SECTION 4 MATRICES

Additional Mathematics Year 1

SECTION

4 MATRICES

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

MODELLING WITH ALGEBRA

Number and Algebraic Patterns

INTRODUCTION
A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers, symbols, or expressions
enclosed within brackets ( ) or [ ]. Each element within the matrix has a specific
location identified by its row (horizontal position) and column (vertical position).
We describe a matrix by its dimensions, specifying the number of rows and
columns. For example, a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns is called a (2 × 3)
matrix. When a matrix has the same number of rows and columns for example
(3 × 3), it is called a square matrix. A square matrix with non-zero entries
only on its main diagonal (from top left to bottom right) is called a diagonal
matrix. A special square matrix with ones (1s) on its main diagonal and zeros
(0s) elsewhere is called an identity matrix. It plays a crucial role in solving matrix
equations. Matrices have extensive applications in various fields: They are used
to organise and analyse large datasets in statistics, health, economics, and social
sciences. In computer graphics, matrices are essential for representing 3D objects,
transformations, and lighting effects in computer graphics. Matrices are also used
to analyse electrical circuits and solve complex problems related to currents and
voltages. They are applied in physics to represent physical systems like forces and
motion, simplifying calculations and analysis.

At the end of this section, you will be able to:

· Recognise a matrix including types of matrices and state its order

· Find the determinant of a (2 × 2) matrix
· Add and subtract matrices (2 × 2) matrix
· Multiply a matrix by a scalar and a matrix by a matrix (2 × 2) matrices

Key Idea:

A matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or

expressions arranged in rows and columns.

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

DEFINITION, ORDER AND TYPES OF MATRICES

A matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or
expressions, organised in rows and columns. Each entry in a matrix is called an
element or an entry, and it is identified by its row and column indices.
4 columns
↓​ ​ ​↓​ ​↓​ ​↓​
[− 2 1 3 5]
→
​ ​​​​ ​ 2​ ​ 7​ 3​ 6​ ​
​2 rows →

Everyday situations that exemplify the concept of matrices include

a. Classroom seating arrangement
b. Provision items in a shop
c. A pack of bottled water, among others.

Example:
Suppose that we wish to express the information of possession of pens and pencils
by Afiba and his two friends Enyonam and Nana, which is as follows:
Afiba has 2 pens and 7 pencils,
Enyonam has 1 pen and 5 pencils,
Nana has 3 pens and 2 pencils.
Now, this could be arranged in tabular form as the individual items in the matrix
are called the elements or entries.

Describing a Matrix
Individuals Pens Pencils
Afiba 2 7
Enyonam 1 5
Nana 3 2

Which could be expressed in matrix form as;

2 7 2 7
(3 2) [3 2]
​ = ​ 1​ ​ 5​ ​or ​A = ​ 1​ ​ 5​ ​
A

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

The horizontal arrays are called rows, and vertical arrays are called columns

a b ROWS
c d
COLUMNS

Describing a Matrix (Order or dimension of a matrix)

A matrix is described by stating the dimensions. For example, [​ ​a​ b​ ​]​ is a (1 × 2)
(read one–by–two)n matrix, ​​[b   ​a​]​​ is a (2 × 1) (read two–by–one), ​​[​a​​
d]
b​ ​​is a (2 × 2)
c
(read two–by–two) and ​​[a
​x​ by​ cz​]​​is (2 × 3) (read two–by–three) all because of
their respective number of rows and columns.
An ​(​m × n​)​matrix has m
​ ​rows (horizontal) and ​n​columns (vertical). Each element
of a matrix is denoted by a variable with subscripts. For example, a23, represents
the element in the 2nd (second) row and 3rd (third) column of the matrix.
1 2 … n
1 a11 a12 ⋯ a1n
2 a21 a22 ⋯ a2n
For example, the matrix A= 3 a31 a32 ⋯ a3n
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
m am1 am2 ⋯ amn

is an ​​(​m × n​)​​dimensional matrix having m

​ ​number of rows and n number of
columns.

The order of the matrix ​M = (​ 3​ ​ 4​ − 1​)​​is 2 × 3

​−
5 2 0
Note: Commas are not used in matrices. Gaps are left between the columns.

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Types of Matrices
Square matrix: A matrix that has the same number of rows and the same number
of columns, it is called a square matrix.
For example:

[v w x]
p q r
[​ ​c​ d​]​​
a b ​ ​ ​s​ t​​ u​​ ​

2 × 2 matrix 3 × 3 matrix
Rectangular matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is not equal to the
number of columns.
a b
[e f ]
For example, ​[​ ​ ​ ​]​​(2​​× 3​)​​ ​or ​ ​c​​ d​​ ​​(3​​× 2​)​
1 2 3
0 1 5

The Zero Matrix

A zero matrix is a matrix whose entries are all zeros or are equivalent to zero.

A = [​ 0​ ​ 0​]​, B = [​ 0​ ​ 0​ 0​]​
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 −i + i 0
(0) (0 x − x)
​(​0​ 0​)​, ​ 0
​ ​ ​and ​   
0​ ​ 0​  ​ 0​ ​ ​are all zero matrices
0

Example:

Which of the following matrices is/are zero matrix/matrices?

