Principle to Petroleum

Engineering
College: Technical Engineering of Petroleum and Energy
Department : Oil and gas Engineering Techniques
First Semester: 2024-2025
By: Aqeel Muslim Hashim

Lec 5

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 Learning Objectives of Lec

1.Principles of Cable-Tool Drilling

2.The Drilling Process
3. Applications of Cable-Tool Drilling
4. Rotary Drilling

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 Principles of Cable-Tool Drilling
Principles of Cable-Tool Drilling:

At its core, cable-tool drilling involves a simple yet ingenious principle: the repetitive percussive action of a heavy
drilling bit driven by a suspended cable. The drill bit, often a chisel-shaped tool, breaks the rock formation through
a combination of impacts and rotational movement. As the bit penetrates the ground, the loosened rock particles
are brought to the surface using a bailer or bucket. This distinctive drilling rhythm is what sets cable-tool drilling
apart from other methods.

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 The Drilling Process
The Drilling Process:

The cable-tool drilling process begins with the construction of a derrick or drilling tower. This structure supports
the drilling tools and the heavy cable. The cable, typically made of steel, is wound around a winch drum situated at
the top of the derrick. The drilling bit is attached to the lower end of the cable.

The drilling process unfolds as the winch drum rotates, causing the cable to raise the bit and then drop it back onto
the ground with force. This impact fractures the rock beneath, gradually creating a borehole. Periodically, the
drilling is paused, and a bailer or bucket is lowered into the hole to collect the crushed rock material, known as
"cuttings." This process continues until the desired depth is reached or until drilling becomes too challenging due
to rock hardness.

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 Applications of Cable-Tool Drilling

Applications of Cable-Tool Drilling

Cable-tool drilling has found its applications in various fields over the years. Historically, it played a crucial role in
water well drilling, helping communities access groundwater sources for drinking, irrigation, and industrial
purposes. Moreover, this method was extensively used in the exploration of minerals, oil, and natural gas before
the rise of rotary drilling techniques.

Significance in Today's Context:

In an era dominated by advanced rotary drilling technologies, cable-tool drilling might seem outdated. However,
there are scenarios where its precision and control shine. Cable-tool drilling is less likely to cause damage to fragile
formations, making it suitable for environmental monitoring well installation, geotechnical investigations, and
certain mining operations. Additionally, its simplicity makes it an attractive choice in remote locations where
maintenance and repair of complex machinery could be challenging.

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 Rotary drill rig components

Rotary drill rig components A drilling rig is a machine that creates holes in the earth's subsurface. Drilling rigs
can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells,
or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person and such are called augers. Drilling rigs can
sample subsurface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater physical properties, and also can be used
to install sub-surface fabrications, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs
can be mobile equipment mounted on trucks, tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marine based
structures (such as oil platforms, commonly called 'offshore oil rigs' even if they don't contain a drilling rig). The
term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex equipment that is used to penetrate the surface of the
Earth's crust. Small to medium-sized drilling rigs are mobile, such as those used in mineral exploration drilling,
blast-hole, water wells and environmental investigations. Larger rigs are capable of drilling through thousands
of meters of the Earth's crust, using large "mud pumps" to circulate drilling mud (slurry) through the drill bit
and up the casing annulus, for cooling and removing the "cuttings" while a well is drilled. Hoists in the rig can
lift hundreds of tons of pipe. Other equipment can force acid or sand into reservoirs to facilitate extraction of
the oil or natural gas. Marine rigs may operate thousands of miles distant from the supply base with infrequent
crew rotation or cycle. Oil well drilling utilises tri-cone roller, carbide embedded, fixed cutter diamond, or
diamond-impregnated drill bits to wear away at the cutting face. This is preferred because there is no need to
return intact samples to surface for assay as the objective is to reach a formation containing oil or natural gas.

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 Offshore rigs

Hydraulic rotary drilling

The most common drilling rigs in use today are rotary drilling rigs. Their main tasks are to create rotation of the
drillstring and facilities to advance and lift the drillstring as well as casings and special equipment into and out of
the hole drilled. In general, rotary rigs can be distinguished into:

Land rigs (onshore):

▪ Conventional rigs: Small, medium and large land rigs.
▪ Mobile rigs: Portable mast, jacknife

Offshore rigs:
▪ Bottom anchored rigs: artificial island, TLP, submersible, jackup,
concrete-structured, etc.
▪ Floating rigs: drillship, semi- sumersible, barge.
For offshore rigs, factors like water depth, expected sea states, winds and currents as
well as location (duppy time) have to be considered as well. It should be understood
that rig rates are not only influenced by the rig type but they are also strongly
dependent on bythe current market situation (oil price, drilling activity, rig
availabilities, location, etc).

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 Drilling mud components

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 Rig Power System

Rig Power System

The power system of a rotary drilling rig has to supply the following main components:
-Rotary system
-Hoisting system
-Drilling fluid circulation system.

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 Rotary System
Rotary System
The function of the rotary system is to transmit rotation to the drilling string and consequently rotate the bit.
During drilling operation, this rotation is to the right. The main part of the rotary system are as follows:
Swivel, Rotary hose, Kelly, Rotary drive (master pushing, Kelly pushing), Rotary table and Drilling string.

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 Swivel:
The swivel which established a connection among hook
and kelly, has to
be constructed or built extremely robust since or
because it has to carry
the total drillstring weight and simultaneously, provide
a high pressure
seal ( connection between flexible, non-rotating rotary
hose and the
rotation Kelly).
Kelly:
The Kelly has a square or hexagonal cross-section and
provides the
rotation of the drillstring. Because the kelly is made of high
quality,
treated steel, it is a flashy part of the drillstring. Thus to
prevent the kelly
from excessive wear caused by making and breaking
connections, a Kelly
sub is mounted at the bottom end of it. To prevent backward
flow of the
mud in case of a kick, a kewlly cock providing a backflow
restriction
valve is often mounted between kelly and swivel.
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Rotary Drive:
The rotary drive consists of master pushing and kelly pushing. The master pushing receives its rotational
momentum from the compound and drives the kelly pushing which in turn transfers the rotation to the kelly.
Hoisting System
The main task of the hoisting system is to lower and raise the drillstring, casings, and other subsurface equipment
into or out of the well. The hoisting equipment itself consists of: Draworks, Fast Line, Crown Block, Traveling
Block, Deadline, Deal line anchor, Storage reel, Hook, Derrick. Making a connection” is defined as the periodic
process of adding a new joint of drill pipe to the drillstring as the hole depends is referred. Making a trip is the
process of moving the drillstring out of the hole, change the bit or alter the bottom-hole assembly (BHA), and
lower the drillstring again into the hole is referred.
Derrick:
Derricks are classified (or rated) by The American Petroleum Institute (API) according to their height as well as
their ability to withstand wind and compressive loads
Block and Tackle:
The crown block, the travelling block and the drilling line comprise the block and tackle which permits the
handling of large loads. To lift and lower the heavy loads into and out of the borehole, the drilling is strung
multiple times among the crown and the travelling block.

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Drilling Line:
The drilling line is a wire rope that is made of strands wounded around a steel core. Its classification is based on the
type of core.
Draworks:
The purpose of the Draworks is to provide the hoisting and breaking power to lift and lower the heavy weights of
drillstring and casings. The draw work itself consists of: Drum (which provides the movement of the drilling line),
Brakes, Transmission and Catheads.

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