IO Programming

✓ Outline
Looping

✔ File class
✔ Stream
✔ Byte Stream
✔ Character Stream
File class
Java File class represents the files and directory pathnames in an abstract manner. This
class is used for creation of files and directories, file searching, file deletion etc.
The File object represents the actual file/directory on the disk. Below given is the list of
constructors to create a File object.
Constructors :
Sr. Constructor
1 File(String pathname)
Creates a new File instance by converting the given pathname string into an abstract pathname.
2 File(String parent, String child)
Creates a new File instance from a parent pathname string and a child pathname string.
3 File(URI uri)
Creates a new File instance by converting the given file: URI into an abstract pathname.

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Methods of File Class
Sr. Method
1 public boolean isAbsolute()
Tests whether this abstract pathname is absolute. Returns true if this abstract pathname is absolute, false otherwise
2 public String getAbsolutePath()
Returns the absolute pathname string of this abstract pathname.
3 public boolean canRead()
Tests whether the application can read the file denoted by this abstract pathname. Returns true if and only if the file
specified by this abstract pathname exists and can be read by the application; false otherwise.
4 public boolean canWrite()
Tests whether the application can modify to the file denoted by this abstract pathname. Returns true if and only if the
file system actually contains a file denoted by this abstract pathname and the application is allowed to write to the file;
false otherwise.
5 public boolean exists()
Tests whether the file or directory denoted by this abstract pathname exists. Returns true if and only if the file or
directory denoted by this abstract pathname exists; false otherwise

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Methods of File Class (Cont.)
Sr. Method
6 public boolean isDirectory()
Tests whether the file denoted by this abstract pathname is a directory. Returns true if and only if the file denoted by
this abstract pathname exists and is a directory; false otherwise.
7 public boolean isFile()
Tests whether the file denoted by this abstract pathname is a normal file. A file is normal if it is not a directory and, in
addition, satisfies other system-dependent criteria
8 public long lastModified()
Returns the time that the file denoted by this abstract pathname was last modified. Returns a long value representing
the time the file was last modified, measured in milliseconds since the epoch (00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970).
9 public long length() Returns the length of the file denoted by this abstract pathname.
10 public boolean delete() Deletes the file or directory.
11 public String[] list()
Returns an array of strings naming the files and directories in the directory denoted by this abstract pathname.

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File Class Example
import java.io.File;
class FileDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
File f1 = new File("FileDemo.java");
System.out.println("File Name: " + f1.getName());
System.out.println("Path: " + f1.getPath());
System.out.println("Abs Path: " + f1.getAbsolutePath());
System.out.println("Parent: " + f1.getParent());
System.out.println(f1.exists() ? "exists" : "does not exist");
System.out.println(f1.canWrite() ? "is writeable" : "is not writeable");
System.out.println (f1.canRead () ? "is readable" : "is not readable");
System.out.println ("is " + (f1.isDirectory() ? "" : "not" + " a directory"));
System.out.println(f1.isFile() ? "is normal file" : "might be a named pipe");
System.out.println(f1.isAbsolute() ? "is absolute" : "is not absolute");
System.out.println("File last modified: " + f1.lastModified());
System.out.println("File size: " + f1.length() + " Bytes");
}
}

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Stream
A stream can be defined as a sequence of data.
All streams represent an input source and an output destination.
There are two kinds of Streams
Byte Stream
Character Stream
The java.io package contains all the classes required for input-output operations.
The stream in the java.io package supports all the datatype including primitive.

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Byte Streams
Byte streams provide a convenient means for handling input and output of bytes.
Byte streams are used, for example, when reading or writing binary data.

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FileOutputStream
Java FileOutputStream is an output stream for writing data to a file.
FileOutputStream will create the file before opening it for output.
On opening a read only file, it will throw an exception.