​A = ​(​    ​ ​ ​)​
x−x 0 0
a. ​ ​
0 −b + b 0
1 −1
(0 0 )
b. ​B = ​ 0​ ​ 0​ ​ ​

c. ​C = ​(m
​ −​ m​ 0​)​
0 0

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Solution:

a. Simplifying the entries in the matrix ​A​gives ​(0​ ​ 0​ 0​)​, thus ​A​is a zero
0 0 0
matrix
b. Matrix ​B​has two (2) non-zero entries, thus ​B​is not a zero matrix
c. Matrix ​C​can be simplified to ​(0​ ​ 0​)​making it a zero matrix
0 0
The Unit or Identity Matrix
A unit matrix or identity matrix is a square matrix having every non-main-
diagonal element equal to zero and every main diagonal element equal to one.
1 0 0
[0 0 1 ]
For example, [​ ​ ​ ​]​
1 0 ​​ 0​ ​ 1​ 0 ​​ ​
0 1

Equality of Matrix
Two matrices are said to be equal if their corresponding elements or entries are
the same (equivalent).

[g h]
For example, if [​​ a
​ ​ b​]​​ = ​​ ​ ​ ​​ ​​, then ​a = e, b = f, c = g, d = h​.
e f
c d

​ ​ b​​]​​ = [​​ 2​ ​ 3​​]​​, then ​a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, d = 5​

Also, if ​​[a
c d 4 5

(4 ​2​ 0 − 5​ ) (4 1_​2​ 0 − 2_5​ )

3 5 − 2 43_​ ​ 3 5 − 2 3_​4​
For example, M​ = ​   
​ ​ 1_​ ​ ​ ​2_​ ​​and N​= ​   
​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​are two equal
​ ​
matrices since they have the same dimension and their corresponding elements
are the same.

Example

(y − x − 3)
_​ ​
​ = ​ ​ 2​ ​ ​ ​ ​and ​Q = (
​ ​ x​ ​ 1.5​)​are two equal matrices, find the values
3 x
If P
3.5 − 3
of ​x​and y​ ​.

Solution

Since ​P = Q​,
​​ 32 ​ = x​and ​y − x = 3.5​
__

​y − __32 ​ = 3.5​
​y = 5​

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

DETERMINANTS OF (​ ​2 × 2​)​​ MATRICES

Imagine a woven basket from a village, but instead of holding your favourite fruits,
it holds numbers arranged in a neat grid, like two rows of cowrie shells. This
grid is what mathematicians call a (2 × 2) matrix. In Ghana, we have a word for
unlocking secrets – “Odomankoma” (key). Determinants act as the Odomankoma
for these matrices, revealing a unique property based on how the numbers are
arranged.
Here’s a breakdown for (​ ​2 × 2​)​ matrices, like our basket of numbers:
Basic Structure: A ​(​2 × 2​)​ matrix looks like this:

​(a​ ​ b​)​(where ​a​represents the element in the first row, first column; ​b​ represents
c d
the element in the first row, second column, and so on)
Determinant Formula: There’s a special formula to calculate the (determinant,​
det​) of a (​ ​2 × 2​)​​ matrix:
​det = ​(​a × d​)​ − ​(​b × c​)​
where ​a, b, c​and ​d​represent the elements (oduas or twigs) of the matrix as shown
above.
Visualizing the Determinant: Imagine drawing a diagonal line across the basket,
starting from the top left corner ​(​a)​ ​and reaching the bottom right corner ​(​d​)​​. Now,
draw another diagonal line starting from the top right corner ​(​​b​)​​and reaching
the bottom left corner ​(​c)​ ​.​ The determinant captures the difference between the
product of the elements along one diagonal (​ a × d)​, the ′​m​ ​ ​ain diagona​l′​,​and the
product of elements along the other diagonal ​(​b × c​)​.​
Example:
Consider this (2 × 2) matrix:
​A = ​(2​ ​ 3​)​
1 4
Using the formula, the determinant (​ ​det​)​ would be:
​det​(​A)​ ​ = (​ 2 × 4)​− ​(3 × 1)​= 8 − 3 = 5​​

Importance:
The determinant of a (2 x 2) matrix has various applications, including:
a. Solving systems of linear equations: Determinants play a crucial role in
finding solutions to systems of linear equations with two variables.

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

b. Invertibility of matrices: A non-zero determinant indicates that the matrix

is invertible, meaning it has an inverse matrix.
c. Area calculation: In specific contexts, the determinant can be used to
calculate the area enclosed by a parallelogram defined by the matrix’s row
vectors. Imagine a farmer needs to calculate the area of a rectangular plot
of land represented by a ​(​2 × 2​)​ matrix, where each element represents the
length and width of the plot in meters. The determinant, in this case, can be
used to calculate the area (note, this application has limitations for general
area calculation)

Example 1

Evaluate the determinants of the following matrices

a. ​[21
​ ​ 4​]​
17 9

b. ​[​ 2​ ​ − 8​]​
−3 6

c. ​[a
​ +​ 3​ 7 − a​]​
a 7

Solution

Given a ​2 × 2​matrix ​A = [​ a
​ ​ b​]​, determinant of ​A, det​(A)​= ad − bc​
c d

| |
​ ​ 4​​= ​(21 × 9)​− (​ 4 × 17)​= 121​
a. ​ det​21
17 9

b.
| | ((
det​​​ 2​ ​ − 8​​= ​ ​ ​2 × 6​)​ − ​(− 8 × − 3)​)​= − 12​
−3 6

c.
|
det​​   
a
​ ​
|
a+3 7−a ( (
7
​​= ​ 7​ a + 3)​− a​(7 − a))​ ​= 7a + 21 − 7a + ​a​2​= ​a​2​+ 21

Example 2

​ 2​ ​ 1​)​and B = ​(3​ ​ − 2​)​, find the determinants of A and B.

