n2 - n1)
small circular arcs of radii r1, r2, r3, ... respectively.
The direction is form B to A.
(b) As the magnetic field due to S1 is confined Then, d q 1 = dl1
r1
solely inside S1 as the solenoids are assumed dl
to be very long. So, there is no magnetic field d q 2 = dl2 , d q 3 = 33
r2 r
outside S1 due to current in S1, similarly there If Bv1, Bv2, Bv3 are the magnetic field induction at a point
is no field outside S2 . $ $ $
along the small elements dl1, dl2, dl3, ... then from Biot-
Hence, B net = 0 Savart’s law we know that for the conductor of infinite
110. Explain how Biot-Savart law enables one to express length, magnetic field is given by
m
the Ampere’s circuital law in the integral form, viz. B1 = 0 2I
4p r1
# B $ dl = m0I
m
where, I is the total current passing through the surface. B2 = 0 2I
4p r2
Ans : m
When current in the coil is in the anti-clockwise B3 = 0 2I ...
4p r3
direction. In case of each elements, the magnetic field induction
$
Bv and current element vector dl are in the same
direction. Line integral of B around closed path is
$ $ $ $
# Bv $ dl = Bv1 $ dl1 + Bv2 $ dl2 + Bv3 $ dl3 + ...
= B1 (dl1) + B2 (dl2) + B3 (dl3) + ...
m 0 2I m m
= dl + 0 2I dl + 0 2I dl + ...
4p r1 1 4p r2 2 4p r3 3
m 2I dl1 dl2 dl3
= 0 : r + r + r + ...D
4p 1 2 3

m 0 2I
= [dq 1 + dq 2 + dq 3 + ...]
4p
m
= 0 2I # 2p = m 0 I
4p
# B $ dl = m0I
Which is an expression of Ampere’s circuital law.

NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
111. An electron of energy 2000 eV describes a circular
path in magnetic field of flux density 0.2 T. What
is the radius of path? Take, e = 1.6 # 10-19 C ,
Consider any arbitrary closed path perpendicular to m = 9 # 10-31 kg .
the plane of paper around a long straight conductor
Page 212 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

114. An Infinitely long straight current carrying wire, Hence, T = 2pm

produces a magnetic field B , at a point distant a from eB
-31
it. What must be the radius of a circular loop, so that,
= 2 # 3.14 # 9-.191 # 10
for the same current through, it, the magnetic field at: 1.6 # 10 # 4
1. Its centre is equal to B/2? = 8.9 # 10-12 sec
2. An axial point, distance equal to the radius of the
116. A toroid has a core of inner radius 20 cm and outer
loop is equal to B ?
radius 22 cm around which 4200 turns of a wire are
Ans : Comp 2018
wound. If current in the wire is 10 A , find the then
-7
m I
B = 10 # 2I = 0 magnetic field inside the core of toroid.
a 2pa Ans : OD 2009

1. Bc = B Inner radius, r 1 = 20 cm = 0.2 m

2
-7 Outer radius, r 2 = 22 cm = 0.22 m
= 10 # 2I
a#2 No. of turns, N = 4200
-7
= 10 # 2pl
R Current in toroid, r = r1 + r2
2
R = 2pa
= 0.2 + 0.22 = 0.21 m
m 0 IR2 2
2. Baxis = Therefore, total length of toroid,
2 (x2 + R2) 3/2
m I L = circumference of toroid
B = 0
2pa
= 2pr = 2p # 0.21 = 0.42p
As, x =R
and number of turns per unit length of toroid,
R2 = 1
Hence,
(R + R2) 3/2
2 pa n = N = 4200 = 10000
L 0.42p p
R3 Magnetic field inside the core of toroid,
= 1
2 R2 # 3/2
3/2 pa
B = m 0 nI
2
R = 1
pa = (4p # 10-7) # 10000 # 10
8R3 p
1 = R = 0.04 T
8 pa
(where m 0 = Absolute permeability of free space equal
R = pa to 4p # 10-7 Wb A-1 m-1 )
8
117. The wire shown in the figure carries a current of 10 A.
115. An electron having velocity vv = 2it + 3tj is projected Determine the magnitude of magnetic field induction
"
into a uniform magnetic field B = 4kt. Calculate the at the centre O . (Given the radius of the bent coil is
time period (T ) of motion of the electron. 3 cm.)
Ans : OD 2020, Comp 2002