Java
Application 1011011101 …. File

Sr. Method
1 void write(byte[] b)
This method writes b.length bytes from the specified byte array to this file output stream.
2 void write(byte[] b, int off, int len)
This method writes len bytes from the specified byte array starting at offset off to this file output stream.
3 void write(int b)
This method writes the specified byte to this file output stream.
4 void close()
This method closes this file output stream and releases any system resources associated with this stream.
FileOutputStream Example
class FileOutDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream("abc.txt");
String s = "Sourav Ganguly is my favorite player";
byte b[] = s.getBytes();
fout.write(b);
fout.close();
System.out.println("Success...");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

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FileInputStream
S Method
FileInputStream class is r.
used to read bytes from a file.
1 public int read()
It should be used to read 2 the nextintbyte
public of data, or
read(byte[] b) -1 if the end of the file is reached.
byte-oriented data for example to b - the buffer into which the data is read.
read image, audio, video etc. Returns: the total number of bytes read into the buffer, or -1.
3 public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len)
Java b - the buffer into which the data is read.
off - the start offset in the destination array b
Application len - the maximum number of bytes read.
Returns: the total number of bytes read into the buffer, or -1
4 public long skip(long n)
1011011101 …. n - the number of bytes to be skipped.
Returns: the actual number of bytes skipped.
5 public int available()
an estimate of the number of remaining bytes that can be read
File 6 public void close()
Closes this file input stream and releases any system resources
associated.
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FileInputStream Example
class SimpleRead {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream("abc.txt");
int i = 0;
while ((i = fin.read()) != -1) {
System.out.println((char) i);
}
fin.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

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Example of Byte Streams
import java.io.*;
public class CopyFile {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
FileInputStream in = null;
FileOutputStream out = null;
try {
in = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
out = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");
int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {
out.write(c);
}
} finally {
if (in != null) {
in.close();
}
if (out != null) {
out.close();
}
}
} }
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Character Streams
Character Streams provide a convenient means for handling input and output of characters.
Internationalization is possible as it uses Unicode.
For character streams we have two base classes
Reader
Writer

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Reader
The Java Reader class is the base class of all Reader's in the IO API.
Subclasses include a FileReader, BufferedReader, InputStreamReader,
StringReader and several others.
Here is a simple Java IO Reader example:
Reader reader = new FileReader("c:\\data\\myfile.txt");
int data = reader.read();
while (data != -1) {
char dataChar = (char) data;
data = reader.read();
}

Combining Readers with InputStream

Reader reader = new InputStreamReader("c:\\data\\myfile.txt");

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Writer
The Java Writer class is the base class of all Writers in the I-O API.
Subclasses include BufferedWriter, PrintWriter, StringWriter and several
others.
Here is a simple Java IO Writer example:
Writer writer = new FileWriter("c:\\data\\file-output.txt");
writer.write("Hello World Writer");
writer.close();

Combining Readers With OutputStreams

Writer writer = new OutputStreamWriter("c:\\data\\file-output.txt");

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BufferedReader
The java.io.BufferedReader class reads text from a character-input stream, buffering
characters so as to provide for the efficient reading of characters, arrays, and lines.
Following are the important points about BufferedReader:
The buffer size may be specified, or the default size may be used.
Each read request made of a Reader causes a corresponding read request to be made of the underlying
character or byte stream.
Constructors :
Sr. Constructor
1 BufferedReader(Reader in)
This creates a buffering character-input stream that uses a default-sized input buffer.
2 BufferedReader(Reader in, int sz)
This creates a buffering character-input stream that uses an input buffer of the specified size.

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BufferedReader (Methods)
Sr. Methods
1 void close()
This method closes the stream and releases any system resources associated with it.
2 int read()
This method reads a single character.
3 int read(char[] cbuf, int off, int len)
This method reads characters into a portion of an array.
4 String readLine()
This method reads a line of text.
5 void reset()
This method resets the stream.
6 long skip(long n)
This method skips characters.

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BufferedReader – Example
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;

class BufferedReaderDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
FileReader fr = new FileReader("input.txt");
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);
char c[] = new char[20];
br.skip(8);
if (br.ready()) {
System.out.println(br.readLine());
br.read(c);
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
System.out.print(c[i]);
}
}
}
}

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