If the matrix A​= (
3 4 6 5

Solution

| |
​A = det​2​ ​ 1​​​=​ (​ 2 × 4)​− ​(3 × 1)​= 8 − 3 = 5​
3 4

| |
B​= det​3​ ​ − 2​​= (​ 3 × 5)​− ​(6 × − 2)​= 15 + 12 = 27​
6 5

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Example 3

​ =(
If A ​ ​4​​ − 2​)​,find the value of ​x​if the determinant of ​A = 32​
3x 5
Solution

​detA = (​ 4)​(5)​− (​ 3x)​(− 2)​= 20 + 6x​

​detA = 20 + 6x, but detA = 32​
​∴ 32 = 20 + 6x​
12 = 6x
x=2

Example 4

Given that ​B = (
​ 2​ ​ 4​ ​)​, ​find the determinant of B
6 12
Solution

| |
​detB = det​2​ ​ 4​ ​​= 12​(2)​− 6​(4)​= 24 − 24 = 0​
6 12

Example 5

Evaluate the determinant of:

(a) A = ​​(​ ​ ​ ​)​, if ​y = − 2​

− 4y 3
6 5

(b) ​ B = ​(​
2r + 3 − 5)
−2 −2
​ ​ ​ ​, if ​r = 4​

Solution

| |
− 4y 3
​detA = det​​ ​ ​ ​​= 5​(− 4y)​− ​(6)​(3)​= − 20y − 18​
​but y = 2​
6 5

​∴ detA = − 20​(2)​− 18 = − 58​

|
​detB = det​​
​but r = 4​
−2 −2
​​
2r + 3 − 5 |
​​= − 2​(− 5)​− (​ 2r + 3)​(− 2 )​= 10 − (​ − 4r − 6)​= 10 + 4r + 6​

​∴ detB = 10 + 4​(4)​+ 6 = 10 + 16 + 6 = 32​

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Example 6

Solve the following equations

a.
|
​​
x+1 2
|
​ ​ ​​​= 4
2x − 1 3
b.
|
​ ​5x
​ +​  
4 |
2​ 6x − 3​​= 0​
3

c.
|3x − 2
​​ ​ ​
1
2
​ ​​= 1​
2x + 1 | d.
|2x − 1 3x + 1
​​   ​​
x−1 x+1 |
​​= 2​

Solution

a.​ ​​
|
x+1 2
2x − 1 3 |
​ ​ ​​= 4​ ​⟹​ ​3(​ x + 1)​− 2​(2x − 1)​= 4​
​3x + 3 − 4x + 2 = 4​
​5 − x = 4​
​ x = 1​

b.
|
​5x
​
4 3 |
2​ 6x − 3​​​= 0 ​⟹​ ​3(​ 5x + 2)​− 4​(6x − 3)​= 0​
​ +​  
15x + 6 − 24x + 12 =​0
​ 18 − 9x = 0​
​ x = 2​

c.
|
3x − 2
​ ​​ ​ ​
1
2
2x + 1 |
​ ​​=​ 1​ ⟹​ (​​ 3x − 2)​(2x + 1)​− 2 = 1​

​⟹​ ​​6x​​2​+ 3x − 4x − 2 − 2 = 1​
​6x​​2​− x − 4 − 1 = 0​
​6x​​2​− x − 5 = 0​
​(x − 1)​(6x + 5)​= 1​
​ x = 1 or x = − __56 ​​

d. ​​  

​
|
2x − 1 3x + 1
​​
x−1 x+1 |
​​= 2​ ​⟹​ (​​ 2x − 1)(​ x + 1)​− ​(​3x + 1​)​(​x − 1​)​ = 2​​

​2x​​2​+ x − 1 − (​ ​3 ​x​2​− 2x − 1​)​ = 2​​

​2x​​2​− 3 ​x​2​+ x + 2x − 1 + 1 = 2​
​− x​​2​+ 3x = 2​
​x​2​− 3x + 2 = 0​
​ ​(x − 1)​​(x − 2)​= 0​
​x = 1 or x = 2​

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS OF MATRICES

Addition of Matrices
Two matrices can be added only if they have the same size. To add two matrices,
add the elements in the corresponding positions in each matrix.
For example, given (2​× 2​ matrices):​ ​

[g h] [c + g d + h]
​[a
​ ​ b​]​+ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​= ​ ​  
e f a+e b+f
​ ​​ ​resulting in another (2​​× 2​)​​ matrix.
c d

(​b21 ​ )
​ = ​(​​a​11​​ ​a​12​)
​a​ ​ a ​​ ​ ​b11
​ ​ b​ 12
​ ​
Given that A ​ and B
​ = ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​,
21 22​ ​ ​ ​b22 ​

