Chapter 1

I. Answer in brief
1. Definition of robotics
Ans: "A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material,
parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for
the performance of a variety of tasks" .

2. What are application of robots?

Ans: Robots are increasingly been used more than humans in manufacturing
while in auto-industry there are more than half of the labors are “Robots”.
1. Many of the robots are used as Military Robots.
2. Robots have been used in cleaning up of areas like toxic waste or
industrial wastes etc.
3. Agricultural robots.
4. Household robots.
5. Domestic robots.
6. Nano robots.
7. Swarm robots.

3. What are the laws of robotics?

Ans: Three laws state that:
1. Robots will never harm human beings.
2. Robots will follow instructions given by humans with breaking law one.
3. Robots will protect themselves without breaking other rules.

4. What is characteristics of robots ?

Ans: a. Appearance: Robots have a physical body. They are held by the
structure of their body and are moved by their mechanical parts.
without appearance, robots will be just a software program.
b. Brain: Another name of brain in robots is On-board control unit. Using this
robot receive information and sends commands as output. With this
control unit robot knows what to do else it’ll be just a remote-controlled
machine.
 C. Sensors: The use of these sensors in robots is to gather info from the
outside world and send it to Brain. Basically, these sensors have circuits in
them that produces the voltage in them.
d. Actuators: The robots move and the parts with the help of these robots
move is called Actuators. Some examples of actuators are motors, pumps,
and compressor etc. The brain tells these actuators when and how to
respond or move.
e. Program: Robots only works or responds to the instructions which are
provided to them in the form of a program. These programs only tell the
brain when to perform which operation like when to move, produce
sounds etc. These programs only tell the robot how to use sensors data to
make decisions.
f. Behaviour: Robots behavior is decided by the program which has been
built for it. Once the robot starts making the movement, one can easily
tell which kind of program is being installed inside the robot.

5. Explain behavior of robots.

Ans: Robots behavior is decided by the program which has been built for it.
Once the robot starts making the movement, one can easily tell which
kind of program is being installed inside the robot.

6. What is program in robotics?

Ans: Robots only works or responds to the instructions which are provided to
them in the form of a program. These programs only tell the brain when
to perform which operation like when to move, produce sounds etc. These
programs only tell the robot how to use sensors data to make decisions.

7. What is definition of sensors and name five sensors?

Ans: A sensor is defined as a device that responds to a physical stimulus (such as
heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion) and
transmits a resulting impulse (as for measurement or operating a control).
8. Write three advantages of robotics.
Ans:
1. Increased Efficiency: Robots can work 24/7 without getting tired,
leading to increased productivity and efficiency.
2. Improved Accuracy: Robots are capable of performing tasks with high
precision and accuracy, reducing errors and improving quality.
3. Increased Safety: Robots can perform tasks that are dangerous for
humans, improving overall safety in the workplace.
4. Reduced Labor Costs: The use of robots can lead to reduced labor costs,
as robots can perform tasks more cheaply than human workers.Robots
are used in different factories to produce items like plane, car parts etc.
5. Maximum robots are automatic, so they can perform different tasks
without needing human interaction.
6. They can be used for mining purposes and can be sent to earth’s
madrid.

9. Write five disadvantages of robotics

Ans:
1. Initial Cost: Implementing and maintaining a robotics system can be
expensive, especially for small and medium-sized businesses.
2. Job Losses: The increased use of robots may result in job losses for
human workers, particularly in industries where manual labor is
prevalent.
3. Limited Capabilities: Robots are still limited in their capabilities
compared to human workers and may not be able to perform tasks
requiring dexterity or creativity.
4. Maintenance Costs: Robots require regular maintenance and repair,
which can be time-consuming and expensive.
5. They need the power supply to keep going. People working in factories
may lose their jobs as robots can replace them.
6. They need high maintenance to keep them working all day long. And
the cost of maintaining the robots can be expensive.
7. They can store huge amount of data but they are not as efficient as our
human brains.
8. As we know that robots work on the program that has been installed in
them. So other than the program installed, robots can’t do anything
different.
9. The most important disadvantage is that if the program of robots
comes in wrong hands they can cause the huge amount of destruction.
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Arduino uno microcontroller is called as brain of robot
2. Sensors collects data and send to the brain
3. Issac Asimov gain term of robotics
4. Robots only works or responds to the instructions
5. Robots have a physical body and moved by their mechanical parts.
6. sensors in robots is to gather information from the outside world
7. They can perform tasks without any mistakes
8. Robots can be used in cleaning up of toxic waste.

