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Chapter 1

Chapter Title
Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3

Abstract

The abstract MUST be unstructured, in a single paragraph, and briefly

introduce the manuscript, not exceeding 200 words. Citations must NOT be
included in the abstract. Any abstracts spanning multiple paragraphs will be
converted into single-paragraph abstracts during typesetting.

Keywords: kwrd 1, kwrd 2, kwrd 3, kwrd 4, kwrd 5

1. Introduction

The introduction section should provide a context for your manuscript and
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2. Body of the manuscript

The body is where the author explains experiments, presents and interprets
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2.1.1 Sub-subsections

Sub-subsections can also be used throughout the manuscript.

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Chapter Title (will appear in header)

3. How to prepare a chapter – a brief guide

3.1 Citing sources

When you are citing sources, the citations should be set in numbered format.
All the references given in the list of references must be cited in the body of the
text. Please set citations in square brackets keeping the below points in mind:
Correct format: [4-6, 9] or [4, 5, 6, 9]; [1, 2]
Incorrect format: [4-6,9]; [4] [5] [6] [9]; [1-2]
The numbers must be listed in sequential order, starting from number 1. That
is, the first cited reference cannot be [2], or [5], or [48].
Note: Author-Year referencing (i.e.: Smith et al., 2018) is NOT accepted.

3.2 Figures and tables

Important! To reuse figures and tables that have already been published
elsewhere you are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s),
for both the print and online format.
Both figures and tables must be cited in the main text of the chapter. That is, if
a figure or table is placed somewhere in the body of the chapter, it must also be
mentioned in the same text.
Examples:
Figure 1 shows the results of the experiment.
The results of the study are shown in Table 1.
Experiments confirm the initial hypothesis (Table 1).

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Figures must be high resolution (300 DPI or higher). Acceptable image

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Figure 1.
Caption goes here. Captions will always be left-aligned and in italics in the final version of the professionally
formatted chapter

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How to prepare a chapter – a brief guide

Data Present value (%)a Target Percentageb

(%)

Data 1 60 100 60/100

Data 2 78 100 78/100

Data 3 50 100 50/100

Data 4 70 100 70/100

Data 5 64.5/100
a This is a tablenote
b This is another tablenote

Table 1.
Caption goes here. Captions will always be left-aligned and in italics in the final version of the professionally
formatted chapter.

body of the text, the full word “Figure” is used. The order of main citations of
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Correct: Figure 1, Figure 2 Incorrect: Fig 1.1, Figure 1.1
Note: In the final manuscript, as a general layout rule, figures will be moved
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An example of a figure is shown one on the previous page (Figure 1).

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Correct: Table 1, Table 2 Incorrect: Table 1.1, Tab 1.1
A table example is shown above on this page (Table 1).

3.3 Equations

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Example equations:

cos(2𝜃) = cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 (1)

lim exp(−x) = 0 (2)

x→∞

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Chapter Title (will appear in header)

 
n! n
= (3)
k!(n − k)! k

3.4 Videos

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Always put a placeholder text in the body of your manuscript, in the place
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Example: Video 1 available from (can be viewed at) http://bit.ly/29nKuLh

3.5 Acronyms and abbreviations

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Examples: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), University of California,
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4. Conclusions

It is preferable to include a Conclusions section at the end of the chapter

which will summarize the entirety of the contents, that is, the findings of the
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Back matter and how to use it

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etc. They all must be placed before the Reference section.
Note: This section, in this document, is only used for demonstration purposes.
Please do not put an actual section titled ”Back Matter” in your manuscript.

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Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Optional section, can be deleted if not needed. Usually, the acknowledg-

ments section includes the names of people or institutions who in some way
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The authorship criteria are listed in our Authorship Policy:
https://www.intechopen.com/page/authorship-policy.
This section of your manuscript may also include funding information.

Conflict of interest

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this entire section.

Notes/Thanks/Other declarations

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Use the appropriate Title: if you’re thanking someone put ”Thanks”, if you’re
including notes put ”Notes” as the title, and so on. Alternately, if you are not
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Appendices, addenda and nomenclature

Appendices and addenda must be cited in the main text (example: See
Appendix A). The section containing them must be titled accordingly (”Appen-
dices”, ”Appendix A”, ”Addendum”, ”Nomenclature”, etc). An example of
appendix/addendum/nomenclature is given below:

Nomenclature

hAFMSC Human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cell

MSC Mesenchymal stem cell
DMEM-FBS Low-glucose DMEM with GlutaMAX™ supplemented with
15fetal bovine serum
DMEM-HS Low-glucose DMEM with GlutaMax™ supplemented with
15human serum
HLA-DR HLA class II
CFU-F Colony-forming unit-fibroblast
SFM Serum-free MesenCult™ -XF complete medium
MAP-2 Microtubule-associated protein 2
PDT Population doubling time

Abbreviations

hAFMSC Human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cell

MSC Mesenchymal stem cell

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Chapter Title (will appear in header)

DMEM-FBS Low-glucose DMEM with GlutaMAX™ supplemented with

15fetal bovine serum
DMEM-HS Low-glucose DMEM with GlutaMax™ supplemented with
15human serum
HLA-DR HLA class II
CFU-F Colony-forming unit-fibroblast
SFM Serum-free MesenCult™ -XF complete medium
MAP-2 Microtubule-associated protein 2
PDT Population doubling time

Appendix A

The philosophy behind the score sheets states that individuals or groups
define a standard for the quality of their performance. Then, they describe the
standard in terms of a set of requirements. This set is the score sheet. It allows for
peer evaluation and self-evaluation of an activity. Grading proceeds by determin-
ing the fraction of requirements fulfilled and is objective and reproducible. The
score sheet exists prior to the execution of any activity and thus induces iteration
until the performance becomes satisfactory. Any individual or group can adapt
the method to any professional activity by selecting the pertinent requirements to
fulfill their standard of excellence.

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Conclusions

Author details

Author 11,2∗† , Author 22† and Author 33

1 Institution No. 1, City, Country

2 Institution No. 2, City, Country

3 Institution No. 3, City, Country

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

† These authors contributed equally

IntechOpen

© 2025 The Author(s). License IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

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Chapter Title (will appear in header)

References

Replace the entirety of this text with your references. IntechOpen Book
Chapter Layout uses the numbered citation method for reference formatting,
with sequential numbering in the text, and respective ordering in a list at the end
of the paper.
The list should contain at least five references and should be arranged in the
order of citation in the text, not in the alphabetical order.
List only one reference per reference number.
Throughout the text, each reference number should be enclosed by square
brackets (i.e. “in [1] ...”, or as “in reference [1] ...” or ”Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore. [1]”)
(Note: It is not necessary to mention the authors of a reference, unless the
mention is relevant to the text.)
Phrases such as “For example,” should not introduce references in the list, but
should instead be given in square brackets in the text, followed by the reference
number (i.e.,“For example, see [5].”)
Multiple citations within a single set of brackets should be separated by
commas. Where there are three or more sequential citations, they should be given
as a range [2, 7-9, 13]. Therefore, formatting the references properly is crucial.
Examples:
Journal article (published): [1] Zanzoni A, Montecchi-Palazzi L, Quondam
MX. Mint: A molecular interaction database. FEBS Letters. 2002;513:135-140. DOI:
10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03293-8
Journal article (forthcoming): [2] Zanzoni A, Montecchi-Palazzi L, Quondam
MX. Mint: A molecular interaction database. FEBS Letters. DOI: 10.1016/s0014-
5793(01)03293-8
Authored book: [3] Luque A, Hegedus S. Handbook of Photovoltaic
Science and Engineering. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 2011. 1132 p. DOI:
10.1002/9780470974704
Edited book: [4] Luque A, Hegedus S, editors. Handbook of Photovoltaic
Science and Engineering. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 2011. 1132 p. DOI:
10.1002/978047974704
Book chapter: [5] Ceccaroli B, Lohne O. Solar grade silicon feedstock. In:
Luque A, Hegedus S, editors. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineer-
ing. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 2011. p. 169-217. DOI: 10.1002/978047974704.ch5
Conference paper: [6] Kajihara A, Harakawa T. Model of photovoltaic
cell circuits under partial shading. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT ’05); 14-17 December 2005; Hong
Kong. New York: IEEE; 2006. p. 866-870
Webpage: [7] Solarex. SX-40 and SX-50 Photovoltaic Modules [Internet]. 1999.
Available from: http://www.some-url.com [Accessed: YYYY-MM-DD]
Thesis: [8] DenHerder T. Design and simulation of PV super system using
Simulink [thesis]. San Luis Obispo: California Polytechnic State University; 2006.
Alternately, please use the Vancouver referencing style to cite your sources. If
your reference management software employs CSL referencing styles, please use
the Vancouver (brackets) style available from:
https://github.com/citation-style-language/styles/blob/master/vancouver-
brackets.csl
Note: In the final professionally formatted chapter the references will appear
in two-column layout, as shown on the next page

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Conclusions

References

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