(​b21 ​ )
​A + B = ​(​​a​11​​ ​a​12​​)​+ ​ ​ 11​ 12​ ​​
​a​ ​ a ​​ ​ ​b​ ​ b​ ​ ​
21 22 ​ ​ ​b22 ​

(​a​21​ + ​b21 ​ )
​a​11​ + ​b11
​ ​ ​a​12​ + ​b12
​ ​
​ = ​   
​ ​ ​ ​​
​ ​ ​a​22​ + ​b22​

Example 1

​ =(
If A ​− ​ ​​, ​B = (
​ 5​ ​ 3​ ) ​ 4​ ​ − 3)
​ ​and ​C = (​ 1​ ​ 3​)​​, find
​−
2 −1 7 −5 5 4
a) A + B
b) B + A
c) A + ​(B + C)​
d) ​(​A + B​)​ + C​
e) What is the relationship between your answers in a) and b)
f) What is the relationship between your answers in c) and d)

Solution:

a) ​A + B = ​(− ​ ​+ ​(4​ ​ − 3)
​ 5​ ​ 3​ ) ​ ​​
2 −1 7 −5

= ​(​  
2 + 7 − 1 − 5)
−5 + 4 3 − 3
​ ​​ ​​ ​​

​ =(​−​ 1​ ​ 0​ )​ ​​
9 −6
b) ​B + A = (
​ 4​ ​ − 3)
​ ​+ ( ​ 5​ ​ 3​ )
​− ​ ​​
7 −5 2 −1

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

​= ​(  
7 + 2 − 5 − 1)
4 − 5 −3 + 3
​ ​​ ​​ ​​

​= ​(−
​ 1​ ​ 0​ )
​ ​​
9 −6

c) ​B + C = ​(4​ ​ − 3)
​ ​+ (​ 1​ ​ 3​)​
​−
7 −5 5 4

​= (
7 + 5 − 5 + 4)
4 − 1 −3 + 3
​   
​ ​ ​ ​​

​= ​(​3​ ​ 0​ )
​​
12 − 1

A + ​(B + C)​= ​(−

​ ​ 5​ ​ 3​ )
​ ​+ ​(​3​ ​ 0​ )
​​
2 −1 12 − 1

​= ​(​  
2 + 12 − 1 − 1)
−5 + 3 3 + 0
​​ ​ ​ ​​

= ​(−
​ ​ 2​​ 3​ )
​​
14 − 2

d) ​(A + B)​+ C = (​−​ 1​ ​ 0​ )

​ ​+ (​ 1​ ​ 3​)​
​−
9 −6 5 4
​= (
9 + 5 − 6 + 4)
−1 − 1 0 + 3
​ ​    ​​ ​ ​ ​​

​ =(​ 2​​ 3​ )
​− ​​
14 − 2
e) ​ + B = B + A​therefore, matrix addition is commutative
A
f) ​A + ​(B + C)​= (​ A + B)​+ C​therefore, matrix addition is associative

Example 2

A shopkeeper has two separate shops which she opens on Mondays and Fridays.
In a particular week, she made the following sales in the two shops. Represent the
total sales she made in the week in matrix form.
Shop A

Coke Sprite
Monday 9 8
Friday 6 7

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Shop B

Coke Sprite
Monday 5 4
Friday 2 3

Solution

The sales in each shop can be put in (​ ​2 × 2​)​ matrix where the rows are indexed as
days of the week and the columns are indexed as types of drinks.
A=( ​ ​ ​ ​)​, B = ( ​ 5​ ​ 4​​)​
9 8
6 7 2 3
The total sales of the two shops is given by the sum of the matrices
T=A+B
T = ​( 9​ ​ 8​)​+ ​​( 5​ ​ 4​​)​= ( ​ ​ ​ 12​)​
​ 14
6 7 2 3 8 10

Example 3

​ 2​ ​ 6​​)​and R = (
The matrices Q and R are given by Q = ( ​ ​ 3​ ​ − 5 ​)​​.
4 8 −7 9
Find Q + R

Solution

( 8+9 )
​ 2​ ​ 6​​)​+​ (
Q+R=( ​​ ​ 3​ ​ − 5 ​)​= ​    ​ ​​= ​ ​( 5​ ​ 1 ​ ​)​
2+3 ​6 + ​(​ − 5​)​
​ ​ ​
4 8 −7 9 ​4 + (​ ​ − 7​)​ − 3 17
Take care with the signs when adding the numbers.

