CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
WEEK 4-5
OBJECTIVES Define Cellular
Respiration
Identify and Describe the
Chemical Reactions that
power CellularRespiration
LIFE IS WORK!
• Sun: ultimate source of energy Light energy
• Photosynthesis: takes light E and ECOSYSTEM
converts it to food, autotrophs
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
• Cellular Respiration: uses the food CO2 + H2O
Cellular respiration
Organic
molecules + O2
energy and converts it to ATP,
in mitochondria
autotrophs and heterotrophs
• Generates ATP & Releases heat ATP
powers most cellular work
• Excess free energy results in Heat
energy
growth & storage
BREATHING VERSUS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Breathing: physical process that allows animals and humans to
come into contact with gases in the air
• Cellular respiration: chemical process that releases energy
from organic compounds (food), gradually converting it into
energy that is stored in ATP molecules
CORRELATION BETWEEN A CAMPFIRE AND CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
• Analyzing a campfire can clarify your
understanding of cellular respiration.
• A campfire breaks chemical bonds in wood,
releasing stored energy as light and heat
• Cellular respiration breaks chemical bonds
in glucose, releasing stored energy and
transferring some to 38 ATP; some energy
is lost as heat.
• Cells do not BURN glucose; they slowly release energy from it and
other food compounds through several pathways (processes)
• 1st pathway → glycolysis: releases only a small amount of energy (2 net
ATP)
• Aerobic Respiration- If oxygen present, it will lead to two
other pathways that release a lot of energy: Krebs cycle &
Electron Transport Chain
• Anaerobic Respiration- If oxygen absent glycolysis is
followed by a different pathway: Alcoholic Fermentation or
Lactic Acid Fermentation
REDOX REACTIONS
Oxidation Reduction
Gain of electrons
Loss of electrons
Reducing Agent (electron Oxidizing Agent (electron
donor) acceptor)
Glucose Oxygen: the final electron
Oxidized in steps using a coenzyme acceptor!
(NAD+) and hydrogen atoms to strip Oxygen is strongly
the electrons from glucose & release electronegative, as the e- leaves
E
glucose, & goes to oxygen, free E
becomes oxidized is released
becomes reduced
NAD+ ENERGY HARVEST AND THE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
• NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine
• Glucose is broken down in a series dinucleotide is a coenzyme that
of steps to slowly harvest the free transports electrons from glucose to
energy from “falling” electrons more the electron transport chain to make
ATP
efficiently
• NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+
• The e- travel with a H+ (remove a pair of H atoms from food
molecule, oxidized)
• The H ‘s ride along on NAD
+ +
• NADH Carries electrons to the ETC
(electron transport chain) to release
free energy
STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
09_06CELLULARRESPIRATION.MPG
Cytosol
Glycolysis 2 ATP
Oxidize Glucose Make Pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle (aka Krebs Cycle)
Mitochondrial matrix 2 ATP
Oxidize Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Regenerate C molecules, give off CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation (aka Electron Transport)
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 32 ATP
Chemiosmosis ATP Synthesis
MITOCHONDRIA
Electrons Electrons carried
carried via NADH and
via NADH FADH2
Oxidative
Glycolysis Citric phosphorylation:
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate cycle and
chemiosmosis
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
ATP ATP ATP
Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative
phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
GLYCOLYSIS: BREAKING GLUCOSE INTO TWO 3 C
PYRUVATE MOLECULES
• Substrate Level Phosphorylation
• small amounts of ATP, made by
transferring P group from substrate to
ADP
• Occurs in the cytosol
• Used in fermentation and respiration,
ancient process
• Converts glucose (6C) → 2
pyruvate (3C) (pyruvic acid)
• Uses 2 ATP – energy investment
• Produces 4 ATP + 2 NADH –
energy payoff
• NET production = 2 ATP + 2
NADH
BETWEEN GLYCOLYSIS AND CITRIC ACID CYCLE
• Most of glucose energy is stored in Pyruvate
• Pyruvate’s carboxyl group (already oxidized) broken off and released as CO2
WASTE!