III. True or false

1. Robot can work without brain - false
2. Robot can perform multi task- true
3. Arduino process data from sensors - true
4. Actuators receives data from sensors - false
5. Robots are capable of performing tasks with high precision and
accuracy - true
6. Robots increase cost and work without precisely - false
7. Robots have unlimited capabilities - false
8. increased use of robots may result in job losses for human workers -
true

CHAPTER 2
I. Fill in the blanks
1. parametric sensor is also known as active sensor
2. Passive Sensor generates its own electric signals
3. Absolute Sensor react to stimulus on an absolute scale
4. A sensor is defined as a device that responds to a physical stimulus
5. An accelerometer is a tool that measures proper acceleration.
6. The soil moisture sensor is a kind of sensor used to measure the content
of water within the soil
 7. 14 are IO pins of Arduino uno
8. 8-bit given by PWM
9. RST pin used for reset microcontroller.
10. Flash Memory is 32 KB
11. SRAM is 2 KB

II. Answer the followings

1. What are types of sensors?
Ans: There are two types of sensors 1.Direct Sensor 2. Indirect sensor

2. Explain IR sensor
Ans: The IR sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects
infrared radiation in its surrounding environment. Or in simple
words, it is a light-emitting diode that can detect the change in color,
heat, and (infrared)IR radiation

3. Explain the use of temperature and humidity sensor

Ans: Temperature Sensors measure the amount of heat energy or even
coldness that is generated by an object or system, allowing us to “sense”
or detect any physical change to that temperature producing either an
analog or digital output

4. What are uses of accelerometer?

Ans: An accelerometer is a tool that measures proper acceleration. Proper
acceleration is the acceleration (the rate of change of velocity) of a body
in its own instantaneous rest frame; this is different from coordinate
acceleration, which is acceleration in a fixed coordinate system

5. What is use of soil moisture sensor?

Ans: The soil moisture sensor is a kind of sensor used to measure the
volumetric content of water within the soil.

6. What is ATmega328?
Ans: The Arduino Uno is one kind of microcontroller board based on
ATmega328, and Uno is an Italian term which means one. Arduino Uno is
named for marking the upcoming release of microcontroller board
namely Arduino Uno Board 1.0. This board includes digital I/O pins-14, a
power jack, analog i/ps-6, ceramic resonator-A16 MHz, a USB
connection, an RST button, and an ICSP header. All these can support the
 microcontroller for further operation by connecting this board to the
computer. The power supply of this board can be done with the help of
an AC to DC adapter, a USB cable, otherwise a battery.

7. What is arduino UNO?

Ans: The ATmega328 is one kind of single-chip microcontroller formed
with Atmel within the megaAVR family. The architecture of this Arduino
Uno is a customized Harvard architecture with 8 bit RISC
processor core. Other boards of Arduino Uno include Arduino Pro Mini,
Arduino Nano, Arduino Due, Arduino Mega, and Arduino Leonardo.

8. Write 7 features of ATmega328

Ans: The features of Arduino Uno ATmega328 includes the following.

1. The operating voltage is 5V

2. The recommended input voltage will range from 7v to 12V
3. The input voltage ranges from 6v to 20V
4. Digital input/output pins are 14
5. Analog i/p pins are 6
6. DC Current for each input/output pin is 40 mA
7. DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA
8. Flash Memory is 32 KB
9. SRAM is 2 KB
10. EEPROM is 1 KB
11. CLK Speed is 16 MHz

9. Write name of various version of Arduino?

Ans: Arduino UNO, Arduino mega, Arduino lilypad, Arduino nano, Arduino
leonardo, Arduino mini pro, Arduino BT

10. What are use of RST pin of Arduino UNO?

Ans: RST pin of the microcontroller used for reset microcontroller.

11. How much bits given by PWM?

Ans: 8-bit given by PWM

12. What type of communication offered by Arduino UNO?

Ans: TWI as well as SPI-communication offered by Arduino UNO

13. Explain Physical characteristics of Arduino UNO

 Ans: The physical characteristics of an Arduino board mainly include length
and width. The printed circuit board of the Arduino Uno length and
width are 2.7 X 2.1 inches, but the power jack and the USB connector will
extend beyond the previous measurement. The board can be attached
on the surface otherwise case with the screw holes.

