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Homework Sol

The document contains solutions to homework problems involving Taylor polynomials and approximations. 1) It finds intervals containing solutions to equations by using the intermediate value theorem to find where the function changes signs. 2) It computes the maximum value of various functions over given intervals by finding critical points and endpoint values. 3) It finds the third Taylor polynomial for f(x) = (x-1)ln(x) about x0=1 and computes approximations and error bounds. 4) It finds the nth Taylor polynomial for f(x)=e^x about x0=0 and determines that n=7 terms are needed for an approximation within 10^-6 on the interval [0,0.5

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Yi Yuan
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3K views3 pages

Homework Sol

The document contains solutions to homework problems involving Taylor polynomials and approximations. 1) It finds intervals containing solutions to equations by using the intermediate value theorem to find where the function changes signs. 2) It computes the maximum value of various functions over given intervals by finding critical points and endpoint values. 3) It finds the third Taylor polynomial for f(x) = (x-1)ln(x) about x0=1 and computes approximations and error bounds. 4) It finds the nth Taylor polynomial for f(x)=e^x about x0=0 and determines that n=7 terms are needed for an approximation within 10^-6 on the interval [0,0.5

Uploaded by

Yi Yuan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 4650 Homework #1 Solutions 1. 1.1 #2. Find intervals containing solutions to the following equations.

Solution: For all of these problems, we need to use the intermediate value theorem. So we want to nd numbers a and b such that f (a) > 0 and f (b) < 0; then there is a solution to f (x) = 0 for some x between a and b. (a) x 3x = 0. The function is f (x) = x 3x . Use trial and error: f (0) = 1, 1 f (1) = 1 3 = 2 . Since f (0) and f (1) have opposite signs, there is a solution in 3 the interval (0, 1). (b) 4x2 ex = 0. The function is f (x) = 4x2 ex . f (0) = 1, f (1) = 4 e = 1.3 . . ., so again there is a solution in the interval (0, 1). (c) x3 2x2 4x + 3 = 0. The function is f (x) = x3 2x2 4x + 3. We have f (0) = 3, f (1) = 2, so again there is a solution in (0, 1). (d) x3 + 4.001x2 + 4.002x + 1.101 = 0. We have f (x) = x3 + 4.001x2 + 4.002x + 1.101, so that f (0) = 1.101, f (1) = 10.104, f (2) > 33, etc. Were going in the wrong direction. In the other direction, we have f (1) = 1+4.0014.002+1.101 = 0.1, f (2) = 8+16.0048.004+1.101 = 1.101, and f (3) = 27+36.00912.006+ 1.101 = 1.896. Since f (2) and f (3) have opposite signs, there is a solution in the interval (3, 2). 2. 1.1 #4ab. Find maxaxb |f (x)| for the following functions and intervals. (a) f (x) = (2 ex + 2x)/3, [0, 1]. Solution: We compute f (x) = (2 ex )/3, so the critical point is x = ln 2. So we 2 1 just need to check |f (0)| = 3 0.33, |f (ln 2) = 3 ln 2 0.46, and |f (1)| = 4e 3 0.43. So 2 ln 2 0.46. max f (x) = 0x1 3 (b) f (x) = (4x 3)/(x2 2x), [0.5, 1]. Solution: As before, we compute f (x) = 2(2x2 3x + 3) . x2 (x 2)2

The quadratic part is 2x2 3x + 3 = 2(x 3/4)2 + 15/8, so its never zero. Hence f is always negative, so there are no critical points. We just need to check the 4 endpoints: |f (0.5)| = 3 1.33 and |f (1)| = |1| = 1. So the maximum is
0x1

max f (x) =

4 1.33. 3

3. 1.1 #11. Find the third Taylor polynomial P3 (x) for the function f (x) = (x 1) ln x about xo = 1.

Solution: We compute f (x) = ln x + 1 1 1 + 2 x x 1 2 f (x) = 2 3 x x 2 6 f iv (x) = 3 + 4 . x x f (x) = In particular 1 P3 (x) = (x 1)2 (x 1)3 . 2 (a) P3 (0.5) = 0.52 0.54 = 0.1875, while f (0.5) 0.3466. So the actual error is actual = 0.16. The theoretical error is |R3 (0.5)| = f iv () (0.5 1)4 = 0.0026(2 3 + 6 4 ), 4! 1 x

where is some number between 0.5 and 1. Since f iv () is obviously a decreasing function, the worst case scenario is = 0.5, which gives |R3 (0.5)| 0.29. (b) For this question, were asked the same thing as in part (a), except the explicit value 0.5 is replaced with the unknown value x [0.5, 1.5]. This only aects two things: we use |x 1|4 sup0.5x1.5 |x 1|4 = 0.54 , and we use |f iv ()| sup0.51.5 |f iv ()| = f iv (0.5). Coincidentally, we get the same error prediction as before: |R3 (x)| 0.29 for any x [0.5, 1.5]. (c) The actual value of the integral is
1.5

(x 1) ln x dx = 0.088
0.5

using an integration by parts. The approximate value is


1.5 0.5

1 (x 1)2 (x 1)3 dx = 0.083. 2

(d) The actual error is 0.005. The upper bound from integrating the remainder is
1.5 0.5

f iv (0.5) |R3 (x)| dx 4!

1.5

(x 1)4 dx = 0.058.
0.5

(Notice that we have to use the worst possible value of f iv (), pulling it out of the integral, rather than using something simpler like = x.) 2

4. 1.1 #19. Let f (x) = ex and x0 = 0. Find the nth Taylor polynomial Pn (x) for f (x) about x0 . Find a value of n necessary for Pn (x) to approximate f (x) to within 106 on [0, 0.5]. Solution: Clearly all derivatives of f (x) will be f (n) (x) = ex , so the nth Taylor polynomial is xn x2 x3 + + + , Pn (x) = 1 + x + 2 6 n! while the error term is Rn (x) = f (n+1) () n+1 e x = xn+1 . (n + 1)! (n + 1)!

We want this to be valid for all x [0, 0.5], so we use xn+1 0.5n+1 , and e e0.5 (since the exponential function is increasing). Hence we have Rn (x) e0.5 (0.5)n+1 , (n + 1)!

and we want this to be smaller than 106 . The only good way to do this is trial and error. Eventually we nd that when n = 7, we have R7 (x) e0.5 (0.5)8 < 2 107 . 8!

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