COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTALS AND
PROGRAMMING
James Patrick L. Galvan
 Course Description
The course is divided into 2 parts, Introduction to Computer
Fundamentals and Computer Programming. First part it covers
evolution of computers, computer parts, application software, operating
system, binary representations, algorithm and program logic
formulation. Second part includes fundamental programming concepts,
data types, types of operators, basic i/o operations, selection processes
and iterative processes. The course also incorporates the principles of
good programming as well as the use of testing and debugging
techniques. Students taking the course should have previous knowledge
in computer functionalities, term familiarity as well as understanding of
Operator precedence to properly evaluate expression and convert to
syntax of programming language without affecting the results.
 Grading System

Attendance 10%
Written Task 20%
Performance 30%
Major Examinations 40% Wen I go on

Total 100% an online

Midterm grade
shopping

Passing Mark 75% spree -

+ Final term grade
Jannah

2
= Final grade
 Requirements

Notebook Number System Grading

½ Index Card 2x2 Pictures 1.00 = 97-100
White Paper Pad 1.25 = 94-96
1.50 = 91-93
1.75 = 88-90
2.00 = 85-87
Wen I go on

Midterm grade an online

2.25 = 82-84
shopping
+ Final term grade 2.50 = 79-81
spree -
2.75 = 76-78
Jannah
2 3.00 = 75
= Final grade 5.00 = Failed
 Requirements

NAME : LAST NAME, FIRST NAME, MIDDLE NAME

SECTION :
2x2 Picture
ADDRESS:
CONTACT NUMBER:

ATTENDANCE WRITTEN TASK PERFORMANCE TASK MAJOR EXAMS

 Understand the course
1 syllabus.

Understand how computer evolve in

TODAY'S 2 each generation and the changes in
terms of its appearance and usage.
OBJECTIVE
Understand how to classify the
3 classification of computers
dependent on its components.

Identify specific input and output

devices that will suit the needs of
4 the users
Fundamentals
of Computer
Did you know that…

People were called

COMPUTERS Wen I go on
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They were usually
women who worked
out mathematical
problems such as
tidal charts or
navigational tables,
and so ‘Computer’
was actually a job
title.
 Computer

Computer is an electronic device, design to

manipulate, store and retrieved data
Wen I go on
an online
shopping
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Jannah
 Computer

A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the

control of instructions in its own memory,

That can accept data Wen I go on

Manipulate the data according to specified rulesan online
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Produce results spree -
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And store the results for future use.
 Computer

Data is a collection of un-organized facts, which can include

words, numbers, images, and sounds.

Information is data that is organized, has meaning,

Wen I go on
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and is
useful. shopping
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Jannah
 Computer

Data entered into a computer is called input.

Thus a computer processes input to create output.

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The processed results are called output. shopping
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A computer also can hold data and information for future use
in an area called storage.
 Generations of Computers

The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating

machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine.

The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in terms of

the generations of computer.
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Each generation of computer is designed based on a new

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technological development, resulting in better, cheaper and smaller
Jannah

computers that are more powerful, faster and efficient than their
predecessors.
 First Generation Computers
(1940-1956) – Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes (a sealed glass tube
containing a near-vacuum which allows the free passage of
electric current) for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

First generation computers relied on machine language.

They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a

great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often
the cause of malfunctions (defect or breakdown).
 First Generation Computers
(1940-1956) – Vacuum Tubes

What are the examples of

First Generation
Computers?
ENIAC –
Electronic
Numerical
Integrator and
Computer
EDVAC -
Electronic
Discrete
Variable
Automatic
Computer
UNIVAC -
Universal
Automatic
Computer
IBM 701
IBM 650
 Disadvantages :
Too bulky i.e large in
Advantages : size

It was only Vacuum tubes burn

electronic device frequently

First device to They were producing

hold memory heat

Maintenance problems
 Second Generation Computers
(1956-1963) - Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine

language to symbolic.

High-level programming languages were also being developed at

this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.

These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in
their memory.
 Second Generation Computers
(1956-1963) - Transistors

What are the examples of

Second Generation
Computers?
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC
1108
Advantages : Disadvantages :

Size reduced They over heated

considerably quickly

The very fast Maintenance problems

Very much reliable

 Third Generation Computers
(1964-1971) – Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the
third generation of computers.

Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips, called

semiconductors.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third

generation computers through keyboard and monitors and
interfaced with an operating system.

Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.

