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Class Exercise 6

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12 views10 pages

Class Exercise 6

Uploaded by

masfiqur
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Class Exercise

(Generation)
Due date: 29-Dec-2024 at 1pm
Example 1

With the aid of suitable diagram, explain the concept of electricity generation using synchronous generator.

Solution:

Mechanical energy produces torque to rotate generator’s shaft. Shaft rotation enables flux from rotating
structure to cut conductors at the stationary part of the generator, which produces electrical source in the form of
generated voltage at the line terminal of the generator.
Example 2

A steam power station spends RM30 million per annum (year) for coal used in generation. The coal has a calorific value of
5000 kcal/kg and costs RM3000 per ton. If the station has thermal efficiency of 33% and electrical efficiency of 90%, find
the average load (in kW) for the station.
Note: 1 kWh of electrical energy requires 860 kcal. 1-ton equals to 1016.05 kg.
Solution:
Given
thermal efficiency = 33%
electrical efficiency = 90%
average load (in kW) for the station = ??

Overall efficiency = (thermal efficiency)x (electrical efficiency) = 0.33 x 0.9 = 0.297


Coal used per annum in ton = 30 x 106/ 3000 = 10000 tons
Coal used per annum in kg = 10000 x 1016.05 = 10160500 kg
Heat of combustion = 10160500 x 5000 = 5.08 x 1010 kcal
Heat output = 0.297 x 5.08 x 1010 = 1.509 x 1010 kcal
Unit generated / annum = 1.509 x 1010 / 860 = 17544584 kWh
Average load on station = 17544584 / 8760 = 2002.8 kW
Example 3:

(a) List down TWO (2) categories of energy conversion process and provide TWO (2) examples for EACH conversion
process.

Solution:
• Generation of mechanical energy to rotate electrical generator.
Coal, Petroleum (Hydrocarbon Oil),
Natural gas, Uranium (nuclear fission),
Deutrium (nuclear fusion),
Water (hydro), Geothermal,
Wind,
Wave.
• Direct conversion of non-electrical energy into electrical energy.
Solar energy,
fuel cell.
Example 4:
A thermal station is producing an output of 50 MW.
i. Calculate the heat equivalent of mechanical energy in one hour transmitted to the turbine shaft at the thermal station if
the electrical efficiency, Eelectric, is 90%.
ii. Calculate the thermal efficiency, ηthermal, if 23000 kg of coal is used in one hour. (The thermal station able to generate
7000 kcal per 1 kg of coal. 860 kcal is equal to 1 kWh).
iii. Calculate the volume of water needed by the hydroelectric station for 1 day. (Overall efficiency of hydroelectric station
is 80%. The head is 200 m. 1 m3 of water is 1000 kg. Gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2).
Solution:
i) Calculate the heat equivalent of mechanical energy in one hour transmitted to the turbine shaft at the thermal station

ii) Calculate the thermal efficiency, ηthermal


Example 4: Cont’d
iii) Calculate the volume of water needed by the hydroelectric station for 1 day
Example 5:
A 4.1 GW coal-fired power plant is built in Manjung, Perak and it operates at thermal efficiency of 37% and electrical
efficiency of 81%. The plant uses the coal with calorific value of 6500 kcal/kg. How much electrical energy (kWh) is
generated on 12th December 2020 if the coal consumption on that day is 600,000 kg.
(1 kWh = 860 kcal).

Solution:
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 600000x6950 = 4.17x109 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 0.37x0.81 = 0.2997

𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑥 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

= 0.2997x4.17x109 = 1.25𝑥109 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙

1 kWh=860 kcal

Electrical energy in kWh per day = 1.25x109/860 = 1.45x109 𝑘𝑊ℎ


Example 6

Briefly discuss TWO (2) techniques for generating electricity. Give ONE (1) example for each technique.

Solution:

Conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy - Generation of heat/steam to rotate the turbine and hence the
generator to produce electricity or rotate the turbine directly from the source.
Example: Coal power plant, gas power plant, hydropower plant

Conversion of non-mechanical energy into electrical energy- use of natural resources that can be used to generate
electricity through chemical reaction. Solar cells convert the energy in sunlight to electrical energy.
Example: Solar PV
Example 7
State two (2) differences between Impulse turbine and Reaction turbine used in hydroelectric station.

Solution:

Impulse turbine
• used for a high water head.
• High water pressure from nozzle is sprayed to turbine blades and the velocity of the water jet drives the wheel.

Reaction turbine
• used for low and medium water head.
• For this turbine, water pressure combines with head velocity to move the turbine blades.
Example 8
Explain the energy conversion process from PV array based on Figure

Solution:
• PV array produce electricity in DC system based on Photovoltaic effect.
• Inverter used to convert DC system to AC system.
• Distribution Panel used to distribute AC system to many locations such as local loads (AC Loads) and grid (Electric
Utility)

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