Velocity, vv = 2it + 3tj

Magnetic field, Bv = 4kt

Time period, T = 2pr ...(1)

v
Since, v = eBr ...(2)
me
After substituting the value of Eq. (2) in Eq. (1), we
get
Now, T = 2pme
eB Ans : Delhi 2019

Here, mass of electron, Given, I = 10 A

me = 9.1 # 10-31 kg r = 3 cm
Page 214 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

121. Two wires A and B have the same length equal to 44 m 0 nI

2. B =
cm and carry a current of 10 A each. Wire A is bent 2
into a circle and wire B is bent into a square. -7
= 4p # 10 # 200 # 2.5
1. Obtain the magnitudes of the fields at the centres 2
of the two wires. = 3.14 # 10-4 T
2. Which wire produces a greater magnetic field at
123. A solenoid of length 1.0 m and 3.0 cm diameter has
its centre?
5 layers of windings of 850 turns each and carries a
Ans : Delhi 2016
current of 5 A. What is the magnetic field at the
Current I = 10 A centre of solenoid? Also, calculate the magnetic flux
Length of each wire = 44 cm from a cross-section of the magnetic flux solenoid at
1. Let r be the radius of wire A when it is bent into the centre of solenoid.
a circle. Ans : SQP 2013

2pr = 44 Number of turns, N = 850 # 5

l = 1m
r = 7 m
100
I = 5A
Magnetic field at the center of the circular coil
carrying current is given by, Area of cross-section,
A = pr2 = 22 b 3 # 10-2 l m2
2
m
B = 0 $ 2pI 7 2
4p r
Magnetic field at the center of solenoid,
= 10-7 # 2 # 22 # 10 # 100
7 7 B = m 0 NI/l
-5
= 9 # 10 T = 4p # 10-7 # (850 # 5) # 5/1
When another wire is bent into a square of each
= 2.671 # 10-2 T
side L , then
4L = 44 Hence, Magnetic flux = BA

= 2.671 # 10-2 # 22 # b 3 # 10-2 l

2
L = 11 cm = 0.11 m 7 2
Since, magnetic field induction at a point,
= 1.89 # 10-5 Wb
at perpendicular distance a from the linear
conductor carrying current is given by, 124. A magnetic field of 100 (1 G = 10-4 T ) is required
m I which is uniform in a region of linear dimension about
B = 0 (sin q 1 + sin q 2)
4p a 10 cm and area of cross-section about 10-3 m2 . The
m I maximum current carrying capacity of a given coil of
B = 4 # 0 (sin 45c + sin 45c)
4pa wire is 15 A and the number of turns per unit length
10 1 + 1 that can be wound round a core is at most 1000 turns
(11/100) c 2 2m
= 4 # 10-7 #
m-1 . Suggest some appropriate design particulars of a
= 10.3 # 10-5 T solenoid for the required purpose. Assume the core is
not ferromagnetic.
2. The magnetic field due to a square will be more
than that due to a circle of same perimeter. Ans : Foreign 2010

Magnetic field, B = 100

122. A solenoid of length 50 cm having 100 turns carries
a current of 2.5 A. Find the magnetic field (1) in the G = 100 # 10-4 T
interior of the solenoid, (2) at one end of the solenoid. To design the solenoid, let us find the product of
Ans : OD 2018, Comp 2006 current and number of turns in the solenoid.
Here, I = 2.5 A The magnitude of magnetic field,
B = m 0 nI
n = 100 = 200
0.50 -2

1. B = m 0 nI or nI = 10 # 3.14 # 10-7
4
= 4p # 10-7 # 200 # 2.5 nI = 7961 . 8000
B = 6.28 # 10 T -4 Here, the product of nI is 8000.
Page 216 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

be read by the cash dispenser machine. If you will (i) How does a ammeter work?
mishandle such magnetic strip of it, then its stored (ii) How did he convert such galvanometer into
data may become corrupted. ammeter of desired range ? Explain showing by
(i) How do magnetic strips work? calculations.
(ii) A long wire carries a steady current. It is first Ans :
bent into a circular loop and magnetic field at (i) It is not mechanical, or digital. It uses an analog
its centre is found to be B0 . Then the same wire to digital converter (ADC) to measure the voltage
is bent into a circular coil of n turns. Find the across the shunt resistor. The ADC is read by a
magnetic field at the centre point now. microcomputer that performs the calculations to
display the current through the resistor.
(ii) Given, RG = 15 W
Ig = 4 mA = 4 # 10-3 A
I = 6A
For converting galvanometer into ammeter of
given range, We join a small shunt resistance rs in
parallel to the galvanometer.
Ig # RG = (I - Ig) rg