Example 4

​ ​ 3​ ​ − 1​)​​and B = (
The matrices A and B are given by; A = ( ​ 2​ ​ 5​ )
​ − ​ ​​.
−8 6 0 −4
Find A + B

Solution

( − 8 + 0 ​6 + ​(​ − 4​))
​ ​ 3​ ​ − 1​)​+ ​(−
A+B=( ​ 2​ ​ 5​ ) ​ ​ ​​ =​ (
​ ​ 1​ ​ 4​)​
​3 + ​(​ − 2​)​ − 1 + 5
​ ​= ​ ​    ​​
−8 6 0 −4 ​ −8 2

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Subtraction of Matrices
Two matrices can be subtracted only if they have the same size. To subtract two
matrices, subtract the elements in the corresponding positions in each matrix. For
example, given:

(​b21 ​ )
​A − B = ( ​ ​ ​​ ​a​12​)
​a​11​ a ​​ ​ ​b11
​ ​ b​ 12
​ ​
​ ​a ​ − ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​
21 22​ ​ ​ ​b22 ​

(​a​21​ − ​b21 ​ )
​a​11​ − ​b11
​ ​ ​a​12​ − ​b12
​ ​
​ = ​ ​   ​ ​ ​​
​ ​ ​a​22​ − ​b22​

c d [g h] [c − g d − h]
​[a
​ ​ b​]​− ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​​​= ​ ​
e f a−e b−f
​ ​​ ​resulting in another (2​​× 2​)​ matrix​​

Example 1

​ =(
If A ​ ​​, ​B = (
​ 5​ ​ 3​ )
​− ​ 4​ ​ − 3)
​ ​and ​C = (​ 1​ ​ 3​)​​,
​−
2 −1 7 −5 5 4
Evaluate the following:
a) ​ A − B ​
b) ​B − A​
c) ​B − C​
d) ​A − ​(B − C)​
e) ​(A − B)​− C​
f) What is the relationship between your answers in a) and b)
g) What is the relationship between your answers in c) and d)

Solution

​ 5​ ​ 3​ )
a) ​A − B = ​(− ​ ​− ​(4​ ​ − 3)
​ ​​
2 −1 7 −5

( 2 − 7 ​− 1 − (​ ​ − 5​))
− 5 − 4 ​3 − ​(​ − 3​)​
= ​ ​   
​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​
​

​= ​(−
​ 9​ 6​)​
−5 4

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

b) ​B − A = ​(4​ ​ − 3) ​ ​+ ​(−
​ 5​ ​ 3​ ) ​ ​​
7 −5 2 −1

( 7−2 ​− 5 − (​ ​ − 1​))
​4 − (​ ​ − 5​)​ −3 − 3
​= ​ ​    ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​
​
= ​(9​ ​ − 6) ​​
5 −4

c) B−C=(​ 4​ ​ − 3) ​ ​− ( ​ 1​ ​ 3​)​
​−
7 −5 5 4
= ​(​   
− 5 − 4)
​4 − ​(​ − 1​)​ − 3 − 3
​ ​ ​​
7−5
= ​(5​ ​ − 6) ​​
2 −9

d) A − ​(B − C)​= ​(−

​ 5​ ​ 3​ )​ ​− ​(5​ ​ − 6)
​​
2 −1 2 −9

( 2 − 2 ​− 1 − (​ ​ − 9​))
− 5 − 5 ​3 − ​(​ − 6​)​
= ​ ​    ​​ ​​ ​
​
=(​−​ 10​ ​ 9​)​
0 8

e) ​(A − B)​− C = (
​−​ 9​ 6​)​− ( ​− ​ 1​ ​ 3​)​
−5 4 5 4
= ​(​   
4 − 4)
​− 9 − (​ ​ − 1​)​ 6 − 3
​ ​ ​​
−5 − 5
= ​(​− 8​ ​ 3​)​
− 10 0

f) A − B ≠ B − A therefore, matrix subtraction is not commutative

g) A − ​(B − C)​≠ (​ A − B)​− C therefore, matrix subtraction is not associative

Example 2

A car dealer sells two types of cars Toyota (T) and Opel (O), and two models for
each brand Prius (P) and Corsa (C) the inventory of the cars is shown below.

P C
T 4 5
O 2 6

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

If the dealer makes sales the following month as given by the table below, find the
new inventory.

H C
T 3 3
O 2 1

Solution

The inventory can be put in a (2​​× 2​)​ matrix where the row of indexed as brands
and the columns are indexed as models.

R = ​( 4​ ​ 5​​)​, the sales can also be put in a (​ ​2 × 2​)​ matrix as S = (

​ 3​ ​ 3​)​
2 6 2 1

​ = ​( 4​ ​ 5​)
The new inventory will be R​−S ​​ 3​ ​ 3​)​=​ ​(4​ − 3​​ 5 − 3)
​ ​−​ ( ​​ ​​= (
​ 1​ ​ 2​)​
2 6 2 1 2−2 6−1 0 5

Example 3

The matrices A, B and C are given by:

A=( ​ ​​, B = (
​ 2​ ​ 4​ )
​− ​ 5​ ​ 3​)​​and C = (​ 1​ − 2​)​​.
​−
3 −1 0 1 −3 4
Evaluate
(i) (​A − B​)
(ii) (​B – C​)

Solution

​ 2​ ​ 4​ ​)​​−​​(5​ ​ 3​)​= ​(−

(i) A – B = ​(− ) ( ​ 7​ ​ 1​ )
2 − 5​ ​ 4 − 3​ ​ ​= ​ −
​    ​​
3 −1 0 1 3 − 0 −1 − 1 3 −2

(ii) B ​–​C = ( ​ 1​ − 2​)​= (

​ 5​ ​ 3​)​− ​(− ​)​= ​(6​ ​ 5​ )
5+1 3+2
​​ ​ ​​
0 1 −3 4 0+3 1−4 3 −3

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Multiplication of Matrices
Scalar multiplication of matrices
All the entries of a matrix can be multiplied by a common factor called a scale
factor, k, in a process called scalar multiplication to obtain a scalar product. That
is, if A = (
​a​ ​ b​)​​, then kA = k (​ ​ b​)​​=​ ​(ka
​a ​ ​ kb)
​ ​​.
c d c d kc kd