17. Write application of Arduino UNO

Ans: Arduino Uno is used in Do-it-Yourself projects prototyping.
In developing projects based on code-based control
Development of Automation System
Designing of basic circuit designs.

18. What are use of analog pins in arduino UNO?

Ans: Used to measure analog voltage and attach analog sensors.

III. True or false

1. Sensors provides information to BO motors - false
2. We can connect only 2 sensors to arduino uno. - false
3. RST do not reset arduino - false
4. PWM pins gives 8 bits - true
5. EEPROM 1 KB - true
6. Arduino has pwer jack - true
7. The soil moisture sensor measure content of water within the soil true -
true
8. Color Sensor detects air pollution - False

IV. Match the following

1. Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor) - measures and detects infrared radiation
2. Temperature Sensor - amount of heat energy or even coldness
3. Ultrasonic Sensor - that measures the distance
4. Hall Effect Sensor - used to measure the magnitude of a magnetic field
5. Color Sensor - detects in the RBG scale.
6. Tilt Sensor - monitors inclination and vertical rotation in vertical
structures.
7. Vibration Sensor - is also called a piezoelectric sensor.
8. Rotary Encoder - is an electro-mechanical device that converts
the angular position or motion of a shaft or axle to an analog or digital
output signals.
 Chapter 3
I. Answer the followings
1. Explain Arduino UNO coding basic

Ans: Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) allows us to draw

the sketch and upload it to the various Arduino boards using code. The
code is written in a simple programming language similar to C and C++. It
contains comments and brackets.

2. What is arduino IDE?

Ans: Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), it’s a software
which helps to code Arduino micro-controller.

3. What types of brackets use in Arduino coding?

Ans: There are two types of brackets used in the Arduino coding, which are
listed below:

1. Parentheses ( )
2. Curly Brackets { }

4. How many types of line comment?

Ans: There are two types of line comments, which are listed below:

1. Single line comment

2. Multi-line comment

5. what is use of parentheses bracket ?

Ans: The parentheses brackets are the group of the arguments, such as
method, function, or a code statement. These are also used to group the math
equations.

6. What is use of curly bracket ?

Ans: The statements in the code are enclosed in the curly brackets. We always
require closed curly brackets to match the open curly bracket in the code or
sketch.
7. What is use of single line comment?
Ans: The text that is written after the two forward slashes are considered as a
single line comment. The compiler ignores the code written after the two
forward slashes. The comment will not be displayed in the output. Such text is
specified for a better understanding of the code or for the explanation of any
code statement.

8. What sis use of multi line comment?

Ans: The Multi-line comment is written to group the information for clear
understanding. It starts with the single forward slash and an asterisk symbol (/
*). It also ends with the / *. It is commonly used to write the larger text. It is a
comment, which is also ignored by the compiler.

9. Explain preparation block

Ans: Preparation blocks are used to start codes, setup block is considered as
preperation block and it run once in the code.

10. What includes in arduino UNO?

Ans: includes digital I/O pins-14, a power jack, analog i/ps-6, ceramic
resonator-A16 MHz, a USB connection, an RST button, and an ICSP header.

11. Explain memory of arduino

Ans: The memory of this Atmega328 Arduino microcontroller includes flash
memory-32 KB for storing code, SRAM-2 KB EEPROM-1 KB.

12. What is full form of IDE?

Ans: Integrated Development Environment

13. Coding screen divided into how many blocks ?

Ans: coding screen is divided into two blocks, 1 preparation blocks and
2 execution block.

14. What is loop?

Ans: The loop contains statements that are executed repeatedly. The
section of code inside the curly brackets is repeated depending on the
value of variables.

15. What is setup?

Ans: It contains an initial part of the code to be executed. The pin modes,
libraries, variables, etc., are initialized in the setup section. It is executed only
once during the uploading of the program and after reset or power up of the
Arduino board.

16. What is pin mode?

Ans: The specific pin number is set as the INPUT or OUTPUT in the pinMode ()
function.

17. Why it is recommended to set mode of Pin as output?

Ans: The OUTPUT mode of a specific pin number provides a considerable
amount of current to other circuits, which is enough to run a sensor or to light
the LED brightly. The output state of a pin is considered as the low-impedance
state.