Ans :
(i) This standard tape strip contains three magnetic
tracks that are used to store the card’s code data.
The card is usually presented to the reader by
swiping or inserting it into the reader, which
obtains the card’s code using a magnetic head Ig
that detects the magnetic field generated by its rs = R
I - Ig # G
strip.
= 4 # 10-3
(ii) Let radius of circular loop be R , so the magnetic # 15
6 - (4 # 10-3)
field at the centre,
. 10-2 W = 10 mW
m I
B0 = 0 ...(1) Consider the experimental set up shown in the figure.
2R 129.
This jumping ring experiment is an outstanding
In the second case, radius of the coil be r having
demonstration of some simple laws of Physics. A
n turns, then
conducting non-magnetic ring is placed over the
2pr $ n = 2pR vertical core of a solenoid. When current is passed
r =R through the solenoid, the ring is thrown off.
n
Then, magnetic field at the centre of the coil,
nm 0 I nm 0 I n2 m 0 I
B = = =
2r 2R/n 2R
= n2 B0 [From equation (1)]
2
Thus, B = n B0
128. Deepak needed an ammeter of range 0 to 6 A for
his project work. He went to physics laboratory and
market for it. But it was not available to him. But a
galvanometer of resistance of 15 W and its range of
0 to 4 mA was available in the laboratory, then he
decided to convert such galvanometer into ammeter
of given range.
Page 218 Moving Charge and Magnetism Chap 4

(i) How is a moving coil galvanometer converted into radial magnetic field. The radial field will always
an ammeter of desired range? be perpendicular to the conductor rotating about
(ii) A moving coil galvanometer of resistance G the axis.
gives a full-scale deflection for a current Ig. It is 133. If velocity has a component along B, this component
converted into an ammeter of range 0- I ampere. remains unchanged as the motion along the magnetic
What should be the value of shunt resistance to field will not be affected by the magnetic field. The
convert it into an ammeter of desired range? motion in a plane perpendicular to magnetic field is a
(iii) Which one will have the greatest resistance – a circular one, thereby producing a helical motion.
micro-ammeter, a milli-ammeter, an ammeter?
(iv) What is the resistance of ammeter?
Ans :
(i) Connecting a shunt resistance in parallel.
IG
(ii). S = -
I Ig
(iii) Micro-ammeter
1 1 1
(iv) R = G + S
A

132. The galvanometer is a device used to detect the

current flowing in a circuit or a small potential
difference applied to it consists of a coil with many
turns, free to rotate about a fixed axis, in a uniform
radial magnetic field formed by using concave pole (i) What is the expression of radius of charged
pieces of a magnet. When a current flow through the particle in the uniform magnetic field ?
coil, a torque acts on it. (ii) An electron, proton, He+ and Li++ are projected
with the same velocity perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field. Which one will experience
maximum magnetic force?
(iii) What is the work done by the magnetic field on
the charge particle moving perpendicular to a
uniform magnetic field?
(iv) How much distance moved by a charged particle
along the magnetic field in one rotation, when
velocity has a component parallel to magnetic
field?
Ans :

(i) What is the principle of moving coil galvanometer? (i) R = mv

qB
(ii) If the field is radial, what is the angle between (ii) Li++
magnetic moment of galvanometer coil and the (iii) Zero
magnetic field?
(iv) 2pmvcosq
(iii) Why pole pieces are made concave in the moving qB
coil galvanometer?
Ans :
(i) A current-carrying coil when placed in an external
magnetic field experiences magnetic torque. The ***********
angle through which the coil is deflected due to
the effect of the magnetic torque is proportional
to the magnitude of current in the coil.
(ii) 30°
(iii) The pole pieces of the galvanometer are made
concave so that the current-carrying coil and the
magnetic field are always perpendicular to each
other. Concave magnetic pole always produces a