If ​k = − 1​, then –A = (​ a​ − b)
​− ​ ​is called the negative of A
−c −d

Example 1
5
(2)
Given that ​A = ​ 3​ ​ ​and the matrix ​P = − 2A​, write out the matrix ​P​

Solution
5 − 10
(2) ( − 4 )
​ = − 2A = − 2​ 3​ ​ ​= ​ ​− 6​ ​ ​
P

Example 2

Given that A = (
​ ​6​ ​ 3​)​, then A =​ 3​ (
​ 2​ ​ 1​)​​where k is a scale factor (k = 3).
18 9 6 3

Example 3

If P =​( ​ (
​ 4​ ​ − 1​)​and Q = ​ ​12​​ 13​)
​ ​, ​find:
2 3 −3 −9
i) ​− 5P​
ii) ​​__13 ​Q​

Solution

P​ = ​(4​ ​ − 1​)​​​∴ − 5p = − 5​(4​ ​ − 1​)​= ( ​)​ ​= (​ 20​ 5​ )

−5 × 4 −5 × −1
i) ​   
​ ​​ ​− ​​
2 3 2 3 −5 × 2 −5 × 3 − 10 − 15
12 ​
__ ​13
__

( ___ ​ 39 )
​ ​
ii) Q ​= ​(​12​​ 13​) ​​ 13 ​(​12​​ 13​)
​​ 31 ​ ​Q = __
​ ​​​∴​ __ ​ ​​= ​​ ​ 3 ​ ​ 3
​ ​ ​​ = ​​(​ 4​ ​ 4.3​)​
−3 −9 −3 −9 ​−33 ​ −
___ ​ −1 −3

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Example 4

If A = (​ 3​ ​ 0​ )
​− ​ ​ 2​ ​ − 1​)​​and C = (
​ ​​, B = ( ​ ​ 1​ ​ 0​ )
​ ​, find 2A – 3B + 4C.
7 −4 −7 4 −2 −4

Solution

2A = 2​( ​ ​= ​(−
​ 3​ ​ 0​ )
​− ​ 6​​ 0​ )
​ ​,​
7 −4 14 − 8

3B = 3​​(​ 2​ ​ − 1​)​​= ​​(​ 6​ ​ − 3​)​

−7 4 − 21 12

​ ​= ​(​ 4​ ​ 0​ )
4C = 4​​(​ 1​ ​ 0​ ) ​ ​​
−2 −4 − 8 − 16

​∴​ 2A – 3B + 4C = ​(−
​ 6​​ 0​ )
​ ​​​−​ ​​(​ 6​ ​ − 3​)​​+​(
​ ​ 4​ ​ 0​ )
​ ​= ​(−
​ 8​​ 3​ )
​​
14 − 8 − 21 12 − 8 − 16 27 − 36
Multiplication of matrices
Matrix multiplication, unlike multiplying individual numbers, involves a specific
process for combining elements from two matrices to create a new matrix. The
two matrices must have compatible dimensions for multiplication. The number
of columns in the first matrix ​Am×n ​ ​ must equal the number of rows in the second
​ q​. The resulting product matrix will have dimensions m
matrix ​Bn× ​ × q​. We don’t
directly multiply corresponding elements between the matrices. Instead, to find
an element at any row (​ ​i)​ ​ and column ​(​j)​ ​ of the resulting product matrix, we take
the dot product of the row ​i​from the first matrix (​​​A)​ ​​with column ​j​from the
second matrix ​(​B)​ ​. The dot product involves multiplying corresponding elements
between the row and column vectors and summing those products. We repeat this
process for each element in the resulting product matrix, considering all possible
row-column combinations.

(g h)
For example, given a matrix, ​M = (​ ​ b​)​and ​N = ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​​,
e f
​a
c d

​c​ d​)(g h)
​= (
​ ​ b​ e f
​a
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​Multiplying N
​ ​by the 1​ st​row of ​M​

Which gives the entries for first-row elements of the product as (​ ​ae + bg​ af + bh​)​

​c​ d​)(g h)
​= ​(a
​ ​ b​ e f
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​Multiplying ​N ​by the 2​ nd​row of ​M​

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Giving the entries for first-row elements of the product ​MN​as (​ ​ce + dg​ cf + dh​)​​

( ce + dg cf + dh )
ae + bg af + bh
The result will be ​MN = ​ ​   ​ ​ ​​
In summary,

⎢ ⎥
⎡ e f ⎤
)(g h)
​(​a​ ​b​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​
​ ​   ​ ​multiply the first row by the second matrix and the second row
(g g) ⎦
e f
⎣
(​ ​c​ d)​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​

by the second matrix

⎜ ⎟
⎛ f ⎞
​(​a​ ​b​)​(​g​)​​(​a​ b​)​(​ ​​)​
e
h
​ ​  ​ ​​
(h) ⎠
e f
(​ ​c​ d)​ ​(​g​)​(​ ​c​ d)​ ​ ​ ​​ ​
⎝
Multiply:
· First row in first matrix by first column in second matrix,
· Second row in first matrix by the first column in the second matrix
· First row in first matrix by first second column in second matrix
· Second row in first matrix by the second column in the second matrix
You will obtain

(c × e + d × g c × f + d × h)
a×e+b×g a×f+b×h
​ ​    ​ ​ ​

( ce + dg cf + dh )
ae + bg af + bh
​ ​   ​ ​ ​

NOTE: Matrix multiplication is not commutative ​(​AB ≠ BA​)​ in general.