• Follow the Carbon: Now the 2 C fragment is oxidized (e- removed) and the e-
are transferred to NAD+
• Enzyme conversion of remaining C to acetyl CoA
http://access.mmhs.ca/docs/Science/MMHS%20Web%20Folder/Kamla/conversiona.jpg
CITRIC ACID CYCLE – KREBS CYCLE
COMPLETE ENERGY-YIELDING OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
• Substrate Level
Phosphorylation
• Small amounts of ATP
• Occurs in the Mitochondrial
Matrix
• Converts 2 Acetyl CoA → 6
NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP and
4CO2
• The CAC must turn twice for
each molecule of glucose
http://drchadedwards.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/krebs_cycle1.gif
ASSESSMENT
1. What is the primary function of glycolysis?
a. To produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
b. To break down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH
c. To convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA
d. To convert glucose into glycogen.
2. In glycolysis, what is the first step in the conversion of glucose to
pyruvate?
a. Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
b. Conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate
c. Conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
d. Splitting of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two molecules of 3-
carbon sugars
ASSESSMENT
3. How many molecules of ATP are consumed in the investment
phase of glycolysis?
a.1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6
4. Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the
phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate?
a. Phosphofructokinase
b. Pyruvate kinase
c. Hexokinase
d. Aldolase
ASSESSMENT
5. What is the net gain of ATP molecules from one molecule of
glucose in glycolysis?
a. 0
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6
6. Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of the Krebs cycle, the
condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate?
a. Citrate synthase
b. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c. Succinate dehydrogenase
d. Malate dehydrogenase
ASSESSMENT
7. How many NADH molecules are produced in one full turn of
the Krebs cycle?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
8. Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to α-
ketoglutarate in the Krebs cycle?
a. Citrate synthase
b. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
c. Succinate dehydrogenase
d. Fumarase
ASSESSMENT
9. How many molecules of CO₂ are released during complete
turn of the Krebs cycle?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
10. How many ATP (or GTP) molecules are produced directly
through substrate-level phosphorylation during complete turn
of the Krebs cycle?
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• lots of ATP
• Electrons from food carried in NADH &
FADH2 move down ETC & release energy
• Electroneg. Oxygen pulls e-
• Occurs in the inner mitochondrial
membrane
• Electrons stored in NADH and FADH2
from glycolysis and the CAC are
transported to the ETC where ~ 32 ATP
are created
• NADH + FADH2 + O2 → ATP + H2O
http://www.molvray.com/sf/exobio/images/electron_chain.jpg
CHEMIOSMOSIS & ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
• Proteins carry electrons
through the ETC while H+
pumps (oxidizing NADH to
NAD+) pump H+ out into the
cristae
• The H+’s create an
electrochemical gradient
• As H+’s pass through the
enzyme ATP synthase, ATP
is made powered by flow of
H+ across the membrane
Process Where? Input Output
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate →
Acetyl CoA
3. Citric Acid
Cycle (Kreb’s)
4. Electron
Transport
Chain (ETC)
TOTAL
Process Where? Phosphorylation Input Output
1. Glycolysis Cytosol Substrate Level 2 ATP + 4 ATP + 2
Glucose NADH + 2
pyruvate
2. Pyruvate → Mitochondrial N/A 2 pyruvate 2 CO2 + 2
Acetyl CoA Matrix NADH + 2
Acetyl CoA
3. Citric Acid Mitochondrial Substrate Level 2 Acetyl 6 NADH +
Cycle (Kreb’s) Matrix CoA 2 FADH2 +
2 ATP +
4CO2
4. Electron Inner Oxidative 10 NADH + ~ 32-34
Transport Chain Mitochondrial 2 FADH2 + ATP + H2O
(ETC) Membrane O2
TOTAL Cytosol + N/A Glucose + H2O + CO2
Mitochondria O2 + 36 -38
ATP
WHAT IF NO OXYGEN IS
AVAILABLE?
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
FERMENTATION!
Krebs
Cycle
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
• Occurs in just the cytoplasm of cell.
• ANAEROBIC process.
• Starts off with Glycolysis (same as Aerobic)
• After glycolysis:
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation – pyruvic acid is turned into lactic
acid. Bacteria produce dairy products with lactic acid.
2. Alcoholic Fermentation – Yeast cells produce CO2 and ethanol.
• Total ATP produced is: 2 (from glycolysis, not fermentation)
Humans
Why do photosynthesis and cell respiration need each
other?
THANK YOU!!!