18. How to set pin mode as input?

Ans: We can set the mode as INPUT or OUTPUT according to the
corresponding pin number.

19. What is digital write ?

Ans: The digitalWrite ( ) is a function which used to set the value of a pin as
HIGH or LOW.

20. What are high and low?

Ans: HIGH: It sets the value of the voltage. For the 5V board, it will set the
value of 5V, while for 3.3V, it will set the value of 3.3V. and LOW: It sets the
value = 0 (GND).

21. What is difference between digital read and digital right ?

Ans: The digitalRead () function will read the HIGH/LOW value from the
digital pin, and the digitalWrite () function is used to set the HIGH/LOW value of
the digital pin.

22. What is delay function?

Ans: The delay () function is a blocking function to pause a program from
doing a task during the specified duration in milliseconds.

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Coding screen is divided into two blocks.

2. The delay () function is a blocking function

 3. The digitalWrite () function is used to set the HIGH/LOW value of the digital
pin.

4. The loop contains statements that are executed repeatedly.

Chapter 5
I. Answer the followings
1. What is syntax what are functions in arduino coding?
Ans: Syntax in Arduino signifies the rules need to be followed for the
successful uploading of the Arduino program to the board

2. What are uses of parentheses?

Ans: It denotes the function like void setup ( ) and void loop ( ) and the
parameter's inputs to the function are enclosed within the parentheses.

3. What is use of semi colon?

Ans: semicolon indicating the end of each statement

4. What is program flow?

Ans: The program flow in Arduino is similar to the flowcharts. It represents
the execution of a program in order.

5. What is the flowchart?

Ans: A flowchart uses shapes and arrows to represent the information or
sequence of actions.

II. Fill in the blanks

1. Parentheses are also used to group maths equations
2. Flowcharts represents the execution of a program in order.
3. Parentheses denotes the function
4. Syntax in Arduino signifies the rules need to be followed
5. Semicolon indicating the end of each statement
 CHAPTER 6
I. Answer the followings
1. What is the node MCU?
Ans: NodeMCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development
board specially targeted for IoT based Applications

2. How many power pins given in node MCU?

Ans: There are 4 power pins available in node MCU 1 .Micro-USB, 3.3V, GND
and Vin

3. Uses of control pins in node MCU?

Ans: The pin and the button resets the microcontroller

4. Name analog pin and its uses?

Ans: A0 andthis pin is used to measure analog voltage in the range of 0-3.3V

5. What is GPIO pins?

Ans: General purpose Input-Output pins.

6. How many GPIO opens are available in node MCU?

Ans: NodeMCU has 16 general purpose input-output pins on its board

7. What is the use of SPI pins ?

Ans: NodeMCU has four pins available and its used for SPI communication

8. How many SPI pins are available in node MCU ?

Ans: There are four SD1, CMD, SD0, CLK

9. What is the use of UART pins?

Ans: NodeMCU has two UART interfaces, UART0 (RXD0 & TXD0) and UART1
(RXD1 & TXD1). UART1 is used to upload the firmware/program.
10. What are features of node MCU?
Ans: Micro-controller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106
Operating Voltage: 3.3V
Input Voltage: 7-12V
Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
UARTs: 1
SPIs: 1
I2Cs: 1
Flash Memory: 4 MB
SRAM: 64 KB
Clock Speed: 80 MHz
USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play
PCB Antenna
Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects

11. How many digital input output pins are available in node MCU?
Ans: There are 16 digital input output pins are available

12. How many analog pins are available in node MCU ?

Ans: There is only 1 analog input output pin

13. How much is flash memory of node MCU ?

Ans: 4kb flash memory is of Node MCU

14. Full form of SRAM memory?

Ans: Static Random Access Memory

II. True or false

1. Robots are non programmable machines - false
2. NodeMCU is non programmable brain- false
3. NodeMCU has PCB Antenna - true
4. NodeMCU has GPIO pins - true
5. NodeMCU has flash memory - true
6. NodeMCU is an open-source board - true
III. Fill in the blanks
1. NodeMCU development board specially targeted for IoT based Applications
2. Static Random Access Memory is a full form of SRAM
3. Input Voltage: 7-12 V
4. Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
5. UART0 pin is RXD0 & TXD0
6. NodeMCU has four pins available and its used for SPI communication
7. NodeMCU has 16 general purpose input-output pins