The order of the matrices matters when multiplying them.

Example 1

​ 4​ ​ − 2​)​and ​B = (
Given that ​A = ( ​ 2​ 3​ )
​− ​ ​​
1 3 −2 −7
Evaluate the following:
a) ​AB​
b) ​BA​
c) what is the relationship between your answers in a) and b)

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Solution

​ ​​​= ​(​    

1​(3)​+ 3​(− 7)​ )
a) ​AB = ​(4​ ​ − 2​)​(−
​ 2​ 3​ )
4​(− 2)​+ (​ − 2)(​ − 2)​ 4​(3)​+ (​ − 2)(​ − 7)​
​ ​ ​ ​​
1 3 −2 −7 1​(− 2)​+ 3​(− 2)​
​ = (​−​ 4​ 26​ ) ​ ​​
− 8 − 18

​ ​(4​ ​ − 2​)​​​= ​(   

​(− 2)​(4)​+ ​(− 7)​(1)​ ​(− 2)​(− 2)​+ ​(− 7)​(3))
b) ​BA = ​(−​ 2​ 3​ )
− 2​(4)​+ 3​(1)​ (​ − 2)(​ − 2)​+ 3​(3)​
​ ​  ​ ​ ​ ​​
−2 −7 1 3 ​
​= (
​ ​− 5​ ​ 13​ )​​
− 15 − 17

c) ​AB ≠ BA​therefore, matrix multiplication is not commutative

Example 2

​ =(
​ 1​ ​ 2​)​​and B
​ =(​ 1​ 2​)​, find p and q​if ​AB = ( ​)​+ 3​(​ ​ ​ ​)​
p −2 4 2
If A ​− ​ ​ ​​
3 4 −3 1 −6 4 − 3 q

Solution

AB​ = ( ​ 1​ 2​)​= (
​ 1​ ​ 2​)​(− ​ ​− 7​ ​ 4​ ​)​
3 4 −3 1 − 15 10

AB = ( ​)​+ 3​(​ ​ ​ ​)​= ​(​− 7​ ​ 4​ ​)​

p −2 4 2
​ ​ ​​
−6 4 −3 q − 15 10

​(​ ​ ​ ​)​+ ​(​ ​​ ​ ​)​= ​(​− 7​ ​ 4​ ​)​

p −2 12 6
​
−6 4 − 9 3q − 15 10

( − 15 4 + 3q)
​ ​ ​= ​(​− 7​ ​ 4​ ​)​
p + 12 4
​ ​
​ ​​
− 15 10
Equating corresponding entries, it follows that
​− 7 = p + 12 ∴ p = − 19​
​10 = 4 + 3q ⟹ 3q = 6 ∴ q = 2​

Example 4

​ 2​ ​ 3​)​and ​V​= (
​ =(
Find AV where A ​​ 5​ ​)​
1 2 4

Solution

​ 2​ ​ 3​)​(5​ ​)​= ​(​  )

​AV = ( ​ ​= ​(​ ​)​= ​(22
​ ​)​
2×5+3×4 10 + 12
1 2 4 1×5+2×4 5+8 13

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

Example 5

If ​P = (​ ​2​ 3​)​ and ​A = (

​ 4​ ​ 6​)​, find P
​ A​
5 2

Solution

​PA = (
​ ​2​ 3​)​(4​ ​ 6​)​= ​( ​2 × 4 + 3 × 5​ 2 × 6 + 3 × 2​)​= (
​ ​23​ 18​)​
5 2

Example 6

Given the matrices A =​(

​ ​ 5​ ​ 9​​)​and B = (
​ 2​ ​ 3​​)​​, evaluate
−2 4 4 1
(i) AB
(ii) BA
(iii) A(AB)

Solution

(i) AB = ​(​ 5​ ​ 9​​)​(2​ ​ 3​​)​​

−2 4 4 1

(​− 2​(​2​)​ + 4​(​4​)​ ​− 2​(​3​)​ + 4​(​1​))

​5​(​2​)​ + 9​(​4​)​ ​5​(​3​)​ + 9​(​1​)​
= ​ ​   
​ ​​ ​​ ​
​

= ​(  
− 4 + 16 − 6 + 4 )
10 + 36 15 + 9
​ ​ ​​ ​​ ​

AB = ​(46
​ ​ 24​ )
​​
12 − 2

(ii) BA =​ ​(2​ ​ 3​​)​(​ 5​ ​ 9​​)​

4 1 −2 4

(​4​(​5​)​ + 1​(​ − 2​)​ ​4​(​9​)​ + 1​(​4​))