 Third Generation Computers
(1964-1971) – Integrated Circuits

What are the examples of

Third Generation
Computers?
IBM-360
series
Honeywel
l-6000
series
PDP
(Programmed
Data
Processor)
IBM-370/
168
Advantages : Disadvantages :

ICs are very small in ICs are sophisticated

size

Improved performance

Production cost cheap

 Fourth Generation Computers
(1971-present) - Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of
the computer.

From the central processing unit and memory to input/output

controls—on a single chip.

Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs,

the mouse and handheld devices.
 Fourth Generation Computers
(1971-present) - Microprocessors

What are the examples of

Fourth Generation
Computers?
STAR 1000
CRAY-X-MP
(Super
Computer)
DEC 10
PDP 11
CRAY-1
 Fifth Generation Computers
(Present and Beyond) - AI
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence.

The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to

make artificial intelligence a reality.

The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that

respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and
self-organization.
 Fifth Generation Computers
(Present and Beyond) - AI

Fifth-generation languages
are used mainly in artificial
intelligence research
 OPS5 is a rule-based or production system
OPS5 computer language, notable as the first such
language to be used in a successful expert system,
the R1/XCON system used to configure VAX
computers.
 Mercury is a pure logic programming language
Mercury intended for the creation of large, fast, reliable
programs. The syntax of Mercury is based on the
syntax of Prolog
 Question :

What is the most important

technology device in your
daily life?
 Classifications of Computers

Computers can be broadly classified into three categories based on

their speed, amount of data that they can hold, and price.
Parts of the
Computer
System
 Parts of the Computer System

A computer monitor is a
device that displays
information in pictorial or
textual form.
 Parts of the Computer System

A Keyboard is an important device

that allows a person to enter
symbols like letters and number
into a computer
 Parts of the Computer System

A hand-held pointing device that

detects two-dimensional motion
relative to a surface. This motion is
typically translated into the motion
of the pointer (called a cursor) on a
display, which allows a smooth
control of the graphical user
interface of a computer.
 Parts of the Computer System

A computer case, also

known as a computer
chassis, is the
enclosure that
contains most of the
hardware of a
personal computer.
Inside of
Computer
Case
 Power Supply

A Power Supply Unit (PSU)

converts mains AC to low
voltage regulated DC power
for the internal components of
a computer.
 Video Card

The Video Card is an

expansion card that allows the
computer to send graphical
information to a video display
device such as a monitor, TV,
or projector
 Network Card

A Network card (also called a

Network Adapter or Network
Interface Card) acts as the
interface between a computer
and a network cable. The
purpose pf the network card is
to prepare, send, and control
data on the network
 Motherboard

A motherboard is the main

printed circuit board (PCB)
found in computers and other
expandable systems.
 CPU

Central Processing Unit is the

hardware within a computer
that carries out the
instructions of a computer
program by performing the
basic arithmetical, logical, and
input/output operations of the
system
 CD/ DVD Drive
An optical disc drive (ODD),
also
.. called optical drive in a
computer allows you to use
CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs
to listen to music or watch a
movie. Most drives also allow
you to write data to a disc, so
you can create your own
music CDs, video DVDs or
even create of back-up copy of
your important data files.
 RAM

Random Access Memory is a

form of a computer data
storage/ A device that allows
data items to be read and
written in roughly the same
amount of time regardless of
the order in which data items
are accessed.
 ROM

Read-only memory is a type of

storage medium that
permanently stores data on
personal computers and other
electronic devices. Because
ROM is read-only, it cannot be
changed; it is permanent and
non-volatile, meaning it will
also hold its memory even
when power is removed.
 Hard Disk Drive

Hard Disk Drive is a data

storage device used for
storing and retrieving digital
information using rapidly
rotating disks (platters) coated
with magnetic material. HDD
retains its data even when
powered off
 Input Devices

An input device allows a user to enter data and commands

into the memory of a computer.
 Input Devices

List 5 Input Devices

 Output Devices

An output device is used to convey the information

generated by a computer to a user.
 Output Devices

List 5 Output Devices

 Storage Devices

Is essentially the recording of digital information in a storage

medium, usually electronic.
 Storage Devices

List 5 Storage Devices

 Words Per Minute (WPM)

Words per minute (WPM) is the number of words processed

per minute, most commonly used to measure and denote
the speed of typing or reading speed.
 Believe. We are in the
starting line. Keep hustling
to the finish line.
THANK
YOU! Have a
great day
ahead.