​2​(​5​)​ + 3​(​ − 2​)​ ​2​(​9​)​ + 3​(​4​)​
​ = ​ ​    ​ ​ ​
​
= ​(  
20 − 2 36 + 4 )
10 − 6 18 + 12
​ ​ ​ ​​

BA = ​(−
​ 4​​ 30​​)​
18 40

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

(iii) A(BA)
We obtained BA = ​(− ​ 4​​ 30​)
​​
18 40
A(BA) = ​(​ 5​ ​ 9​)​(− ​ 4​​ 30​)
​​
− 2 4 18 40

(​− 2​(​ − 4​)​ + 4​(​18​)​ ​− 2​(​30​)​ + 4​(​40​))

​5​(​ − 4​)​ + 9​(​18​)​ ​5​(​30​)​ + 9​(​40​)​
​= ​    
​ ​​ ​​ ​
​
​= ​(​   
− 60 + 160 )
− 20 + 162 150 + 360
​ ​ ​​ ​
8 + 72
A(BA) = ​(142 ​ ​ ​ 510​​)​
80 100

Activity 4.1

Use the appropriate steps to solve the following question in pairs or individually
and cross-check your answer with the ones provided.

( ​3 ​ + x q)
y+1 7
​ = ​ ​ __1 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ and ​N = (
− 2 − 8 − q)
− 2 m + 11
Given that M ​ ​ ​​ ​​ ​ and MN are equal

vectors.

(i) Find the values of x, y, m and q

(ii) Hence find the determinant of M2

Expected Answers
(i) ​y = − 3 , m = − 4, x = − 7_3​ ​, q = − 4​
(ii) the determinant of M2 = 484

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Review Questions 4.1

1. The matrices A =​(​ ​3​ 0​ 0​ 4 ​)​and B = ​(​a​ b​ 0​ c ​)​are such that AB = A + B.
Find the values of ​a, b and c​
2. Given that the following matrices are equal, find the values of ​x, y and z :​ ​​
(​x + 3​ − 1​ 4​ 5 ​)​= ​(​6​ y​ z − 3​ 5​)​
3. If ​ ​(​a − b​ 3​ 2​ a + b​)​= ​(2​ ​ 3​ 2​ 6​)​, find the values of ​a and b​
4. Find a ​(2 × 2)​​matrix A and B such that ​A + 2B = ​(​1​ − 2​ 0​ 1 ​)​and ​

​2A + 3B = ( ​ ​ 2​ ​ 1​)​.​
−1 0
5. If A = ​(1​ ​ 2​ 3​ 4​)​and B =​ ​​(​− 1​ 2​ − 3​ 1​)​, find p and q,
if AB = ​(​p​ − 2​ − 6​ 4 )​ ​+ 3​(​4​ 2​ − 3​ q​)​​.
6. If T​ = ​(​4​ − 2​ 3x​ 5 ​)​, find the value of ​x, ​if the determinant of ​T = 32​
7. ​A = ​(​1​ 2​ 3​ 4​)​and B
​ = ​(​5​ 1​ 2​ 0​)​
(i) Find the sum (​A + B​).
(ii) Find the difference (​A − B​).
8. Given that ​A = ​[​2m + 1​ − 1​ mn + 4​  8​ − m + 7​ − 4 ​]​​and

[n − 2m 10 − n + __​23 ​m]
−5 5 − 3n −2
​B = ​   
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ and​ A = B​, find the values of m
​ ​and ​n​

9. Evaluate the determinant​​(​− 6​ 2​ 5p + 5​ − 4​)​, if p = 2​

10. Evaluate the determinant​​(​− 4​ − 3​ − 4​ 2n − 4​)​, if n = − 4​
11. For the matrices ​A = ​(​2​ 3​ 1​ 4​)​, B = ​(​3​ 0​ 2​ − 1​)​and C
​ = ​(​1​ 1​ − 2​ 5​)​​, verify
that:
(i) (​ AB)​C = A​(​BC​)​
(ii) ​A​(B + C)​= AB + AC​
(iii) ​(A + B)​C = AC + BC​
12. Find the (​2 × 2​) matrices A and B such that ​2A + B = ​(​3​ 1​ − 8​ 6​)​,​

​ 3A + 2B = (
​ ​ 5​ ​ 0​ ​)​​.
− 13 10

23
SECTION 4 MATRICES

13. Consider two matrices:

​ C=(​ 2​ ​ − 1​)​and ​D = (
​ 4​ ​)​Multiply matrix ​C​by Matrix ​D​
1 3 5

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

EXTENDED READING
Cambridge Additional Mathematics by Michael Haese, Sandra Haese,
Mark Humphries, Chris Sangwin. Haese Mathematics (2014). Page(s)
305 – 332.

REFERENCES
1. Baffour, A. (2018). Elective Mathematics for Schools and Colleges.
Baffour Ba Series. ISBN: P0002417952. Page(s) 779 – 809.
2. Mathematical Association of Ghana (2009). Effective Elective
Mathematics: Seddco Publishing Limited. ISBN 978 9964 72 4740.
Page(s) 497– 514.

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SECTION 4 MATRICES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

List of Contributors
Name Institution
Yaw Efa Ghana National College
Stella Awinipure Walewale SHTS
Joseph Fancis Kittah Bompeh SHTS, Takoradi
Mpeniasah Kwasi Christopher Three-Town SHTS

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